Affective Attitudes Research Articles

Social Influence On Shopping: Exploring Social Learning And The Purchase Decision Journey In Commerce

The rise of social commerce has altered consumer purchasing behaviour, but little study has been conducted to investigate the aspects that drive it. This study employs Chen, Lu, and Wang's (2017) model, which is based on social learning theory, to examine the influence of consumers' acquisition of knowledge on important features in social commerce components (SCCs) on their cognitive and affective attitudes, as well as their intentions to make purchases. This study discovered that cognitive and affective assessments are markers of purchase intention in a survey of 417 Gen Z social commerce users in Indonesia, with affective evaluations having a stronger effect. Furthermore, affective evaluations are subject to influence from several factors such as the use of forums, communities, ratings and reviews, and social recommendations. Similarly, cognitive evaluations are impacted by ratings, reviews, and social recommendations. The results of this study indicate that social recommendations have a significant impact on both affective and cognitive evaluations. In contrast to prior studies, it has been found that the influence of information acquired from forums and communities on affective judgement is rather minimal, while its impact on cognitive judgement has yet to be substantiated. Keywords: Social Learning; Purchase Decision Process; Commerce; Social Context; Consumer Behavior

Effect of cognitive attitude and affective attitude on formative assessment practice: Intention as a mediator

Despite the significance of formative assessment in the classroom, limited empirical research has been conducted on this topic in Mainland China. We investigated the relationship between formative assessment practice and both cognitive attitude and affective attitude, and explored whether the intention to implement a formative assessment would mediate this relationship. Participants were 504 Chinese primary school teachers. In this study formative assessment practice had two aspects: instructional adjustment and feedback practice. The results showed that the relationship between affective attitude and formative assessment practice was partially mediated by intention and that the relationship between cognitive attitude and formative assessment practice was fully mediated by intention. This study highlights the importance of affective attitude in practicing formative assessment and has implications for teacher training.

A Text Messaging Intervention for Priming the Affective Rewards of Exercise in Adults: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial.

Physical activity is a critical target for health interventions, but effective interventions remain elusive. A growing body of work suggests that interventions targeting affective attitudes toward physical activity may be more effective for sustaining activity long term than those that rely on cognitive constructs alone, such as goal setting and self-monitoring. Anticipated affective response in particular is a promising target for intervention. We will evaluate the efficacy of an SMS text messaging intervention that manipulates anticipated affective response to exercise to promote physical activity. We hypothesize that reminding users of a positive postexercise affective state before their planned exercise sessions will increase their calories burned during this exercise session. We will deploy 2 forms of affective SMS text messages to explore the design space: low-reflection messages written by participants for themselves and high-reflection prompts that require users to reflect and respond. We will also explore the effect of the intervention on affective attitudes toward exercise. A total of 120 individuals will be enrolled in a 9-week microrandomized trial testing affective messages that remind users about feeling good after exercise (40% probability), control reminders (30% probability), or no message (30% probability). Two types of affective SMS text messages will be deployed: one requiring a response and the other in a read-only format. Participants will write the read-only messages themselves to ensure that the messages accurately reflect the participants' anticipated postexercise affective state. Affective attitudes toward exercise and intrinsic motivation for exercise will be measured at the beginning and end of the study. The weighted and centered least squares method will be used to analyze the effect of delivering the intervention versus not on calories burned over 4 hours around the time of the planned activity, measured by the Apple Watch. Secondary analyses will include the effect of the intervention on step count and active minutes, as well as an investigation of the effects of the intervention on affective attitudes toward exercise and intrinsic motivation for exercise. Participants will be interviewed to gain qualitative insights into intervention impact and acceptability. Enrollment began in May 2023, with 57 participants enrolled at the end of July 2023. We anticipate enrolling 120 participants. This study will provide early evidence about the effect of a repeated manipulation of anticipated affective response to exercise. The use of 2 different types of messages will yield insight into optimal design strategies for improving affective attitudes toward exercise. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05582369; https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05582369. PRR1-10.2196/46560.

