Affluent Households Research Articles

Inter-regional environmental inequality under lasting pandemic exacerbated by residential response

Pandemics greatly affect transportation, economic and household activities and their associated air pollutant emissions. In less affluent regions, household energy use is often the dominant pollution source and is sensitive to the affluence change caused by a persisting pandemic. Air quality studies on COVID-19 have shown declines in pollution levels over industrialized regions as an immediate response to pandemic-caused lockdown and weakened economy. Yet few have considered the response of residential emissions to altered household affluence and energy choice supplemented by social distancing. Here we quantify the potential effects of long-term pandemics on ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and resulting premature mortality worldwide, by comprehensively considering the changes in transportation, economic production and household energy use. We find that a persisting COVID-like pandemic would reduce the global gross domestic product by 10.9 % and premature mortality related to black carbon, primary organic aerosols and secondary inorganic aerosols by 9.5 %. The global mortality decline would reach 13.0 % had the response of residential emissions been excluded. Among the 13 aggregated regions worldwide, the least affluent regions exhibit the greatest fractional economic losses with no comparable magnitudes of mortality reduction. This is because their weakened affluence would cause switch to more polluting household energy types on top of longer stay-at-home time, largely offsetting the effect of reduced transportation and economic production. International financial, technological and vaccine aids could reduce such environmental inequality.

Role of women in decision making: a case study of Pakhtuns of Tehkal, Peshawar, Pakistan

This paper discusses women's decision-making role in the affluent patriarchal households of Pakhtuns. The patriarchy is popularly believed to be an impediment for women to participate in decision-making at the household level. The study analyses the participation of women in decision-making related to children's spouse selection, education and health, and family planning. The study also focused on women's role in decision-making related to household expenditure and the purchase of household items and immovable property. The study was qualitative, and participant observation and in-depth interviews were used as data collection tools. The study found that women's age, education, marital status, marriage duration, and family structure determine women's decision-making. The study reveals that despite the patriarchal system of households in affluent Pakhtun households, women participated in the decisions making. They participated in decision-making related to children's health, education, and selection of the spouse for their children. Women had a say in family planning. They also participated in the decisions related to household expenditure and purchasing household items. Participation of women in decisions related to the purchase of immovable items was limited.

Effect of internal and external remittances on expenditure inequality in Pakistan

The impact of remittances on household expenditure inequality is extensively documented in the development literature. Yet, it is relatively less focused on its effect at the household level. In the context of Pakistan, higher labour migration offers enough scope to examine the expenditure inequality across the remittance-receiving and non-receiving households. This study analyzes the effect of external and internal remittances on expenditure inequality of households in Pakistan. The study uses data from PSLM—HIES 2018–2019 survey. The quantile regression results suggest an unequal expenditure distribution across the household. The external remittance-receiving household is significantly higher in expenditure per capita across the distribution vis-à-vis internal migrant or without migrant households. The study concluded that the current level of endowment is higher in the external remittance-receiving household, which is a significant source of expenditure gap across the household categories. The aftermath of the mean decomposition model suggests that the relatively higher income of the external remittance-receiving household significantly contributes to the expenditure gap across the household categories. The findings from quantile decomposition suggest that external remittances cause more discrimination for the affluent household than the poor ones. The study’s implication suggests some policy measures to ease the access to international migration to improve the expenditure distribution.

Socioeconomic inequality in informal payments for health services among Iranian households: a national pooled study

