Affluent Settings Research Articles

Women's Economic Progress and the Demand for Housing: Theory, and Empirical Analyses Based on Danish Data

The focus of this paper is upon the effects of women's economic progress on housing demand. The theoretical segment of the paper hypothesises that women's empowerment brings about an increase in the demand for housing space in less affluent environments, while instead it has the opposite effect in more affluent settings. These hypotheses are tested and validated using Danish data. The complex demand function on which the empirical analyses are based is constructed using expansion methodology. The themes discussed in this paper have scope broader than demand analysis: they centre upon the dialectic of empowerment that translates into reality women's preferences while at the same time altering them.

Breast feeding and HIV

Breast feeding has been recognized as a mode of HIV transmission since 1985. It is estimated that infants run 1-in-3 risk of being infected with HIV when breast fed by mothers who were initially infected with HIV after delivery. Breast feeding, however, is unlikely to confer such as a high risk to the child when the mother is infected before delivering the child. Acknowledging the risk of infection, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987 nonetheless recommended that mothers continue to breast feed. An analysis subsequent to that recommendation, however, suggested that breast feeding may increase the rate of perinatal HIV transmission by 14% and may be the cause of higher perinatal HIV transmission rates seen in some developing countries. Even so, WHO/UNICEF still recommend that, in a setting of high infant mortality associated with infectious disease or malnutrition, all women should breast feed their infants. Breast feeding is not recommended in more affluent settings. This recommendation is made and maintained as the less of 2 evils; bottle feeding infants in some settings may threaten child survival more than breast feeding them with potentially infected milk. The paper describes the attempt of HU et al to compare the hazards of bottle feeding and the risks of perinatal acquisition of HIV through a decision analysis model. It remains to be seen which approach should be adopted to truly maximize the long-term potential survival of these infants.