Affect Marine Life Research Articles

Phytoplankton Spring Bloom Inhibited by Marine Heatwaves in the North‐Western Mediterranean Sea

AbstractMarine heatwaves (MHWs) represent anomalously warm temperature conditions of seawater that may affect marine life and ocean biogeochemistry. Under such conditions, phytoplankton communities may modify their structure and functions, and their resilience is not assured. This study characterizes the impact of MHWs on the phytoplankton spring bloom in the North‐Western Mediterranean Sea. Here, we synergistically combine autonomous observations from BioGeoChemical‐Argo floats, satellite‐based and marine ecosystem model data, and show that MHW events occurring during winter drastically inhibit phytoplankton carbon biomass in spring by up to 70%. Such reduction is related to the enhanced stratification of the water column under MHWs which hinders the renewal of nutrients from deep‐ocean reservoirs, thus preventing surface phytoplankton from blooming. This process negatively impacts particulate organic carbon stocks within the mixed layer, while severe events cause an earlier shift of phytoplankton phenology that provokes changes in zooplankton biomass distribution.

Increased signal of fishing pressure on community life‐history traits at larger spatial scales

AbstractAimHuman pressure in the oceans is pervasive and affects marine life. Understanding species' differing responses to human pressure, and how human pressure compares to other environmental variables in shaping marine communities is needed to facilitate the sustainable management of the seas. Despite theory and empirical evidence that fishing pressure affects marine life‐history strategies, several recent large‐scale studies have not shown strong relationships between fishing pressure and community composition. We aim to reconcile theory with data and explain these variable findings, testing the hypothesis that the signal of the effect of fishing pressure on marine communities depends on the scale at which the community is defined.LocationNorth East Atlantic.Time Period2009 to 2021.Major Taxa StudiedMarine vertebrates (Teleostei, Elasmobranchii, Petromyzonti, Holocephali).MethodsWe collate extensive scientific marine biodiversity surveys, published life‐history traits and high‐resolution annual fishing pressure data. Using frequentist Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we assess whether community mean weighted life‐history traits correlate with fishing pressure, sea surface temperature and depth and whether the strength of these relationships are scale dependant.ResultsWe show fish community life‐history strategy correlates with fishing pressure, and the relative importance of fishing pressure compared to environmental variables increases with the scale at which a community is defined.Main ConclusionsWe suggest this scale dependence relates to the spatial extent over which covariates vary, and how fish movement moderates communities' experience of this variability. Our findings highlight the importance of explicit consideration of scale in ecological research, supporting the idea that studying systems at ecologically relevant scales is necessary to detect and appropriately interpret the effects of global change.

Transcriptome analysis of Sparidentex hasta larvae exposed to water-accommodated fraction of Kuwait crude oil

Anthropogenic activities have been shown to significantly affect marine life. Water pollution and oil spills are particularly deleterious to the fish population, especially during their larval stage. In this study, Sobaity-sea bream Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes, 1830) larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of water-accommodated fraction of Kuwait crude oil (KCO-WAF) for varying durations (3, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h) in acute exposure regime. Gene expression was assessed using RNA sequencing and validated through RT-qPCR. The RNA sequencing data were aligned to the sequenced genome, and differentially expressed genes were identified in response to treatment with or without KCO-WAF at various exposure times. The highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed at the early time point of 6 h of post-exposure to KCO-WAF. The lowest number of differentially expressed genes were noticed at 96 h of treatment indicating early response of the larvae to KCO-WAF contaminant. The acquired information on the differentially expressed genes was then used for functional and pathway analysis. More than 90% of the differentially expressed genes had a significant BLAST match, with the two most common matching species being Acanthopagrus latus and Sparus aurata. Approximately 65% of the differentially expressed genes had Gene Ontology annotations, whereas > 35% of the genes had KEGG pathway annotations. The differentially expressed genes were found to be enriched for various signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK, cAMP, PI3K-Akt) and nervous system-related pathways (e.g., neurodegeneration, axon guidance, glutamatergic synapse, GABAergic synapse). Early exposure modulated the signaling pathways, while KCO-WAF exposure of larvae for a longer duration affected the neurodegenerative/nervous system-related pathways. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the differential expression of genes at each time point. These findings provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the deleterious effects of acute exposure to oil pollution—on marine fish populations, particularly at the early larval stage of Sparidentex hasta.