BackgroundThere is limited evidence on the prevalence and socioeconomic inequality in informal payments (IP) of households in the Iranian health system. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of IP and related socioeconomic inequalities among Iranian households in all provinces.MethodData on Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES) for 91,360 households were used to examine the prevalence and inequality in informal health sector payments in the years 2016 to 2018. The Normalized Concentration Index (NC) was used to examine inequality in these payments and the decomposition analysis by the Wagstaff approach was used to determine the share of variables affecting the measured inequality.ResultsOf the total households, 7,339 (7.9%) reported IP for using health services. Urban households had higher IP (10%) compared to rural ones (5.42%). Also, the proportion of households with IP in 2016 (11.69%) was higher than in 2017 (9.9%), and 2018 (4.60%). NC for the study population was 0.129, which shows that the prevalence of IP is significantly higher in well-off households. Also, NC was 0.213 (p < 0.0001) and -0.019 for urban and rural areas, respectively (p > 0.05). Decomposition analysis indicated that income, sex of head of household, and the province of residence have the highest positive contribution to measured inequality (with contributions of 156.2, 45.8, and 25.6%, respectively).ConclusionThere are a significant prevalence and inequality in IP in Iran's health system and important variables have shaped it. On the whole, inequality was pro-rich. This may lead to increasing inequality in access to quality services in the country. Our findings showed that previous health policies such as regulatory tools, and the health transformation plan (HTP) have not been able to control IP in the health sector in the desired way. It seems that consumer-side policies focusing on affluent households, and high-risk provinces can play an important role in controlling this phenomenon.

Residential Segregation and Women’s Labor Market Participation: The Case of Santiago De Chile

Women’s labor market participation in Chile ranks among the lowest in Latin America. In a country where over 90 percent of the population lives in segregated cities, where employment opportunities cluster in affluent neighborhoods, residential sorting has surprisingly been neglected as an explanatory factor. This article addresses this omission by calculating the effects of residential segregation on labor market participation among less-educated caregivers. Using an OLS fixed effects model, the study finds that segregation entails adverse spatial mismatch effects on labor market participation. No other sub-population is affected in this manner. Hence, residential segregation contributes to the consolidation of three types of inequalities. First, it reproduces gendered inequalities within less-educated households. Second, in the context of increasing labor market participation among more-educated women, residential segregation further increases inequalities between low-income and affluent households. Finally, it deepens geographical inequalities between marginalized and non-marginalized households. HIGHLIGHTS Residential segregation has excluded less-educated caregiving women from paid work. Less-educated communities reside in regions with low job density. A spatial mismatch is a gendered phenomenon insofar as mobility is gendered. Segregation does not affect men’s or more-educated women’s labor force participation. Segregation aggravates economic, geographic, and gender inequalities.

Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Survey in the Philippines.

The multiple forms of malnutrition, including overnutrition, undernutrition, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases, are emerging crises in Asian countries. Past studies have focused more on malnutrition among overweight/obese individuals; however, limited research has examined chronic energy-deficient adults. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the prevalence and determinants of different forms of malnutrition among adults with different body mass index, using the Philippines as an example. Findings from this study will guide the development and implementation of public health nutrition programs and policies. A representative dataset from the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey was used in the study. Adults aged ≥20 years (n = 16,826) were included in the analysis after excluding those with missing values. Six phenotypes of malnutrition were assessed, including three in overweight/obese adults (overweight/obese with metabolic syndrome; those with micronutrient deficiency-anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine insufficiency; and those with both metabolic syndrome and micronutrient deficiency) and three in chronic energy-deficient (CED) adults (CED with either metabolic syndrome or micronutrient deficiency and with both metabolic syndrome and micronutrient deficiency). Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were examined as the determinants of different forms of malnutrition, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. The prevalence of the six phenotypes of malnutrition ranged from 0.4% to 10.2%, where overweight/obese with metabolic syndrome was the most predominant type. The multinomial logistic regression models indicated that older age was the major risk factor across all phenotypes. Sex was associated with the outcomes in the overweight/obesity group, whereas employment status was correlated with CED adults. Furthermore, higher educational levels, being married, living in affluent households, and not smoking were protective factors for conditions related to CED but not overweight/obese individuals. Malnutrition in all its forms is a significant public health concern that must be understood and addressed. Policymakers should implement appropriate intervention programs to control these nutritional problems considering the specific risk factors for the adult population.