Emotions and gesture recognition using affective computing assessment with deep learning

Emotions have an important role in education. Affective development, attitudes, and emotions in learning are measured using affective assessment. This method is the right way to determine the student’s affective development. However, the process did not run optimally because the teacher found it difficult to collect student’s affective data. This paper describes the development of a system that can assist teachers in carrying out affective assessment. The system was developed using a v-model that aligns the verification phase with the validation. The use of the system is carried out during learning activities. The emotion detection system detects through body gestures using PoseNet to generate emotional data for each student. The detection results are then processed and displayed on an information system in the form of a website for affective assessment. The accuracy of emotion detection got validation values of 84.4% and 80.95% after being tested at school. In addition, the acceptance test with the usability aspect of the system by the teacher got a score of 77.56% and a score of 79.85% by the students. Based on several tests carried out, this developed system can assist the process of implementing affective assessment.

Analysis of Australian public acceptance of fully automated vehicles by extending technology acceptance model

There has been an increasing trend in using user acceptance models to explore the public acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) in different countries. Most of the previous studies have analysed perceived usefulness, behavioural attitude, subjective norms as well as perceived ease of use, but other important factors, such as trust and data privacy, have not been adequately considered. Likewise, public perceptions of fully AVs are limited in the literature as most studies focus on different levels of automation. This study aims to assess the behavioural intention to use fully AVs in Australia by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) that includes data privacy and trust in the TAM constructs. Based on a survey of 809 adult respondents from Australia, the model was evaluated with Structural Equation Modelling.The research revealed perceived trust and perceived data privacy is the first and second most important variable affecting the attitude, followed by perceived ease of use and usefulness. Perceived data privacy was discovered to positively impact attitude, perceived trust, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use as well as behavioural intentions. The perceived trust mediated perceived data privacy on the attitudes in this study. Additionally, the two major variables in the proposed model – perceived trust and data privacy- affect attitudes of AVs significantly, with total effects being 0.637 and 0.604, respectively. Attitude is the most significant variable that correlates with behavioural intentions, which leads to acceptance of fully AVs. Multigroup analysis showed the gender, age and income related differences regarding the public acceptance of AVs. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed in this paper.

To run or not to run? Differences in implicit attitudes towards running: An EEG study

ObjectiveTo understand the reasons for individuals do or do not exercise, we examined differences in implicit (affective and instrumental) attitudes between runners and non-runners. MethodsIn conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG) technology, 31 participants completed the affective and instrumental implicit associations test (IAT). ResultsBehavioural results showed that runners had more positive implicit (affective and instrumental) attitudes than non-runners. EEG results further explained the underlying mechanisms for the differences, namely that runners had higher cortical functional connectivity in the compatible condition than in the incompatible condition, while non-runners had the opposite results. ConclusionsHigher levels of neural processing efficiency were required for runners to perceive affective expectations towards running. Furthermore, ERP indicators (N1 amplitudes of incompatible tasks) can be used as valid criteria for potentially predicting exercise. This contributed to understanding why individuals do or do not exercise. Further research should focus on the effects of implicit attitudes towards exercise.

Understanding experiences in metaverse: How virtual nature impacts affect, pro-environmental attitudes, and intention to engage with physical nature

The metaverse which is constructed by virtual reality (VR) can afford immersive experiences that are more vivid and attractive than those in the physical world. In this research, we focus on virtual nature experiences in the metaverse, and investigate how its exposure influences affective states and attitudes towards physical nature. Two studies were conducted, and results consistently showed that through the mediation of connectedness to nature, experiencing virtual nature resulted in more positive affect, pro-environmental attitudes, and intention to engage with physical nature, compared to experiencing a virtual art museum. These findings highlight how experiences in the metaverse may affect our emotions and behaviors in the physical world and have important implications for human-nature relations in the age of the metaverse.

Does Future Time Perspective Moderate Associations of Instrumental and Affective Attitude With Exercise Behavior? A Three-Wave Longitudinal Survey Among Japanese Older Adults.