Compressive Strength Prediction of Concrete Containing Used Cooking Oil Using Ann

To mitigate the detrimental impacts of disposing of used cooking oil (UCO) into the environment, which adversely affects marine life, human health, and agricultural outputs, this research proposes a novel approach incorporating this waste material into the concrete industry as a chemical admixture. To investigate this, an initial experimental program is designed to examine how used cooking oil affects various fresh properties and compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days of age of concrete. Concrete batches of M40 grade are meticulously prepared with varying proportions (ranging from 0% to 2%) of used cooking oil. To predict strength characteristics, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed, consisting of three layers. The input layer comprising quantities of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water content, super plasticizer, and the percentage of the chemical admixture (UCO), hidden layer for predicting the network system and the output layer providing the concrete's compressive strength.

Short-term habituation of the longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) to pile driving sound

Abstract Offshore windfarms are a key renewable solution to help supply global energy needs. However, implementation has its challenges, including intense pile driving sound produced during constructions, which can affect marine life at the individual level, yet impacts at the group level remain poorly studied. Here, we exposed groups of longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) in cages at multiple distances from consecutive pile driving events and sought to quantify responses at both individual and group levels. Pile driving induced short-term alarm responses at sound levels (in zero-peak) of 112–123 dB re 1 µm s−2 that were similar to those measured at kilometre scale from offshore windfarm constructions. The rate of individual alarm responses quickly decreased both within and across consecutive pile driving events, a result consistent with previous laboratory studies. Despite observing dramatic behavioural changes in response to initial pile driving sound, there were no significant differences in squid shoaling areas before and during exposure, showing no disruption of squid collective behaviours. Our results demonstrate rapid habituation of squid to pile driving sound, showing minimal effects on this ecologically and commercially key taxon. However, future work is now needed to assess responses of wild squid shoals in the vicinity of offshore windfarm constructions.

Application of VIS-NIR Hyperspectral Imaging to the Detection and Quantification of MPs in Simulant Shellfish

As the world has become increasingly reliant on single-use plastics, plastic litter has increased exponentially, especially in marine ecosystems. One type of plastic litter affecting marine life is microplastics, which are plastics under 5mm in diameter. Microplastics are consumed by marine animals, which are then consumed by people. Study of the environmental and human health effects of these microplastics has proven difficult, in part due to difficulty detecting and quantifying microplastics. This study aims to detect microplastics in shellfish by utilizing the nondestructive method of hyperspectral imaging as an indicator of both marine ecosystem health and food quality. Gelatin models of shellfish were injected with a known concentration of microplastics (polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS), specifically). The hyperspectral camera then took 3-dimensional images of the models, with the wavelength dimension ranging from 400 nm to 1000 nm. Next, an algorithm called Partial Least Squares Regression Analysis was developed to analyze the relationship between the wavelengths and the amount of plastic in the sample. Preliminary results have shown slight variation in reflectance spectra between models spiked with microplastics and control models past the 950 nm range. Therefore, hyperspectral imaging might be a viable tool to detect and quantify microplastics in shellfish, but the range of the camera used in this study is a limitation.

Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation.

