Afro-Brazilian Research Articles

VALUATION OF ETHNIC-CULTURAL IDENTITY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE REPORTS ON VISITS TO QUILOMBOS IN THE STATE OF PARÁ AND RIO DE JANEIRO

The article "Valorization of Ethnic-Cultural Identity: comparative analysis of experience reports during visits to quilombos in the states of Pará and Rio de Janeiro" analyzes visits to quilombola communities, comparing the realities of two states. In Pará, the quilombola communities of Perpétuo Socorro do Tauerá, São Raimundo do Taperú and Maripí face a lack of cultural appreciation, especially among the younger generations, who tend to reject or be unaware of their Afro-descendant heritage. On the other hand, the quilombo of São José da Serra, in Rio de Janeiro, shows a strong connection with Afro-Brazilian culture and identity, valuing traditions and memory. The research addresses the importance of educational actions in the quilombola communities of Pará to rescue and strengthen ethnic-cultural identity, proposing measures such as teacher training and the inclusion of practical activities based on Afro-Brazilian history and culture, following the National Curricular Guidelines. The technical visits carried out by pedagogy students allowed a detailed analysis of the cultural dynamics and challenges faced, highlighting the need for integration between school and community to rescue these traditions. It is suggested that strengthening relationships between younger and older generations, through discussion groups and cultural practices, could help reverse the process of denying Afro-Brazilian identity. The valorization of emotional intelligence in interpersonal relationships within the school is also highlighted as fundamental to the success of these initiatives, promoting a positive and respectful organizational climate.

Racial Disparities in Foot Examination among People with Diabetes in Brazil: A Nationwide Survey, 2019.

To assess the absence of diabetic foot examination in Brazil and how ethnicity affected this outcome. This is an analysis of a nationwide survey held in Brazil in 2019. Participants with diabetes and that were 15 years of age or older were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of never having had the foot examined, with separate models according to ethnicity. Stata 14.2 was used for all calculations. We included 6216 individuals with diabetes; 52.1% (95%CI: 50.0%-54.2%) reported never having had their feet examined by a health care professional and 61% self-declared as Black (Black and Brown [Brazilian mixed race]). A higher frequency of negligence was observed among Black individuals (55.3%; 52.5%-58.1%) than among White individuals (48.2%; 45.0%-51.5%). Negligence was higher between 15- to 39-year-old participants (PR = 1.34, 1.14-1.57), lower educational level (PR = 1.37, 1.13-1.65), higher alcohol consumption (PR = 1.18, 1.06-1.31), fair health status (PR = 1.11, 1.01-1.21), and diabetes diagnosis of up to 10 years (PR = 1.42, 1.28-1.57). Among Blacks, tobacco use and other factors increased the frequency of the outcome, whereas participation in the Brazilian Unified Health System primary care program was a protection factor (P<.05). Black Brazilians with diabetes had higher negligence of foot examination by health care professionals. Strengthening primary care would help mitigate systemic racism in Brazil.

Estação Primeira de Mangueira: from the Block of Herrings to the Samba School

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the evolution of Estação Primeira de Mangueira, from Bloco dos Arengueiros to its consolidation as a samba school, with the aim of understanding the transformations and cultural impact of this institution on the Brazilian carnival scene. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. The theory of popular culture, the sociology of samba and studies on the history of samba schools in Brazil stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a bibliographic study. The approach included the analysis of secondary sources such as books, academic articles, historical documents and audiovisual records. Data collection was carried out through literary and documentary review, seeking detailed information about the trajectory of Mangueira and its cultural impact. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that Mangueira has undergone significant organizational and artistic changes over the years, remaining faithful to its roots and playing a crucial role in the preservation and promotion of samba and Afro-Brazilian culture. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the cultural and social implications of the evolution of the samba school. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of popular culture and samba. These implications may include cultural preservation, the appreciation of intangible heritage and the promotion of Afro-Brazilian identity. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by offering a detailed and contextualized analysis of the transformation of Mangueira, from its origins to its current status as one of the most influential samba schools. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its ability to highlight the historical and cultural importance of Mangueira, as well as its role in promoting samba and Brazilian cultural identity.