To develop effective promotion strategies for exercise behavior in older adults, it is essential to identify the psychological determinants. Previous studies investigated affective and instrumental attitudes as determinants. However, from the conceptual assumptions of socioemotional selectivity theory, affective attitudes might be more influential on the exercise behavior of older adults with an expansive future time perspective, whereas instrumental attitudes would be more influential on those with limited perspectives. This study examined whether the associations of affective and instrumental attitudes with behavioral intention and exercise behavior differed according to future time perspective among older Japanese adults. Data were obtained from a 3-wave longitudinal questionnaire survey of 886 individuals (Wave 1: December 2017-January 2018; Wave 2, 1-year follow-up; Wave 3, 3-year follow-up). Using the data on exercise behavior, affective and instrumental attitudes, and behavioral intention at each wave, and the data of future time perspective and demographic factors at Wave 1, this study performed multiple regression analyses and a multigroup cross-lagged model. Affective attitude was a significant predictor of behavioral intention regardless of future time perspective. Although instrumental attitude significantly predicted behavioral intention among those with a lower future time perspective, it did not predict behavioral intention among those with middle-to-higher future time perspective. Regardless of future time perspective, affective attitude, but not instrumental attitude, significantly predicted exercise behavior. Unlike the socioemotional selectivity theory, this study found that affective attitude was more influential on exercise behavior than instrumental attitude regardless of future time perspective among them.

Individual characteristics linking cognitive, affective and conative mechanisms among vegetarian restaurant customers

PurposeDespite the recent increase in vegetarian food consumption, studies on this topic have focused on the product category. Based on the functional theory of attitude and the cognitive–affective–conative framework, this study investigates the impact of customer individuality (i.e. uniqueness and level of self-monitoring) on cognitive attitude (i.e. social-function attitudes), which leads to conative attitude (i.e. behavioral intentions) via affective attitudes toward vegetarian restaurants.Design/methodology/approachThe sample (n = 176) comprises experienced vegetarian restaurant customers in the USA. Multi-group analysis is used to examine differences between vegetarian and non-vegetarian customers, as well as customers' low and high frequency in visiting vegetarian restaurants.FindingsUsing partial least squares structural equation modeling, this study finds the relative impact of customers' personal traits on self-expressive and social-adjustive functions. Results highlight the role of the social-adjustive function as an antecedent of affective attitudes leading to positive behavioral intentions. Last, the findings from a multi-group analysis show that customer self-monitoring is the only significant antecedent of a cognitive attitude among vegetarian customers.Originality/valueThe present study adds to the literature regarding trait attributes and corresponding cognitive, affective and conative attitudes in the context of the vegetarian food service industry.

Business Environment, Attitudes and Entrepreneurial Intentions as Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Inclination among University Students

Entrepreneurship education has become increasingly relevant. For some years now, the business environment for starting a new company in the Dominican Republic has been considered very propitious. This has caused many universities to incorporate training in entrepreneurship into their study plans. This study aims to analyse whether the cognitive and affective components, the country’s business environment, university training in entrepreneurship and attitudes towards entrepreneurship are antecedents of the entrepreneurial intention of university students. It also seeks to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behaviour of students. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 523 students who had taken courses on entrepreneurship. The data have been analysed through the SPSS and Smart-PLS programs. The results of this research highlight the importance of the affective component and attitudes towards entrepreneurship in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. This reinforces the importance of cultivating positive attitudes through educational interventions. It is also worth noting the influence of students’ entrepreneurial intentions on entrepreneurial inclinations. Finally, it is worth highlighting the high predictive power of the entrepreneurial intentions variable and more specifically the attitudes towards entrepreneurship variable as responsible for 35.38% of the variability of entrepreneurial intentions. These results contribute to the understanding of the factors that drive entrepreneurial intentions among university students and provide a foundation for future research.

A transfer effect of affect: evidence from episodic simulation of moral scenario

ABSTRACT Based on a scenario-place name matching paradigm, the objective of the study was to explore the transfer of affective value under the episodic simulation of moral or immoral scenarios. Experiment 1 revealed that people’s affective attitude towards neutral places matched with moral events will become more positive after episodic simulation, while those matched with immoral events will become more negative. In Experiment 2, we added a new condition—natural reading—and replicated these findings. Besides, we found the different function between episodic simulation and reading in the transfer of negative affect which may verify that imaginative resistance could be as an explanation for the transfer of negative affect under the simulation. The results from the two experiments indicate that episodic simulation indeed induces the transfer of affective value. Therefore, our findings suggest that episodic simulation induces the transfer of affective value to neutral elements in a real-life environment.

