Affect Regulation Motives Research Articles

Respiratory Health and Underlying Tobacco Use Motives Among Cigarette Smokers and Hubble-Bubble Pipe Consumers: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACT Background Tobacco use, whether through hubble-bubble pipes or conventional cigarettes, poses significant risks to respiratory health. Purpose Researchers aimed to assess the respiratory health and underlying tobacco use motives among hubble-bubble pipe consumers and cigarette smokers. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study involved 340 smokers from Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire included demographic-related questions and two validated tools, i.e. Questionnaire for Ease of Cough and Sputum Clearance and Tobacco Motives Inventory. Data analysis utilized SPSS involving descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results In comparison to hubble-bubble pipe consumers, cigarette smokers had significantly poor respiratory health (p = .001, median = 8 vs. 10). Moreover, cigarette smokers reported higher social, self-enhancement, boredom relief, and affect regulation motives (p < .001). Respiratory health was also significantly different across gender, age, qualification, occupational status, marital status, lifestyle, and family history of smoking. Tobacco motives differed across gender, age, qualification, occupational status, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and family history. Discussion Although hubble-bubble pipe consumers reported lower respiratory health issues, consuming it is still a critical health concern. Translation to Health Education Practice Planning targeted education programs and interventions could address the underlying motives of tobacco consumption and thus can effectively improve respiratory health and promote smoking cessation.

Motives of Tobacco Use Among Young Adults in the United States Air Force.

Research has focused on cigarette use motives and have not included military personnel. The current study assessed tobacco use motives for different products, and differences within males and females and those with different racial identities given historical disparities in tobacco use. A cross-sectional survey about tobacco use was administered from October 2019 to February 2022. Four Technical Training bases in the US. Air Force Airmen who used tobacco (N = 3243). Questions were about sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco use, and the Tobacco Motives Inventory (representing affect regulation, boredom, enhancement, and social motives). Linear regressions assessed associations between overall tobacco use and motives. Stratified analyses assessed associations between tobacco use and motives among males and females, and individuals from different racial backgrounds. Logistic regressions assessed differences in motives and use of different tobacco products between "some day" and "everyday" users. Overall, boredom (B = .09, SE = .01) and affect regulation (B = .05, SE = .00) motives were associated with higher tobacco use. Males and females and individuals from different racial backgrounds endorsed different motives, but all endorsed boredom as a motive for higher tobacco use. Individuals who used cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or smokeless tobacco "some days" endorsed higher social motives than everyday users, but everyday users endorsed different motives across products. There are motives differentiating between "some day" and "everyday" users of tobacco products, which may need to be differentially targeted in intervention programs. Additionally, there are some overlapping motives (affect regulation, boredom) that may be beneficial to address with all tobacco users.

Sexual Risk Behavior and Sexual Satisfaction among Rape Victims: Examination of Sexual Motives as a Mediator

ABSTRACTRape survivors engage in more risky sexual behavior and report more sexual dissatisfaction and dysfunction than those without a rape history. However, little research has examined possible mechanisms to explain the relation between rape and sexual health outcomes. Therefore, the current study examined sexual motives as one mechanism to explain why survivors engage in more risk behavior and report lower sexual satisfaction. We hypothesized that rape survivors would be more likely to report engaging in sex for a variety of potentially maladaptive motives, including to reduce their negative affect, improve their self-esteem, and obtain approval or avoid censure from their peers and sexual partners. Engaging in sex for these reasons was then hypothesized to mediate the relation between rape history and sexual risk behavior as well as sexual satisfaction. These hypotheses were tested among 1,534 sexually active college women. Results supported that all four sexual motives mediated the relation between rape history and risky sexual behavior and sexual satisfaction. In both cases, the size of the standardized indirect effect was larger for the models including the two affect regulation motives as mediators, as compared to the models including peer and partner approval motives as mediators. Thus, survivors who endorse affect regulation motives for sex are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior and more likely to report feeling dissatisfied with their sex lives. This suggests that sexual motives may be an important area to target for future sexual health research and intervention programs targeting survivors.

An integrated model of skin cancer risk in sexual minority males.

Sexual minority males are an at-risk group for developing skin cancer. Elevated rates of skin cancer among this population are thought to be driven by excess indoor tanning; however, motivations to indoor tan among this population are unknown. Theoretically, appearance-based and affect regulation motives may be proximal predictors of increased indoor tanning in this population. The current study tests an integrated biopsychosocial model of indoor tanning behaviors and future intentions among a sample of sexual minority males. Participants were 231 sexual minority males, between the age of 14 and 35years, residing in San Diego County, California, who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires online. Constructs assessed included skin tone, perceived susceptibility to skin cancer, sociocultural pressures to tan, appearance-based motives to tan, affect regulation in regard to indoor tanning, indoor tanning behaviors over the previous 3 months, and future intentions to indoor tan. The three proposed proximal predictors of indoor tanning all displayed significant pathways; however, results varied depending upon the specific outcome measure modeled. Affect regulation was significantly associated with increased odds of indoor tanning, and future intentions to indoor tan. Increased appearance reasons to tan were significantly associated with future intentions to indoor tan, while increased appearance reasons not to tan were significantly associated with fewer number of indoor tanning sessions. Results underscore the unique pathways of affect regulation and appearance-based motives in indoor tanning behaviors. Skin cancer prevention programs focusing on sexual minority males may wish to address affect and appearance concerns.