WELFARE EFFECTS AND IMPORTANCE OF SKILLS AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN A DCGE MODEL OF GHANA

Based on a 2012 Ghanaian social accounting matrix, it was determined how different leisure levels and labour endowments affect household welfare and sectoral output. The findings of the leisure experiments point to a pattern in which the wellbeing of wealthiest households are negatively impacted. On the other hand, all other households see an increase in their welfare with rural farmer head savannah (hh01) always seeing the highest each time. Clearly there are redistribution impacts of leisure labour choice through income and substitution effects. When leisure is reduced in an effort to increase productivity, these rich households see a decrease in their consumption levels and the relatively poorer households see an increase in their welfare. So the question then is how can policy makers make such rich households contribute more to national development through income distributional effects by enhancement in their efficiency. Similar effects are noted when endowments change. Outputs in sectors increases. Some household save, spend more on health and education whiles others spend more consumption, specially on imported goods. The income gap between affluent and poor households is reduced when leisure is reduced (productivity is increased), but the income gap is increased when endowments are increased. The question is, “How might policymakers encourage measures that will boost economic happiness and satisfaction for both wealthy and disadvantaged households?” Rawalsian versus Benthamite notions of utility should be considered while setting policy options to achieve the aim of the MDGs.

Inequalities in energy drink consumption among UK adolescents: a mixed-methods study.

To examine energy drink consumption among adolescents in the United Kingdom (UK) and associations with deprivation and dietary inequalities. Quantitative dietary and demographic data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) repeated cross-sectional survey were analysed using logistic regression models. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. UK. Quantitative data: nationally representative sample of 2587 adolescents aged 11-18 years. Qualitative data: 20 parents, 9 teachers, and 28 adolescents from Hampshire, UK. NDNS data showed adolescents' consumption of energy drinks was associated with poorer dietary quality (OR 0.46 per SD; 95% CI 0.37, 0.58; p<0.001). Adolescents from more deprived areas and lower income households were more likely to consume energy drinks than those in more affluent areas and households (OR 1.40; 95%CI 1.16, 1.69; p<0.001; OR 0.98 per £1000; 95%CI, 0.96, 0.99; p<0.001 respectively). Between 2008 and 2016, energy drink consumption among adolescents living in the most deprived areas increased, but decreased among those living in the most affluent neighbourhoods (p=0.04). Qualitative data identified three themes. First, many adolescents drink energy drinks because of their friends and because the unbranded drinks are cheap. Second, energy drink consumption clusters with other unhealthy eating behaviours and adolescents don't know why energy drinks are unhealthy. Third, adolescents believe voluntary bans in retail outlets and schools do not work. This study supports the introduction of age-dependent legal restrictions on the sale of energy drinks which may help curb existing socio-economic disparities in adolescents' energy drink intake.

Socioeconomic inequalities in utilizing facility delivery in Bangladesh: A decomposition analysis using nationwide 2017-2018 demographic and health survey data.

In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Bangladesh, socioeconomic inequalities in access to maternity care remain a substantial public health concern. Due to the paucity of research, we attempted to determine the factors affecting the facility delivery, quantify wealth-related inequality, and identify potential components that could explain the inequality. We used the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2017-18) data in this study. We utilized logistic regression to investigate the associated factors of facility delivery. The concentration curves (CC), concentration index (CIX) and decomposition of CIX techniques were used to analyze the inequality in-facility delivery. Women living in the urban areas, age at first birth after (18-24 years ≥25 years), being overweight/obese, having secondary and higher-level education of the women and their husband, seeking four or more ANC, coming from more affluent households, and women with high enlightenment were significant determinants of facility delivery. The concentration curve was below the line of equality, and the relative concentration index (CIX) was 0.205 (p <0.001), indicating that women from wealthy groups were disproportionately more prevalent to facility delivery. The decomposition analysis reveals that wealth status of women (57.40%), age at first birth (10.24%), husband's education (8.96%), husband's occupation (7.35%), education of women (7.13%), women's enlightenment (6.15%), residence (8.64%) and ANC visit (6.84%) are the most major contributors to the inequalities in utilizing facility delivery. The study demonstrates a clear disparity in the use of facility delivery among Bangladeshi women; hence, immediate action is required to lower the inequalities, with a special emphasis on the contributing factors.