Gender, race, and life writing in the ethnography of Ruth Landes in Bahia

American anthropologist Ruth Landes (1908-1991) conducted ethnographic fieldwork in candomblé centers, terreiros, in Salvador, Bahia, in 1938-1939. In her book City of Women (1947) and journal articles she recorded her observations on matrifocality and gender variance and portrayed Afro-Brazilian culture as dynamic and innovative. This article examines how Landes’s theory of culture, methods of fieldwork, and personal writing style went against the grain of the approaches taken by leading scholars at the time who treated Afro-Brazilian culture in terms of race-based psychological characteristics and “African survivals” and harshly critiqued her work.

Racial disparities and maternal mortality in Brazil: findings from a national database.

To assess maternal mortality (MM) in Brazilian Black, Pardo, and White women. We evaluated the maternal mortality rate (MMR) using data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health public databases from 2017 to 2022. We compared MMR among Black, Pardo, and White women according to the region of the country, age, and cause. For statistical analysis, the Q2 test prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated. From 2017 to 2022, the general MMR was 68.0/100,000 live births (LB). The MMR was almost twice as high among Black women compared to White (125.81 vs 64.15, PR = 1.96, 95%CI:1.84-2.08) and Pardo women (125.8 vs 64.0, PR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.85-2.09). MMR was higher among Black women in all geographical regions, and the Southeast region reached the highest difference among Black and White women (115.5 versus 60.8, PR = 2.48, 95%CI: 2.03-3.03). During the covid-19 pandemic, MMR increased in all groups of women (Black 144.1, Pardo 74.8 and White 80.5/100.000 LB), and the differences between Black and White (PR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.64-1.95) and Black and Pardo (PR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.77-2.09) remained. MMR was significantly higher among Black women than among White or Pardo women in all age ranges and for all causes. Black women presented higher MMR in all years, in all geographic regions, age groups, and causes. In Brazil, Black skin color is a key MM determinant. Reducing MM requires reducing racial disparities.

The impacts of COVID-19 hospitalizations on non-COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations: A panel data analysis using Brazilian municipalities.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has brought many challenges, particularly regarding the management of hospital capacity, and a new demand for healthcare that added to the preexisting demands, such as neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases and births. In this paper, we estimate the impact of the pandemic on the number of deaths and hospitalizations for other diseases. We construct a monthly panel data of deaths and hospitalizations for various causes by the municipality of residence and relate them to COVID-19 hospitalizations using regression models that control for municipalities fixed-effects and interactions between State and month fixed-effects. The standard errors are clustered at the municipality level. Our estimates imply that 100 more hospitalizations by COVID-19 is associated with a drop of 49 non-COVID-19 hospitalizations and an additional four deaths for other reasons (all measured per 100,000 pop.). The impact of intensive care units COVID-19 hospitalizations on mortality is larger. The groups most affected are the African Brazilians, less-educated and the elderly. Additional deaths occurred both at households and at hospitals. The main causes of additional deaths were diseases related to the circulatory and endocrine system. The decline in hospitalizations for other causes seems to be related to the overcrowding of hospitals in periods of surge in the COVID-19, alongside with the fall in the demand for care by the citizens who were afraid of COVID-19 infection. These mechanisms affected more strongly the vulnerable groups of the population. Our results highlight the importance of promoting the awareness of heightened risk of non-communicable chronic diseases during a health emergency context. This should be done preferably through already established channels with community outreach, such as the Family Health Program in Brazil.

Unveiling narratives through paint, dress and embroidery: Exploring representations of Black people in the art of Maria Auxiliadora da Silva

Maria Auxiliadora da Silva, an Afro-Brazilian painter in the early twentieth century, was born into an artistic family. Her artwork, which reflects everyday life and Afro-Brazilian culture, includes personal memories and experiences. This article focuses on how Silva portrayed clothing and textiles in her paintings, particularly in terms of female representations and Black religiosity. Three of her works in the collection of the Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand (MASP) will serve as starting points for discussing the intersection of fashion studies, art history and decolonial interpretations.