Identifying the Nature of Travel by Different Transport Modes as Consummatory or Instrumental

Attitudes are crucial in understanding people’s travel behavior. In this paper, affective and cognitive components are simultaneously considered, where affective attitude refers to feelings and emotions that are evoked from traveling by particular mode, and the cognitive component of an attitude contains the attributes and beliefs associated with that mode. Based on a mobility survey for the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel, this study endeavors to identify the relative importance of attitude components on travel behavior related to car, public transport, and bike, based on which the nature of mode-specific travel behavior could be determined. Being confined to the psychosocial sphere, the target mode-specific travel behavior will be defined as instrumental if a comparatively strong impact from cognitive attitude is observed and as consummatory if affective attitude has a larger influence on travel behavior. The identified behavioral nature is further examined across people with diverse characteristics. The dominant role of affective attitude suggests car travel behavior to be highly consummatory, which applies for most groups. Public transport travel is performed as an instrumental behavior basically determined by cognitive attitude, and this outcome considerably varies across population groups. Travel by bike is carried out by all the groups firmly as consummatory, and the negative effect of cognitive attitude on bike travel basically reflects people’s motivation to fulfill social desirability, which leads to a behavioral violation. The analysis offers a further understanding of travel behavior, which might provide useful implications for transportation administration.

A qualitative evaluation of a telehealth healthy lifestyle intervention for people with serious mental illness.

There are high levels of nutritional and metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory tract diseases among people diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI). Consequently, we developed a pragmatic, affordable nutritional and exercise intervention: Choices4Health. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we modified this intervention so it could be delivered online. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of participating in online Choices4Health, in a real-world clinical setting, from the perspectives of service users with SMI. The study aim was addressed using thematic analysis. Service users who had attended online Choices4Health, received a SMI diagnosis (defined as a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or an affective disorder), and resided in a South Dublin catchment were invited to participate. Nine participants were purposefully sampled. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone. Data analysis was guided by thematic analysis procedures. Six themes were generated: Being ready and not overburdened (Engagement); Gaining knowledge and implementing it (Learning and doing); Viewing the intervention as appropriate and effective (Targeted impact); Being at home with others online (Belonging); Having a positive affective attitude towards the intervention (Feeling); and Perceiving problems with intervention delivery (Recommended change). Findings suggest that online Choices4Health is, broadly speaking, acceptable from a service user perspective, but that further refinement is required to address specific issues participants identified. These relate to follow-up or programme extension, technology access, in-person contact preference, and participant inclusion criteria. Further research is required into online Choices4Health efficacy, innovations to reduce digital exclusion, and managing group dynamics in telehealth interventions.

Asesmen Autentik Analisis Butir Soal Dengan Rasch Model Di Sekolah Dasar: Literature Review

Authentic assessment is an assessment that measures competence in the cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (skills) domains of learners, not only conceptual understanding but also the ability to apply concepts and theories in real or test practical skills in a particular field. The purpose of this study is to present the latest data, evaluate, and describe the authentic assessment of item analysis with the Rasch model in elementary school. The research method used in this study is a literature review with Narrative Literature Review (NLR) model with Compare technique. The findings obtained from this study can be concluded that the teachers in elementary schools have routinely conducted authentic assessments in analyzing the problem items either manually or with the help of applications. Rasch model is one of the ways that can facilitate the work of teachers in analyzing problem items. This study implies that in the future rasch model can be developed with a way of working that is easier to use for teachers.

Comprehensive intervention for reducing stigma of autism spectrum disorders: Incorporating the experience of simulated autistic perception and social contact.