Since the industrial revolution, oceans have become substantially noisier. The noise increase is mainly caused by increased shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development affecting marine life at multiple levels, including behavior and physiology. Together with increasing anthropogenic noise, climate change is altering the thermal structure of the oceans, which in turn might affect noise propagation. During this century, we are witnessing an increase in seawater temperature and a decrease in ocean pH. Ocean acidification will decrease sound absorption at low frequencies (<10 kHz), enhancing long-range sound propagation. At the same time, temperature changes can modify the sound speed profile, leading to the creation or disappearance of sound ducts in which sound can propagate over large distances. The worldwide effect of climate change was explored for the winter and summer seasons using the (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098, projected) atmospheric and seawater temperature, salinity, pH and wind speed as input. Using numerical modelling, we here explore the impact of climate change on underwater sound propagation. The future climate variables were taken from a Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2) simulations forced under the concentration-driven SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The sound modeling results show, for future climate change scenarios, a global increase of sound speed at different depths (5, 125, 300, and 640 m) except for the North Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea, where in the upper 125 m sound speed will decrease by as much as 40 m s-1. This decrease in sound speed results in a new sub-surface duct in the upper 200 m of the water column allowing ship noise to propagate over large distances (>500 km). In the case of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, this sub-surface duct will only be present during winter, leading to similar total mean square pressure level (SPLtot) values in the summer for both (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098). We observed a strong and similar correlation for the two climate change scenarios, with an increase of the top 200 m SPLtot and a slowdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) leading to an increase of SPLtot at the end of the century by 7 dB.

Assessment of health risks due to toxic metals in demersal fish captured from Saros and Edremit Bays, Northern Aegean Sea.

Bays are vulnerable ecosystems generally located near densely populated areas where toxic metals tend to accumulate and stay longer, affecting marine life. This study aimed to investigate the age-based health risks arising from Hg, Cd, Pb, and As in demersal fish captured from two major bays in the Aegean Sea. For this purpose, red mullet, whiting, piper gurnard, and tub gurnard, frequently consumed species, were caught from Saros and Edremit Bays. Toxic metal concentrations were determined from the muscle tissue of fish. Health risk assessments were conducted by the estimation of weekly intake (EWI), provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total THQ (TTHQ), and target carcinogenic risk (TR). Red mullet from Edremit Bay was the species with the highest toxic metal levels, which were 1.597mg/kg, 0.041mg/kg, 0.070mg/kg, and 19.351mg/kg for Hg, Cd, Pb, and As, respectively. Whiting from Edremit Bay had higher mean concentrations of Hg and As than those from Saros Bay. The levels of Hg, Pb, and As (0.328, 0.043, and 0.574mg/kg) in the tub gurnard were higher in comparison with the piper gurnard (0.252, 0.020, and 0.382mg/kg) caught in the same station in Saros. TTHQs of red mullet and whiting from the same bay were found to be > 1, indicating potential health risks for all nine age categories studied. On the other hand, TTHQs of all species from Saros Bay were determined to be > 1 for the first four age categories, which might trigger health risks for children and adolescents. According to the TR index for Pb, no risk was determined for the fish from both bays. However, TR calculations for inorganic As indicated high cancer risk in most of the age categories for red mullet and whiting from Edremit Bay. To sum up, the results revealed that the fish captured from Edremit Bay posed serious health risks in terms of Hg and As concentrations for all nine age categories. Surveillance and monitoring of toxic metal levels in demersal fish and population-based health risk evaluation are vital in heavily populated bays.

Toxic effects and potential mechanisms of zinc pyrithione (ZPT) exposure on sperm and testicular injury in zebrafish

Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is widely recognized for its beneficial properties as an antifouling, antibacterial, and antifungal agent. Despite its positive industrial contributions, ZPT has been proven to exhibit toxicity towards various ecosystems, particularly affecting marine life. However, there is still a dearth of comprehensive research on ZPT toxicity and its toxicological mechanism in reproductive systems of aquatic organisms. In our study, we conducted a thorough analysis and unveiled a multitude of abnormalities in zebrafish sperm and testicular tissue caused by ZPT exposure, including a dose-dependent diminishing of testosterone levels, various sperm deformities, decreased sperm concentration and motility, and ROS-induced testicular tissue DNA damage. In addition, our study suggested that ZPT-induced testicular damage is associated with heightened oxidative stress, apoptosis, and possible hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Through RNA-seq analysis, a total of 409 DEGs associated with ZPT-induced testicular injury were identified, and the hub gene was determined using a protein-protein interaction network (PPI). The genes and pathways uncovered in this study point to potential mechanisms of ZPT exposure on sperm and testicular injury in zebrafish.