Pharmacogenomic implications of the differential distribution of CYP2C9 metabolic phenotypes among Latin American populations.

The CYP2C9 gene encodes the major drug metabolism enzyme CYP2C9. This gene is highly polymorphic, and no-function (CYP2C9*3) plus decreased function (CYP2C9*2, *5, *8 and *11) star alleles (haplotypes) are commonly used to predict CYP2C9 metabolic phenotypes. This study explores the pharmacogenomic implications of the differential distribution of genotype-predicted CYP2C9 phenotypes across Latin American populations. Data from 1,404 individuals from the South American countries Brazil, Colombia and Peru, from Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and from persons with Mexican ancestry living in North America were analysed. The results showed that the distribution of CYP2C9 alleles and diplotypes, and diplotype-predicted CYP2C9 phenotypes vary significantly across the distinct country cohorts, as well as among self-identified White, Brown and Black Brazilians. Differences in average proportions of biogeographical ancestry across the study groups, especially Native American and African ancestry, are the likely explanation for these results. The differential distribution of genotype-predicted CYP2C9 phenotypes has potentially clinically-relevant pharmacogenomic implications, through its influence on the proportion of individuals at high risk for adverse response to medications that are CYP2C9 substrates, the proportion on individuals with CPIC therapeutic recommendations for dosing and choice of nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the number of individuals that need to be genotyped in order to prevent adverse effects of NSAIDs. Collectively, these findings are likely to impact the perceived benefits, cost-effectiveness and clinical adoption of pharmacogenomic screening for drugs that are predominantly metabolized by CYP2C9.

Ethnic differences in normal electrocardiographic findings in elite brazilian football players: b-pro foot ECG pilot study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): CNPq, CAPES, FIPE-HCPA. Introduction The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG-12) is a useful tool in the assessment of athletes. The prevalence of normal electrocardiographic findings in elite Brazilian football players (EBFP) of different ethnicities is not well described. Purpose To compare the prevalence of normal ECG-12 findings in Caucasian, Mixed-race (MR), and Afro-Brazilian (AB) EBFP. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with exams performed on EBFP as a pre-participation assessment from February 18, 2002, through October 20, 2022. Results 4,363 EBFP from 51 professional clubs (from all five regions of Brazil; 15 states, and 21 cities), aged 15-35 years (median: 19 years; IQR: 16-23) were evaluated. 2,027 were Caucasians, 1,324 were MRs, and 1,012 were ABs. In general, we recorded 4,155 ECG-12 with normal variations (95.2%). Positive Sokolow-Lyon criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy was more prevalent in ABs (41.8%) than in Caucasians (33.4%), or MRs (32.7%). The prevalence of early repolarization in ABs (41.5%) was higher than in Caucasians (34.6%), or MRs (35.5%). The PR interval was longer in ABs (157.1 ms) than in Caucasians (151.4 ms), or MRs (153.3 ms), and the first-degree atrioventricular block was more frequent in ABs compared to MRs (4.2% vs. 2.3%, respectively). On the other hand, Caucasians had a higher prevalence of incomplete right bundle branch block (14.2%) than MRs (11.2%), or ABs (9.7%). In our sample, only three EBFP showed second-degree atrioventricular block Mobitz type I (0.07%; one Caucasian and two AB athletes). Conclusions This is the first large study to compare the prevalence of ECG-12 findings in EBFP from different ethnic groups. Those of AB origin have a significantly higher prevalence of ECG-12 findings compatible with the athlete's heart than Caucasians and MRs.