Employability skills of the next generation of Chinese factory workers

PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to develop and test an employability scale in a Chinese context. Moreover, the authors investigated how socioeconomic status indicators (education and occupation of parents, household income and hukou, i.e. household registration location) affect the endowment and development of adolescents' employability skills in China.Design/methodology/approachData were collected via paper-based surveys from 1,146 vocational school students in rural and urban areas in China at two points in time one year apart. The authors developed a scale to measure employability skills in China and conducted general linear modeling to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe findings indicate that adolescents whose parents have more education, highly skilled occupations, relatively affluent household income and urban hukou are more likely to attain higher employability skills than those from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. Moreover, adolescents with these background characteristics tend to improve their employability skills more than those without such characteristics. This suggests that social capital may further widen the inequality gap among adolescents.Research limitations/implicationsThe framework of employability skills focuses on the general basic transferable employability skills of vocational students. Future studies could develop measures of employability skills for college graduates and widen the measurements of social capital based on the study’s findings. The findings suggest that higher education institutions should be encouraged to integrate resources to improve education inequality between rural and urban regions to the disparity in adolescents' employability skills development.Originality/valueBuilding on Western frameworks, the study defines and develops an employability scale in the Chinese context that can be a practical measurement tool for researchers, educators and policymakers. The authors investigated the endowment and development of employability skills in relation to social capital. Exposure to social capital tends to affect an individual's skills and capability development at an early stage, and in the long term, this calls attention to access to quality education between rural and urban youth.

Market-Specific Barriers and Enablers for Organizational Investments in Solar PV—Lessons from Flanders

Solar Photovoltaics (PV) is an important contributor to a sustainable energy transition and consists of an increasingly affordable and accessible technology. Although solar PV policies in industrialized countries have mainly benefited affluent households, non-homeowner market segments often remain underdeveloped. In this paper, we review barriers and enablers for solar PV investments in non-homeowner market segments and investigate sustainability aspects of its institutional environment. We use focus group data from Flanders (Belgium) to investigate non-homeowner residential markets (including social, rental, and collective housing), public sector markets (including schools, and health and social care facilities), and commercial markets. They have in common that they are mostly governed or mediated by organizations, and that very specific regulatory and institutional conditions apply. Our main finding is that, even in times of high energy prices, the energy savings potential of solar PV is often not a sufficient condition for organizations to engage in solar PV investments. Major barriers include diseconomies of scale, split incentive problems, internal organizational barriers, and legal uncertainty. Important enablers are energy sharing frameworks and framework contracts for group purchasing. We conclude with recommendations on institutional quality, organizational capacity building, market development, mechanism design, and social justice to ensure sustainability.

Food, Energy, and Water Nexus at Household Level: Do Sustainable Household Consumption Practices Promote Cleaner Environment?

Governments around the globe are trying to find sustainable solutions for lessening pressure on natural resources and reducing carbon emissions. Daily household consumption of food, energy, and water has an impact on stocks of natural resources, environmental quality, and climate change. Households have significant potential for increasing conservation actions for efficient use of natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions. Households could contribute to a clean and healthy environment by adopting sustainable household practices through lower per capita consumption and carbon emissions. This study explored the role of different sustainable household consumption practices in promoting a clean environment as well as the factors affecting the adoption of these practices in Pakistan. Factor analysis and an ordered probit model were used to analyze the data from 1424 participants chosen through a multistage random sampling technique. The factor analysis identified 35 sustainable household practices for sustainable consumption. These 35 practices were grouped into the underlying factors of “Food” (14 items), “Energy” (12 items), and “Water” (9 items). The results from the econometric model showed a significant relationship between gender, education, residential area, family size, and income and the adoption of sustainable household consumption practices. Statistically, higher levels of reported sustainable consumption practices were apparent among females, households living in urban areas, more educated people, individuals of large family sizes, and more affluent households. Therefore, public policies for taking care of the environment need to put households at the center while at the same time promoting mass uptake of sustainable consumption practices related to food, energy, and water. In addition, the sector-specific policies also need to be augmented through focus on household-level consumption and production dynamics for achieving the UN’s SDGs.

Birth Outcomes Related to Distance in Rural and Frontier Kansas.

