Astronomical investigation in South Africa begins with the European settlement at the Cape. Observations by visitors, some of whom stayed only very briefly, were mainly concerned with the determination of the geographical position of the Cape. The first scientific expedition of importance was that of Lacaille in 1751–1753, who undertook geodesy and positional astronomy. In spite of his enormous services to astronomy, no full-length biography of Lacaille appears to have been written. The early work of the Cape Observatory included a verification and extension of Lacaille's geodetic measurements, undertaken by Maclear. Maclear investigated Lacaille's work very thoroughly, and his papers in the South African Archives, which also deal, among other topics, with the period of John Herschel's visit to the Cape (1834–1838), are probably the major unworked source of historical material on astronomy in South Africa. Related documents exist at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, and among the Herschel papers, now dispersed. The later history of astronomy at the Cape is well covered by printed works, notably by those of Sir David Gill. A similar remark applies to the more recent activities of the numerous observatories in South Africa. The possibilities of the investigation of Bantu traditions previous to European settlement are mentioned.