The impact of ethnicity on abnormal electrocardiographic findings in elite Brazilian football players: B-pro foot ECG pilot study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Black athletes may be more likely to have uncommon electrocardiogram findings than white athletes. The prevalence of abnormal electrocardiographic findings in elite Brazilian football players (EBFP) of different ethnicities is unknown. Purpose To compare the prevalence of these changes and their correlation with the echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasian, Mixed-race (MR), and Afro-Brazilian (AB) EBFP. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with exams performed on EBFP as a pre-participation assessment from February 18, 2002, through October 20, 2022. Results 4,363 EBFP from 51 professional clubs (from all five regions of Brazil; 15 states, and 21 cities), aged 15-35 years (median: 19 years; IQR: 16-23) were evaluated. 2,027 were Caucasians, 1,324 were MRs, and 1,012 were ABs. T-wave inversion (TWI) in leads II and aVF (4.2% vs. 2.3%), V5 (4.0% vs. 1.7%), and in V5-V6 (3.0% vs. 1.4%) was more common in AB than in Caucasian players, respectively (P = 0.002 for all comparisons). In addition, AB demonstrated a significantly greater prevalence of inferolateral TWI (2.3%) than Caucasian (1.1%), and MR (1.3%) EBFP, respectively. TWI in leads V1-V3 in Caucasians or MRs &amp;gt;16 years was present in 0.9% (30/3,351). PR interval ≥400 ms was observed in one Caucasian and in one AB athlete. The Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern was identified in two Caucasians, and a suggestive case of a type 2 Brugada Pattern in one Caucasian. Overall, 208 (4.8%) EBFP had electrocardiographic changes considered to be abnormal (4.5% in Caucasians, 4.8% in MRs, and 5.2% in ABs). Of these, 150/208 (72.1%) underwent an echocardiogram. Isolated inferior TWI was not associated with echocardiographic abnormalities (n = 25), similar to persistent juvenile TWI patterns (in Caucasians or MRs). However, TWI in inferolateral leads was associated with 10.5% echocardiographic abnormalities (4/38). Of these, 75% (3/4) had abnormal CMR findings: one AB with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMP), and two Caucasians with non-compaction CMP; one Caucasian with an abnormal echocardiogram demonstrated normal CMR, suggesting "athlete's heart". Finally, one AB had normal echocardiogram results, but the CRM showed a finding compatible with apical hypertrophic CMP. Conclusion In this large cohort of EBFP, approximately 5% of the electrocardiographic findings were considered abnormal. In those with inferolateral TWI, the use of CMR may indicate the presence of potentially malignant cardiac disease, even with normal echocardiographic findings. AB ethnicity was associated with a higher prevalence of TWI in the inferior and/or lateral leads in comparison to Caucasian or MR ethnicities.

The Epidemiology of Takayasu Arteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Large Population-Based Study.

Few population-based studies for Takayasu arteritis (TAK) have been performed, and Latin America prevalence/incidence data are unavailable. We aimed to understand TAK epidemiology in Rio de Janeiro City in 2020 (i.e., 6,747,815 inhabitants). This was a cross-sectional fieldwork study where physicians who regularly followed TAK patients in public or private practices from Rio de Janeiro were invited to complete a REDCap survey. Patients should fulfill internationally accepted criteria for TAK and be living in the city. The 2020 prevalence was calculated as cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants (10 6 ). National government databases were analyzed for comparative prevalence assessment. The incidence rate was estimated using retrospective sections of cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2019; relative incidence risk was assessed by Poisson regression models with robust variance. Between May 2020 and May 2021, 114 patients were analyzed. Ninety-seven (85.1%) were female, and the most frequent races were White (44.7%), Mestizo (33.3%), and Black (16.7%). Takayasu arteritis 2020 prevalence was 16.9 cases/10 6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1-20.3 cases/10 6 ); female patients and Black Brazilians had higher prevalence rates at 27.0 (95% CI, 22.2-33.3) and 25.1 cases/10 6 (95% CI, 16.1-39.3 cases/10 6 ), respectively. Government databases' analyses generated a lower prevalence (7.26 cases/10 6 ; 95% CI, 5.49-9.60 cases/10 6 ). The 2010-2019 mean incidence rate was 0.94 cases/10 6 per year (95% CI, 0.73-1.21 cases/10 6 ). Female patients had a higher risk than male patients of having TAK between 2010 and 2019 (relative risk, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.59-4.55; p < 0.0001). In the largest population-based fieldwork to date and the first Latin American study on TAK prevalence, Rio de Janeiro City in 2020 showed an intermediate prevalence between Europe and Asia. Female patients and Black Brazilians were more affected than the general population.