IntroductionWomen from rural communities must travel greater distances to secure obstetrical care. This study sought the extent to which distance traveled by mothers for obstetrical services affects birth outcomes in rural and frontier counties of Kansas.MethodsMedical students invited women over the age of 18 to participate in a recall survey regarding their children under three years old. Participants were a sample of convenience, and the length of data collection was a month. A bivariate analysis was performed on the responses gathered regarding obstetrical measures as a function of self-reported distance traveled to the hospital of delivery.ResultsEighty-five women completed the survey, but only 76 satisfied all eligibility requirements. No statistical difference in birth outcomes were found between women who travel more than or less than 20 miles. However, when correlating data to that of the Kansas Hospital Association and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, counties without birth facilities had a higher percentage of very low birth weights (< 1,500 grams) and more babies born at full-term when compared to counties that offer birth facilities. Babies born to mothers who reside in counties with obstetrical services were born at an earlier gestational age than those without birth facilities. Lastly, babies born into a family with income less than $50,000 weighed less and had a shorter gestational age than those from a more affluent household.ConclusionsThe results revealed counterintuitive findings that deserve to be explored further by a study with greater statistical power.

Identifying overnutrition risk groups in Bangladeshi married women based on sociodemographic factors: A classification and regression tree model

Overweight and obesity among women are major health issues in Bangladesh. To develop preventive strategies to deal with this epidemic, identifying women who are at risk for overweight and obesity is critical. This study aims to identify married women at high risk for overweight and obesity in Bangladesh. The study has used a sample of 14207 married women aged 15–49 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m 2 from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The overweight and obese status of women based on BMI is the primary outcome variable, and a range of sociodemographic variables are included as predictors. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) is used to identify important predictors and high-risk groups. The CART models show that household wealth status is the most crucial predictor of overweight and obesity in married women. Women aged 26 to 49 years who live in affluent households and do not work or breastfeed are at the high-risk group. This study suggests that the formulation of strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in married women in Bangladesh should be tailored for different social classes and age groups. To reduce the burden, preventive interventions may target the high-risk group. • Several sociodemographic factors predict married women's overweight and obesity. • Particular groups based on these factors are most prone to overweight and obesity. • These may help design and implement targeted interventions.

DEMAND AND MARKET CONCENTRATION FOR BRANDED SAUSAGE ROLLS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA

&lt;p&gt;Branded sausage is one of the fast foods, and the demand for it in Nigeria is increasing substantially due to growing household affluence and its availability and affordability. The study examined the market concentration and the need for branded sausage rolls in Oyo State using 290 respondents (buyers and sellers) collected through a three-stage sampling procedure. The study affirmed that Gala (small and big) had the highest percentage (41.3%) of consumers while bigi and the rite spicy had 22.7% and 21.4%, respectively. The yum-yum brand had the lowest consumers percentage (1.8%). The average amount consumers spent on gala (big and small size) per month was ₦824.18 followed by rite spicy and bigi with a moderate amount of ₦582.98 and ₦520 per month. Gala (small and big) had the highest inequality in sales revenue (0.42) while bigi had the least (0.26). The market concentration of gala was the highest (50%) while bigi had the least (40%). The market share of the gala (big and small size) was 54.4 percent followed by rite spicy and bigi with 23.9 and 21.1 percent, respectively. Monthly income, taste, quality, price, and availability influenced consumers' preference for sausage rolls while monthly payment, household size and brand consumed determined consumers' monthly expenditure on sausage rolls in the study area. The yum-yum brand had the lowest consumer’s percentages in the sausage market at 1.8%. Producers of other sausage rolls brands should develop strategies that would ensure fair competition with other brands so that the dominance of some brands can be reduced to prevent the emergence of a monopolist in the sausage rolls market. The need for market segmentation based on consumers’ income is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