Stigma of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a crucial factor leading to a lower quality of life for individuals with ASD. This research evaluated an intervention effect for the stigma through an experience of simulated autistic visual perception and video-based social contact. The intervention was conducted as an experiential workshop for the ASD simulator. Participants (N = 217; 156 women, 61 men; a mean age of 41.3) voluntarily attended the workshop. In the workshop, they received a short lecture on autistic perception, a simulated experience using the ASD simulator, a narrative video of individuals with ASD, and a group discussion. They completed the multidimensional attitudes scale, which was developed to measure four attitudes toward ASD: negative affect, calm, cognitions, and behaviors. The attitudes were measured three times: the period of registration with the workshop, during participation in the workshop, and six weeks after the workshop. With regard to the measure during participation in the workshop, attendees responded to the attitudes at the beginning or end of the workshop, to confirm whether attitudes changes were attributed to the effectiveness of the intervention or artifacts resulting from participation in the workshop. A significant reduction was observed in negative affective attitudes at the end of the workshop and persisted even six weeks afterward, even though not observed in calm, cognitive, and behavioral attitudes. Our findings suggest that implementation of our intervention can bring about reduction of the stigma associated with ASD. Further studies with a random sampling method are needed to validate its generalizability and elaborate the components of the intervention.

The acceptability of homebased exercise snacking and Tai-chi snacking amongst high and low function UK and Taiwanese older adults.

Introduction: Exercise "snacking" and Tai-chi 'snacking' protocols are designed to overcome typical barriers to older adults' participation in muscle strength and balance exercise, using short bouts of home-based exercise. This study aimed to investigate the acceptability of homebred exercise- and Tai-chi snacking in British and Taiwanese older adults of high and low physical function. Methods: Thirty-three British and Thirty Taiwanese older adults took part in semi-structured interviews, after trying 1-week of exercise- and Tai-chi snacking. The interview schedule and deductive framework analysis was based on the seven components of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA). Differences between the Taiwanese and United Kingdom participants and those considered high versus low physical function were also analysed. Results: Both snacking regimes were found to be convenient and easy to implement. Participants reported that no activity had to be given up, and considered the programmes would be beneficial to their physical and mental health. Interestingly, more UK-based participants preferred the elegant and relaxing movements of Tai-chi snacking, yet participants with low physical function experienced difficulties when mastering Tai-chi movements. A few high physical function participants perceived exercise snacking to be tedious. Discussion: Overall, the snacking exercise was found to be acceptable and useful. Personal affective attitude and different cultural backgrounds may affect exercise participation. Nevertheless, it is important to consider individuals' physical function when designing exercise regime. The findings indicate that making Tai-chi snacking easier to master initially, building in progression and adding some upper body movements in the exercise snacking may further enhance acceptability.

Perception of Ecological Literacy in Education: A Scale Development Study

The increase in the world population day by day affects the balance of the living world, nature, and environment. Due to unawareness and misuse, the emergence of some environmental imbalances causes the formation of ecological problems. In order to prevent the emergence of these problems or to combat them, everyone in the education process should have an awareness level of ecological literacy. The aim of the research conducted in this direction is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining the ecological literacy levels of teachers. Within the framework of the purpose of the research, a literature review on ecology and ecological literacy was conducted. An item pool of 96 items was created. Language, meaning and content validity of the items forming the trial scale form was ensured. The data of the research were obtained with the participation of 879 teachers working in public schools in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the obtained data. The final ecological literacy scale consists of three different components: cognitive (α=.84), affective (α=.87), and behavioral (α=.92) attitudes. According to the results of the analysis, it can be said that the scale developed is reliable enough to measure teachers’ ecological literacy attitudes.

Mixed Reality Technology to Deliver Psychological Interventions to Adolescents With Asthma: Qualitative Study Using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability.