“Eu respeito seu amém, você respeita meu axé?”: um estudo etnográfico sobre terreiros de candomblé como organizações de resistência à luz de um olhar decolonial

Abstract This article aims to understand how candomblé terreiros organize themselves as resistance to religious racism. Therefore, we developed an ethnographic research in a Candomblé Center of the Ketu Axé Oxumaré nation, located in Belo Horizonte (MG). Data from the interviews were submitted to narrative analysis. The results suggest that candomblé is perceived by the members of the casa de santo as a strategy, an organization for not only physical survival but also for subaltern lifestyles. It is about the resistance of Afro-Brazilian culture, an anti-colonial resistance that promotes, through religion, the political belonging of affirmation of blackness. It is a decolonial organization of survival, maintenance, and, above all, the perpetuation of traditions and ways of life in neglected, debased, denied, and subalternized terreiros by coloniality.

Visions of paradise: how Brazilian cinema educated the United States about the racial issue in Brazil

The international image of Brazil was forged during the 20th century through cinema and music presented abroad. As the United States held a leading role in cinema and music production, the country had a great influence on public opinion around the world. Americans imported &nbsp;Carmen Miranda, during the World War II and in the post-War period, as an actress, singer and dancer that showed Brazil as an exotic place, with carnival rhythms and a happy and tolerant people. In 1959-1960, French cinema presented another vision of Brazil, based on the hills of Rio de Janeiro, with the film Black Orpheus. In this film, for the first time there is a focus on the Black population of a favela with a view to the Guanabara Bay, Where impoverished and happy Blacks sing and dance, while experience the joys and tragedy of love. It achieved enormous success among Americans, by showing Brazil as a place where economic inequality did not generate racial conflicts. The idea of ​​Racial Paradise presented in Carmen Miranda's films was reinvigorated in Orpheus. At the beginning of the millennium, the film Cidade de Deus contributed to the desmantle of the myth of racial tolerance and the happiness of Black Brazilians, in an extremely violent film that showed part of the reality of the favelas. The three films contributed, over sixty years, to projecting the image of Brazil and educating Americans about this distant land.

Transcultural Landscapes: Public Space and Bioclimatic Architecture

Objectives: To analyze Transcultural Landscapes defined by Public Space and Bioclimatic Architecture of African Brazilians and Indigenous Cultures. Indigenous architecture from native ethnic groups added to Africans who came to the country as slaves. Such Brazilian tropical architecture is characterized by moving away not only from the usual constructive methods, but also from a characteristic of western culture of aggressiveness towards nature. Theoretical approach: Architecture as Landscape, Place and Sustainable Development. Discussion: Conforming Architecture to socioeconomic and environmental issues to conform buildings to sustainability. Theoretical / methodological contributions: Architecture comes from ecological conditions resulting from the natural context (Biophilia). Place as a fundamental concept for the study of geography, linking it to Cultural Landscape in which culture is the agent, the natural area is the environment, and the Cultural Landscape is the result. Cultural Landscape concept was adopted by UNESCO in 1992 and incorporated as a new typology of recognition of cultural assets according to the 1972 Convention, which established the World Heritage List. Social and environmental contributions: Changing the Urban Paradigm through micro-prototypes implanted in the favela Morro do Palácio, in Niterói/RJ from the perspective of Technological Innovations and Experiments with New Materials, Processes, and Tools, as goals of the LAPALU (Transcultural Laboratory of Landscape and Place), PPGAU/UFF/CNPq. Conclusion: Teaching the Project of Architecture and its Social Innovation at the Brazilian Federal University.

Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil by Niyi Afolabi

Reviewed by: Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil by Niyi Afolabi Wesley Costa de Moraes Afolabi, Niyi. Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil. SUNY P, 2021. 284 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4384-8250-7. The history of race relations in Brazil is distinctive: the country was the main destination of African slaves in the Americas and the last one in the region to abolish slavery in 1888. It also crafted the longstanding belief that racial and cultural miscegenation led to the creation of a truly racism-free society. Quite understandably, to this day the enduring reality of deprivation and violence affecting people of darker skin in Brazil is hard to digest and even harder to change. Niyi Afolabi notes that the scholarly production scrutinizing this reality has mostly perceived the condition of Afro Brazilians as static, or denoting resignment. Indeed, evidence demonstrates that they remain in the destitute social location assigned to them by a highly stratified society. Nevertheless, Afro-Brazilians have used multiple strategies to defy such rigid patterns of social and geographical immobility. The author explores some Afro-Brazilian icons to reveal their frantic struggle for movement in the social landscape. Within a self-misleading color-blind national ideology, regarding these icons as static, or yielding, diminishes their symbolic importance. Pragmatic education should afford a less myopic understanding of Afro Brazilian history towards debunking the "mythical racial paradise" that is Brazil (232). Afolabi initially lays the historical groundwork of the sociocultural, political and economic formation of Brazil. The conceptualization of Brazil as racially harmonious begins with the Portuguese promoting themselves as colonizers with a special disposition to mix with other races. It is in everyday realities that, up to this date, Afro Brazilians experience rife racism and how it perpetuates their sacrifices for the benefit of the whiter classes. Reflecting the centuries-long harm done, denying an open debate on race relations crystalized the acceptance of inferiority by many Afro Brazilians. It is this passivity that ultimately the author sets out to redress by replacing static conformism with intense movement —a rebellious flux. Following a chronological order, chapter 2 presents the first icon: Zumbi dos Palmares, the leader of a 17th century settlement of runaway slaves whose death is now commemorated as a national holiday. Zumbi has been regarded both as hero and villain, and it is precisely this realm of contradictions that the author explores in its fluidity. As Zumbi strived to create a society where all were equal, his principles were and are easily incorporated into discourses preaching miscegenation. The stark [End Page 203] contradiction is that Zumbi was considered a threat and later killed, while the runaway community was eventually destroyed by successive military invasions. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the only female Afro Brazilian in the book, Xica da Silva, who lived for 15 years with a Caucasian diamond contractor in an out-ofwedlock relationship that bore thirteen children. Xica's life is hugely popular, with novels, soap operas and movies telling the story of how this 18th-century scandalous relationship allowed her to gain independence and, illustrating Afolabi's sense of identities in flux, some social power, although with blatant restrictions. Her life is surrounded by controversies and myth, and the author contends that the focus on her sexuality fails to acknowledge her as a true heroine in the context of Afro Brazilian migrating identities, of which particularly her mixed-race children would benefit. In chapter 4, Afolabi explores the character of Pedro Archanjo in Tenda dos milagres, a novel written by Jorge Amado. A fervid advocate of Afro Brazilian culture, Amado was born and raised in the cradle of African presence and influence in Brazil: the state of Bahia. Archanjo is based on real-life Manuel Querino, who is considered the very first Afro Brazilian historian. Querino extensively documented the African customs and contributions, challenging the Eurocentric Brazilian history and decoding the migrating identities between Africa and Brazil. As Afolabi points out, Querino's work is yet to be fully recognized, and Amado's novel is a noteworthy endeavor in that direction. In chapter 5, the author examines the Brazilian version of the Greek myth of...