Analysis and Sampling of Micro plastic Pollutants &amp; their Impact in Nala’s of Jabalpur City (M.P.)

Micro plastics (MP) pose a significant environmental challenge, categorized into primary (e.g., cosmetic particles) and secondary (resulting from plastic waste degradation).They pervade river beds, Arctic ice, soil, and even drinking water, entering the human food chain. Industries and improper disposal contribute to primary and secondary MP. While aquatic life risks are known, the full extent is unclear. Plasticizers in MPPs affect marine life and potentially enter thehuman body. Various filters, like aluminum oxide, aid MP analysis.Genetic damage to marine organisms from micro plastics, absorbing harmful substances, is documented. Environmental pollution stems from resource exploitation, urbanization, and population growth. Management interventions are crucial. Human interventions, altering rivers and urbanization, impact water qualityand MP distribution. In conclusion, addressing micro plastic pollution is imperative for environmental and human well-being. Keywords: Nalas; Micro plastics; contamination control method; Pollution.

Ocean Acidification, Climate and Health Hazard

Ocean acidification is a growing threat to marine life, ecosystems, and human health. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, are the main drivers of ocean acidification. As atmospheric CO2 levels continue to rise, the ocean’s pH decreases, making it more acidic. This review examines the impacts of ocean acidification on climate and health hazards, focusing on the causes and consequences of acidification, as well as potential solutions. The review discusses how ocean acidification is affecting marine life, including shellfish, corals, and fish, and how this can lead to economic and ecological consequences. Additionally, it explores how ocean acidification is exacerbating climate change and contributing to the occurrence of extreme weather events. The review also examines the potential health hazards associated with ocean acidification, including the impact on human health through the consumption of contaminated seafood, and the impact on mental health due to the loss of natural resources. Furthermore, this review outlines potential solutions to address ocean acidification, such as reducing CO2 emissions, improving wastewater treatment, and implementing sustainable fishing practices. The review concludes that urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of ocean acidification. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address this issue and underscores the importance of developing sustainable solutions to preserve the health of our oceans and the well-being of human populations worldwide.

An automatic approach for the detection of oil spill using optimized deep learning in synthetic aperture radar images

ABSTRACT An oil spill is a major problem for marine life. This spilled oil affects marine life and disturbs the ecosystem. To overcome this problem, SAR sensors have been utilized in marine units to find oil spills because they are free from cloudiness and sun radiation. Even though the oil spill can be detected in SAR images, the processing time and approach are complex. Several techniques have been proposed for the detection of oil spills using matching algorithms, morphological processes, and clustering. But those techniques require multiple processing steps and algorithms for detection. It also depends on user values for detection. Hence, in this paper, the detection of the oil spill in SAR images is automated by utilizing an optimized deep-learning approach. The deep learning approach automatically detects the spilled region using a trained network. Here, the hybrid Moth flame and particle swarm algorithms are used for finding the hyperparameters for training the deep learning network. With this optimized deep learning approach, the oil spill can be detected automatically and its performance verified by implementing the proposed approach in the MATLAB R2020b version. The proposed method’s performance is evaluated and compared with the existing technique using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard, and dice. The proposed method produces 99.64% accuracy, which is very high, and only 0.2 classification error, which is very less compared to the existing methods.

Reutilizing Single-Use Surgical Face Masks to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Feasibility Study

The coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) has caused a sharp increase in the use of Single-Use Surgical Face Masks (SUSFMs) as personal protective equipment. These eventually end up in waste disposal facilities causing environmental pollution. Those that end up in the water bodies fragment into microplastics that affect marine life. Since the SUSFM materials are made from polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer material that takes a long time to degrade, it is important to develop sustainable mitigation measures to remove them from the environment. This study investigated the feasibility of reutilizing SUSFMs in concrete. SUSFMs were shredded and added to C30/37 grade concrete in various percentages, 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%, by mass of cement content. The specimens were cured for 28 days before being tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The compressive strength decreased with an increase in the length and dosage content. The least decrease of 10.4% was observed at 0.5% content of 30mm length of SUSFM material. The results showed that concrete improved regarding splitting tensile strength, with the highest increase of 15.2% at 0.5% content of 30mm SUSFM. In addition, the overall quality of concrete remains at UPV values of more than 4000m/s registering good quality concrete. The results underscore the use SUSFM material in concrete in order to improve its quality while at the same time reducing waste.