Equivalised household income inequality in Łódzkie Voivodship

The analysis of income distribution in the regional perspective is an important issue in the context of the cohesion policy implemented in the EU countries, one of the postulates of which is smoothing differences in the standard of living and liquidation of poverty The aim of the study presented in the paper is to determine changes in the distribution of equivalent household incomes, and in particular the changes in the degree of inequality and the level of poverty and richness in Łódzkie Voivodship. This voivodship is an interesting object for research, as in the period of the political transformation it underwent many changes which influenced the economic situation of households. The main variable of interest was household equivalent income which was determined using three power equivalence scales. To estimate the inequalities, the study applied measures sensitive to income disparities in different parts of the distribution, namely the Gini coefficient in the central part of the distribution, the index of disparity in the extreme parts of the distribution, and the Zenga index, sensitive to inequalities at each point of the distribution. The levels of poverty and richness, i.e. phenomena related to income inequality, were analysed in the same way. Income distribution in Łódzkie Voivodship was next compared with the same indicator for the whole Poland. All the calculations were based on data for the years 2016–2020 drawn from the Household Budget Survey conducted annually by Statistics Poland. The obtained results indicate increasing income inequality in the period under consideration, with the visible discrepancy between the extremal decile groups. In 2020, the inequlities became wider; moreover, the share of households experiencing poverty increased, while the share of relatively affluent households decreased. Overally, the poverty level was higher, and the richness level was lower in the studied period in Łódzkie Voivodship than in the whole country. The analysis of the sensitivity of the indices of inequality, poverty and richness to the change in the equivalence scale demonstrates that the choice of the scale flexibility parameter affects the level of the analysed measures, but does not significantly affect the assessment of the changes in these parameters over time.

Inequality in Private Health Care Expenditures: A 36-Year Trend Study of Iranian Households.

ObjectivesThroughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households.MethodsThis study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP.ResultsAverage Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively.ConclusionsIn this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.

The Participatory Mapping as Soft-Territorialization Discipline Practice of The Karen People in The Thailand Highlands

Territorialization is an important element for the authorities to control both natural and human resources. Although the territorialization in Thailand has been started since the 1930s, but until the 2000s, the expected results are still far from satisfactory. One of the fundamental issues is the overlap of land claims, especially between the Royal Forestry Department (RFD) and the Karen people. In the midst of this cold war, the local government (TAO) is working with non-governmental organizations to encourage the implementation of participatory mapping. In this case, land cleared after 2014 must be submitted to the RFD for reforestation. Surprisingly, the program was a great success. This article seeks to explain why participatory mapping was a great success even though the program limited or even reduced Karen people's access to farmland. Based on ethnographic research and combined with map analysis, this study found that successful participatory mapping due to the presence of new, effective satellite-based surveillance instruments linked to the presence of relatively affluent farming households. Keywords: Karen, participatory mapping, shifting cultivation, smooth territorialization, territorialization

Browsing for food: Will COVID‐induced online grocery delivery persist?

The COVID‐19 pandemic altered daily activities. Many consumers reverted to online grocery shopping and home delivery. We analyze factors associated with the decision to grocery shop online and whether this will persist post‐COVID using data collected via a representative online Qualtrics panel in the State of New Jersey (N = 1,419). Around half of respondents either decreased in‐person shopping, increased online shopping, or pursued a combination of both. We used factor analysis to decompose attitudes towards the pandemic, finding that attitudinal responses broke down into ‘fearful’, ‘believers’, and ‘deniers’. Binomial regressions were used to analyze patterns of frequency of grocery shopping during the pandemic and changes in behavior during the pandemic. Results suggest that age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, having children at home, and attitudes towards COVID‐19 are likely to influence frequency of online and in‐person grocery shopping. Specifically, being 50 years or older is negatively associated with online grocery shopping. Those who deny COVID‐19 were less likely to decrease in‐person grocery shopping. People who had children at home, who had advanced degrees, or who were of Hispanic origin were more likely to increase online shopping and decrease in‐person shopping during the pandemic. While our results suggest that in‐person grocery shopping will return to prepandemic levels, we found that respondents report some increased persistence in online grocery shopping post‐COVID.

Priorities and challenges: Wealth management and financial planning among affluent Black families

AbstractThis article highlights common financial issues and concerns of affluent Black American households as they attempt to build and maintain long‐term financial stability. In so doing, we shed light on the nexus of Black families seeking professional wealth management services and Black financial planners working to meet their needs while also attempting to carve out a successful business in a profession and industry within which they are woefully underrepresented. A collaboration of a wealth inequality scholar and financial planning professionals from a wealth management company, this article outlines common planning priorities and challenges raised by African‐American families with their planning advisors. While many of these are universal, they also represent topics that are overwhelmingly prioritized by Black clients. When possible, we use information from the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances on households located in the top quintile of the Black wealth distribution, the “affluent,” to complement the information provided by the analysts of their targeted clientele.