African Gods in contemporary Brazil

In Brazil, Catholicism has historically been the major religion, Protestants and other faiths being a small minority (CAMARGO, 1973). Within this second group are the socalled Afro-Brazilian cults, which, until the 1930’s, could be included in the category of ethnic religions that preserved the traditions of the former African slaves and their descendants (BASTIDE, 1978 a; CARNEIRO, 1936). These religions existed in different areas of Brazil with different rites and local names derived from diverse African traditions: Candomblé in Bahia3, Xangô in Pernambuco and Alagoas, Tambor de Mina in Maranhão and Pará5, Batuque in Rio Grande do Sul, and Macumba in Rio de Janeiro.

Some Historiographical Aspects about African and Afro-Brazilian Black Men and Women in the Diaspora and in the Formation of Brazil

The teaching of Afro-Brazilian history and culture has become mandatory in 2003 with Law 10,639. Until this date, the history that has been told to us, mainly through textbooks, has impregnated in the collective imaginary the representation of black bodies as bodies devoid of humanity, reified bodies, without any reaction to the system of slavery to which they were subjected. Despite the process of exclusion that they still experience in contemporary times, the history of black women and men in the African and Afro-Brazilian diaspora requires another narrative that will restore to this humanity its place of protagonism and resistance in the formation of Brazil. That is the purpose of this text.

Prevalence of Physiological Electrocardiographic Findings in a Brazilian Cohort of Young Football Players: B-Pro Foot ECG Pilot Study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research and Event Incentive Fund (FIPE-HCPA) Introduction The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG-12) is a useful tool in the assessment of athletes, and it may present findings compatible with physiological adaptations to regular exercise. ECG-12 findings in Brazilian soccer players are unknown. Purpose To describe the prevalence of physiological ECG-12 findings in young Brazilian soccer players based on the "2017 International Criteria for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes". Methods Continuous variables were displayed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, while prevalence’s with 95% confidence intervals, and stratified by race. Intra-group differences were estimated by linear models or binomial and multinomial logistic regressions. Type I error was set to set a at 0.05. An additional margin of 0.025 was considered at the discretion of the statistician conditioned to the quality of the model. All analysis were running in Stata version 16.0.0. Results 2,581 athletes from 27 clubs (mainly first division), aged 15-35 years (median: 18 years) were evaluated. 1,268 (49.1%) were Caucasians, 796 (30.8%) Mixed-race (MR) and 517 (20.1%) Afro-Brazilians (AB). In this sample from across the country, we identified the following findings and its respective prevalence: sinus bradycardia (50%), ectopic atrial rhythm (1.4%), junctional rhythm (0.3%), incomplete right bundle branch block (23.7%), first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block (3.0%), Mobitz type I AV block (0.1%), and increase QRS voltage for left or right ventricular hypertrophy (35.2% and 17.3%, respectively). The mean PR interval was 153.9±28.7 ms, corrected QT interval 399.2±28.0 ms, and QRS duration 96.0±14.0 ms. ST elevation followed by T-wave inversion in leads V1–V4 was identified in 11/517 (2.1%) of AB athletes. Early repolarization was present in 828 athletes (32.1%), being more prevalent in AB when compared to MR and Caucasians (P = 0.003). Likewise, AB had a greater PR interval in comparison to MR and Caucasians (P &amp;lt;0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). On the other hand, Caucasians had a significant longer QRS duration compared to AB. For all remaining variables there was no difference among races. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large study to describe the prevalence of physiological electrocardiographic finding in young Brazilian soccer players, according to "2017 International Criteria for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes". Future studies comparing the frequency of these findings with the prevalence observed in other cohorts are welcome.

ST-Segment Elevation and T-Wave Inversion Confined to V1-V4 in Young Soccer Players: Prevalence and Differences from Afro-Brazilians to Ghanaians