Analysis of Sewage Water Quality in and Around Mulund Region of Mumbai, India

Sewage wastewater is water discharged from the premises of a home after being used for various purposes by the community. Sewage wastewater contains microbial contaminants, plastic particles and traces of drugs that can threaten water and food safety and human health. The problem is acute in densely populated areas with limited treatment facilities. It can contain household or municipal waste that eventually flows into natural rivers and oceans. Recording the quality of water discharged into streams is critical to maintaining the health of our ecosystems. This research work aims at analyzing the water quality of Mulund’s wastewater. The results showed the presence of toxic raw chemicals affecting a variety of important parameters such as pH, conductivity and microbial community. This hazardous water quality could not only affect marine life but also leads to various diseases among the people living in the slums nearby in the absence of proper sanitation measures. This sewage is left untreated, requiring local and national wastewater treatment measures.

Interaction between temperature and salinity stress on the physiology of Dinophysis spp. and Alexandrium minutum: implications for niche range and blooming patterns

Abrupt changes in environmental conditions in estuaries and coastal waters have direct (physiological) and indirect (through changes in water column stability) effects on planktonic microalgae. Understanding and quantifying these effects is important to improve harmful algal bloom predictive models. Dinophysis spp. (D. acuminata, D. acuta and D. caudata) and Alexandrium minutum produce toxins that are transferred through the food web (particulate) by filter feeders and also released in the seawater. These dinoflagellates cause lengthy harvesting bans in European aquaculture sites and affect marine life. The 4 species were exposed to different combinations of temperature (T) and salinity (S) to investigate their short-term response (days) to and their recovery (weeks) from T/S stress. Dinophysis species showed varying capacities to deal with sudden changes in S, from the most resilient D. acuminata, equally affected by T and S stress, to the less tolerant D. acuta, and in particular D. caudata, more affected by S than T stress. The euryhaline A. minutum thrived under all the T/S combinations assayed. Further experiments showed a similar rate of okadaic acid toxin production (pg cell-1 d-1) for the 3 Dinophysis species under different T/S conditions. In contrast, a significant increment of gonyautoxin 4 content per cell was observed in A. minutum with decreasing S without significant effects associated with T. Our results highlight the response to environmental (T/S) stress of 3 species of Dinophysis and A. minutum with specific adaptations to thrive in different sub-habitats of the Galician Rías, an estuarine/coastal upwelling system in NW Spain.

The Challenges and Future of Marine Debris Policy in Indonesia and Taiwan Case Studies

There is evidence that marine plastic pollution affects marine life and ecological services. The potential hazard to human health from chemical additions in plastics is also present. Although desirable, the recycling of plastics is now limited by the complexity of the materials and chemicals, the limitations of available technologies, and market demands. This study was conducted to discover the challenges and future of marine debris policy. This study takes two locations, Indonesia and Taiwan, which have issued marine debris policies simultaneously. At the same time, the Indonesian and Taiwanese governments 2018 issued a policy to reduce marine debris. Following Presidential Decree Number 83/2018 concerning Handling Marine Debris, the Government of Indonesia published a National Action Plan for Handling Marine Debris for 2018–2025. Following this law, the Indonesian government agreed to handle 70% of the solid trash generated within eight years between 2018 and 2025, eliminate marine debris by 70%, and reduce solid waste by 30%. In Taiwan, the "Action Plan of Marine Debris Governance, " issued in 2018 by this alliance and the EPA, contains a schedule for the phase-out of four single-use plastic items (plastic bags, straws, utensils, and takeaway cups). Source reduction, prevention and removal, monitoring and surveying (including research), and outreach and public involvement are the four objectives of this action plan. Although implementing the policy is different, the objectives carried out in Indonesia and Taiwan are the same: reducing waste from sources and increasing community participation in action plan programs.