Interactive, mixed reality technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and holographic technology may provide a novel solution to fast-track the translation of evidence into practice. They may also help overcome barriers to both mental health and asthma management service uptake, such as cost, availability of appointments, fear of judgment, and quality of care. This study aimed to investigate if mixed reality technology is an acceptable mechanism for the delivery of a component of cognitive and behavioral therapies for the management of elevated psychological distress among young people with asthma. To explore the perceived acceptability of these technologies, mixed reality tools were evaluated via qualitative, 1-on-1 interviews with young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress, parents/caregivers of young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress, and relevant health professionals. The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability was used for the deductive coding of the recorded interview transcripts. This study enrolled the following participants: (1) 3 adolescents with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress with a mean age of 14 (SD 1.7) years; (2) 4 parents/caregivers of adolescents with asthma with a mean age of 55 (SD 14.6) years; and (3) 6 health professionals with a mean age of 40.8 (SD 4.3) years. A total of 4 constructs-experienced affective attitude, experienced effectiveness, self-efficacy, and intervention coherence-were coded in all participant transcripts. The most frequently coded constructs were experienced affective attitude and intervention coherence, which were reported a total of 96 times. The least frequently coded construct was anticipated opportunity cost, which was reported a total of 5 times. Participants were mostly positive about the mixed reality resources. However, some concerns were raised regarding ethicality, particularly regarding privacy, accessibility, and messaging. Participants noted the need for technology to be used in conjunction with face-to-face engagement with health professionals and that some patients would respond to this type of delivery mechanism better than others. These results suggest that mixed reality technology to deliver psychological interventions may be an acceptable addition to current health care practices for young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001109998; https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380427.

Farmer Attitudes on Farmer Behavior in Adopting Innovation of Rice Planting (Transplanter) In the Seputih Agung Subdistrict

The use of mechanization in agriculture in addition to increasing rice productivity can also be a strategy in overcoming labor scarcity as well as the use of technology and the adoption of the transition from using traditional tools to modern tools. The transplanter machine is a new innovation for some people in Central Lampung Regency, such as in Seputih Agung District, which is one of the sub-districts that received transplanter assistance from the government which is expected to be implemented by farmers on their farming land. Transplanter machine technology if adopted by farmers is very profitable, because it can facilitate the planting of rice seeds, speed up work time, is effective, and also saves production costs for the planting process. The behavior of farmers in adopting transplanters is formed through the level of knowledge they have which will affect farmers in determining their attitude to accept and implement an innovation. The objectives in this study were to determine farmers’ attitudes towards transplanter innovation adoption, determine farmer behavior in adopting transplanter innovation and analyze the effect of farmers’ attitudes towards transplanter innovation adoption. This research was conducted in January 2023 in Seputih Agung District, Central Lampung Regency for farmers who are members of farmer groups receiving transplanter machine assistance with 70 respondents. The research method used is quantitative descriptive with statistical analysis of Partial Least Square (PLS) assisted through SmartPLS Software version 3.0. The results showed that the cognitive attitudes of farmers were included in the fairly high category, which means that farmers had sufficient knowledge about rice transplanter machines. The affective attitude of farmers is included in the high enough category, which means that the affective attitude is sufficient to provide support for the attitude of farmers in adopting transplanter innovations. The conative attitude of farmers is included in the fairly high enough category, which means attitudes that tend to be followers or imitators. This also happened in Seputih Agung Subdistrict, farmers wanted to use the transplanter machine if many farmers had used it and acknowledged the benefits they would get. The behavior of farmers in adopting transplanter innovations as measured by selecting seeds and selecting seeds, making nurseries in dapog, setting spacing, setting soil depth, and setting the number of seeds is included in the moderate category. The results of the analysis of the variable attitude of farmers towards the behavior of farmers in adopting transplanter innovations have a significant influence, these results indicate that the greater the attitude of farmers is able to increase the behavior of farmers in adopting transplanter innovations.

Behavior change after context disruption: Opportunities and pitfalls

AbstractMany behaviors are performed automatically in response to contextual cues rather than conscious intentions, which can make behavior change challenging. The combined discontinuity and self‐activation hypotheses predict that disruption to a context that cues behaviors can provide opportunity for behavior change guided by intentions rather than contextual cues. In this study, we asked an online sample of participants (N = 452) to report on desired change in the frequency of new, unwanted, or potentially habitual behaviors following a contextual disruption due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We find a distinction between new ‘start’ behaviors and unwanted ‘stop’ behaviors where new behaviors appear more personally meaningful (i.e. higher in autonomous motivation and positive affective attitude) than unwanted or potentially habitual behaviors. Our results suggest that behavior change theory and interventions that acknowledge differential processes between starting new behaviors and stopping old unwanted behaviors would provide greater insights for behavior science.