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research and Event Incentive Fund (FIPE-HCPA) Introduction Black athletes may present some peculiarities in the resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, such as T-wave inversion (TWI) confined to V1-V4 preceded by ST-segment and J-point elevation (‘domed’ ST-elevation and TWI in V1-V4), the so-called Afro-Caribbean pattern, a benign variant of the athlete's heart according to the "2017 International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes". However, the prevalence of these findings in young Afro-Brazilian (AB) soccer players is unknown. Purpose To compare the prevalence of ‘domed’ ST-elevation and TWI in V1-V4 among young AB soccer players with Ghanaians black soccer players. Methods We sought to do this analysis visually, as the data from AB soccer players were as raw data; and those from Ghana’s were else aggregated. A forest plot with the point estimate and confidence intervals at 95% was built and, whenever any region from the lower limit up to the upper limit of the confidence interval of a given variable interpolate to the other, no differences could be claimed. The forest plot was built at R v. 4.1.2 using the package "metafor". Results Data from 517 young AB soccer players (mean age: 20 years) and 159 young black soccer players from Ghana (mean age: 19 years) were evaluated and compared. The average height and weight were similar (177.2 cm and 70.7 kg for AB, and 175.2 cm and 68.4kg for Ghanaians players). Ghanaians had a significant higher prevalence of ‘domed’ ST-elevation and TWI in V1-V4 than AB (16.7%; 95% CI, 13.1 to 25.8 versus 2.1%; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.9, respectively). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the low prevalence of the ‘domed’ ST-elevation combined with TWI in V1-V4 in young AB soccer players. Interestingly, when compared to Ghanaians young soccer players (all of them black African individuals), AB athletes presented a significant lower frequency of this finding (16.7% versus 2.1%). Finally, we hypothesize that ‘domed’ ST-elevation and TWI in V1-V4 seen in African athletes appears to become less prevalent in the generations after the time of migration from Africa to Brazil. Whether this is due to environmental or genetic changes, further studies should clarify.

Prevalence of abnormal electrocardiographic findings in a brazilian cohort of young football players: B-pro foot ECG pilot study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research and Event Incentive Fund (FIPE-HCPA) Introduction The 12-lead resting electrocardiogram is a useful tool for diagnosing pathological conditions in athletes. The prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in Brazilian soccer players are unknown. Purpose To describe the prevalence of abnormal electrocardiographic findings in young Brazilian soccer players based on the "2017 International Criteria for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes". Methods Continuous variables were displayed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, while prevalence’s with 95% confidence intervals, and stratified by race. Intra-group differences were estimated by linear models or binomial and multinomial logistic regressions. Type I error was set to set a at 0.05. An additional margin of 0.025 was considered at the discretion of the statistician conditioned to the quality of the model. All analysis were running in Stata version 16.0.0. Results 2,581 young Brazilian soccer players from 27 clubs (mainly first division), aged 15-35 years (median: 18 years) were evaluated. 1,268 (49.1%) were Caucasians, 796 (30.8%) Mixed-Race (MR) and 517 (20.1%) Afro-Brazilians (AB). T-wave inversion (TWI) in the inferior leads (3.0%), high lateral leads (DI/aVL) (0.6%), V5 (2.3%), V6 (1.8%), and V5-V6 (1.7%) were present. Six Caucasians (0.5%) presented TWI in V1-V4. Prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) (0.5%), QRS ≥140 ms (0.2%), "pathological" anterior Q waves (0.2%), lateral ST-segment depression (0.07%), premature ventricular contractions (0.5%), Mobitz type II atrioventricular block (0.03%), and a Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern (0.04%) were also observed. There were no athletes with short QTc interval, epsilon waves, profound sinus bradycardia (&amp;lt;30 beats per minute), complete left bundle branch block, third-degree atrioventricular block, or Brugada pattern (1, 2 or 3). Overall, 111/2,581 (4.3%) soccer players had electrocardiographic changes considered to be abnormal (4.4% in Caucasians, 4.5% in MR and 6.4% in AB). There was no difference between the abnormal findings among races, except for the prevalence of TWI in V6, which was higher in AB compared to Caucasians (3.1% versus 1.2%, respectively; P = 0.01). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large electrocardiographic cohort of Brazilian young soccer players to be described. In this sample, we evidence a prevalence &amp;lt;5% of abnormal findings according to the "2017 International Criteria for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes". Additional evaluation in all these cases is indicated.