Life-history traits in the Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigasare robust to ocean acidification under two thermal regimes

AbstractOcean acidification and warming (OAW) are pressing contemporary issues affecting marine life and specifically calcifying organisms. Here, we investigated the direct effects of OAW on life-history traits of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the most cultivated bivalve species worldwide. We also tested whether parental conditioning history shaped the phenotypic characters of their progenies (intergenerational carryover effects). Adult oysters and their offspring were exposed to two temperatures (18°C, +3°C) under ambient pH conditions or under an end-of-century acidification scenario (−0.33 pH unit). In adults, we monitored standard biometric and reproductive parameters, stress response by quantifying neuroendocrine metabolites and gamete quality. In larvae, we measured hatching rate, size, biochemical quality, and behavior. We found that reducing pH reduced growth rate and activated the serotonin system, but increasing temperature attenuated these effects. There was no effect of pH on reproduction at either temperature, and no intergenerational carryover effects. Larval characteristics were similar between treatments, regardless of parental conditioning history. Thus, the Pacific oyster seems robust to changes in pH, and increasing temperature is not an aggravating factor. We emphasize that the use of neuroendocrine indicators holds promise for revealing sublethal impacts of environmental changes.

A temporal assessment of anthropogenic marine debris on sandy beaches from Ecuador’s southern coast

Anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is an environmental pollution that affects marine life, human health, wellbeing, and the economy. This marine litter can deposit in the coastlines, particularly on tidal zones and beaches. To pursue future mitigation strategies to reduce AMD is important to monitor the amount, type and frequency of litter being dumped on shores. This study presents the composition, temporal distribution, abundance and size of AMD on three sandy beaches from Guayas province, Ecuador. The field data was recollected from December 2018 to February 2020. A total of 12,362 items of AMD were collected with an abundance of 1.95 macro-litter items/m2. The composition of AMD was marked by the predominance of plastic items (91.8%), followed by wood and cloth (1.9%), while cigarettes were only present in village beaches. Our results suggest that sites with more AMD abundance are beaches nearby small coastal villages and fishing communities. Also, the AMD abundance is slightly higher at the beginning of the dry season than in the rainy season. Our findings indicate that it is necessary to implement concerted solid waste management measures and proactive environmental education programs to empower the local population, as well as investigate the anthropogenic sources and other variables influencing the AMD abundance coming onto sandy shores.

Nonlinear noise of hydrofoil cavitation considering sound velocity variation and phase transitions

Cavitation noise is an important part of underwater radiated noise (URN). It not only reduces the concealment and comfort of ships, but also affects marine life. In this paper, a detailed study of cavitation noise is carried out for NACA0012 hydrofoil and a wavy-leading-edge hydrofoil. The nonlinear sound pressure is computed by direct volume integration in FW-H formulation, considering the sound velocity change caused by the phase transition and the spherical sound source caused by the cavity volume change. By comparing with the experiment, the acoustic prediction method proposed in this paper is verified. The acoustic study is conducted from the perspectives of streamwise distribution, spanwise distribution, far-field directivity, influence of cavitation number and geometric influence. Three components and the sound source distributions are analyzed. The results show that, for cavitation state, nonlinear sound pressure is larger than the linear one and dominates in the near field. At further distances, the spherical component dominates. The cavitation noise of the modified hydrofoil is enhanced, and the source intensity is increased by 1–2 orders of magnitude.

해양 미세플라스틱 저감 방안 연구 - 환경 거버넌스를 중심으로 -

This study focused on environmental governance to reduce marine micro plastics. In the last 5 years, marine debris was generated in the order of coast > sedimentation > floating debris. In addition, 70,840 tons of marine debris was collected in 2016, but it is increasing to 138,362 tons in 2020. Currently, marine debris monitoring research is being conducted mainly on the coast of Korea, but since microplastics can affect marine life and items produced on the coast, we suggest diversifying monitoring. And the measures to reduce styrofoam buoy waste are as follows. Introduce a systematic and sustainable education system that can make fishery workers aware of the problem of waste dumped into the sea and the seriousness of marine pollution.