Distinct Motives for Use Among Polytobacco Versus Cigarette Only Users and Among Single Tobacco Product Users

Alternative tobacco product (ATP) use as well as co-use of various tobacco products has increased in recent years, particularly among young adults. However, little is known about the differential role of motives for ATP or polytobacco use. We examined (1) motives for tobacco use in relation to polytobacco versus cigarette only use and (2) motives for tobacco use in relation to levels of tobacco use across products. We analyzed data from past 30-day tobacco users at Wave 2 (Spring 2015) of a six-wave longitudinal study of 3418 students aged 18-25 years from seven U.S. colleges/universities. Variables included sociodemographics, tobacco use (cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos [LCCs], smokeless tobacco [SLT], hookah, and e-cigarettes), and tobacco use motives (social, self-enhancement, boredom relief, and affect regulation). Multivariate analyses found that boredom relief motives were associated with polytobacco use versus cigarette only use (p = .007). Higher consumption levels demonstrated the following associations: cigarettes-positively with boredom relief (p = .025) and affect regulation motives (p < .001); LCCs-positively with affect regulation motives (p = .035); SLT-negatively with social (p = .003) and positively with self-enhancement (p = .017) and boredom relief motives (p = .007); and hookah-positively with social (p = .002) and boredom relief motives (p = .033) and negatively with self-enhancement (p = .004) and affect regulation motives (p = .001). Distinct motives for use were associated with polytobacco use among smokers. Moreover, higher levels of use among single product users also demonstrated distinct associations across use motives. These data should inform targeted cessation interventions addressing motives for use in ATP and polytobacco users. Interventionists, public health practitioners, and health care providers must address the increasing issue of ATP and polytobacco use and tailor interventions to reduce ATP and polytobacco use in light of the distinct motives for use.

A Study of Motives for Tobacco and Alcohol Use Among High School Students in Hungary.

Motives may be an important influence for substance use among youth. The goal of this research was to study the relation of social, self-enhancement, boredom relief and affect regulation motives to smoking and drinking in a sample of Eastern European high school students and to examine variation in the effects of these motives by gender. Our sample involved 500 students (ages 14-20 years) from three high schools in a large city in Hungary. Multiple logistic regression analyses examined the relation between motives and substance user status. Social motives were significantly related to both smoking and drinking (except for boys' smoking). Affect regulation motives were a significant predictor of smoking; in addition, boredom relief was a significant motive for smoking among boys. Mother's educational level was inversely related to youth substance use, whereas father's education was positively related to alcohol use among girls. School-based prevention programs should include cognitive education and social skills training to counter perceived benefits of substance use. Further research is needed to clarify the relation of alcohol use to parental education.

Selective attention to emotional pictures as a function of gambling motives in problem and nonproblem gamblers.

Problem gambling may reflect a maladaptive means of fulfilling specific affect-regulation motives, such as enhancing positive affect or coping with negative affect. Research with clinical populations indicates that disorders with prominent affective symptoms are characterized by attentional biases for symptom-congruent information. Thus, we assessed whether problem gamblers with enhancement motives for gambling would demonstrate attentional biases for positive emotional information, relative to other types of emotional information, and problem gamblers with coping motives for gambling would demonstrate attentional biases for negative emotional information, compared with other types of emotional information. In addition, we expected motive-congruent biases to be stronger in problem gamblers than nonproblem gamblers. To test these hypotheses, problem and nonproblem gamblers received an emotional orienting task in which neutral, negative, and positive pictorial cues appeared to one side of the computer screen, followed by target words in cued or uncued locations. In a look-away condition, participants had to shift attention away from pictures to respond to predominantly uncued targets, whereas in a look-toward condition, they had to orient to pictures to categorize predominantly cued targets. The results revealed motive-congruent orienting biases and disengagement lags for emotional pictures in problem gamblers. The link between motives and affective biases was less apparent in nonproblem gamblers. Results suggest that attentional measures may provide a useful complement to the subjective methodologies that are typically employed in studying problem gamblers.

Impulse Buying in Restaurant Food Consumption

Impulse buying behavior is prevalent in restaurant food consumption. In the present study, we examine the relationship between individuals’ impulse buying behavior and their pre-purchase and post-purchase affective states in the context of restaurant food consumption. The current research experimentally induced consumers’ pre-purchase mood followed by a mood-freeze procedure. The findings provide strong evidence that primary food motives (health vs. indulgence) and situational motives (affect regulation) jointly affect impulse buying behavior in food consumption. Results also suggest that pre-purchase mood and affect regulation motives influence post-purchase mood as a result of impulse buying. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings also are discussed.

Motivations for Self‐Injury, Affect, and Impulsivity: A Comparison of Individuals with Current Self‐Injury to Individuals with a History of Self‐Injury

Individuals who report nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are characterized by the tendency to act rashly while experiencing distress (negative urgency), the tendency to act without thinking, and endorsement of both social and affect regulation motives for the behavior. However, very little research has identified characteristics that distinguish current self-injurers from those with a history of the behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare individuals with current self-injury to a history of self-injury on impulsivity-related personality traits, motives for self-injury, and distress. Among a sample of 429 undergraduates, 120 reported self-injury. Among these 120 individuals, 33 endorsed self-injury within the past month, with a mean frequency of 4.77 acts of NSSI. Within the self-injury group, current self-injurers reported higher endorsement of affect regulation motives for NSSI, and higher levels of current negative affect than individuals with a history of self-injury. There were no differences between current and former self-injurers on measures of impulsivity, endorsement of social motives for NSSI, or positive affect. We propose that individuals who use NSSI to regulate negative affect may be more likely to repeatedly engage in this behavior over time.

Motives for smoking and drinking: Country and gender differences in samples of Hungarian and US high school students

We examined the relation of four motive dimensions to tobacco and alcohol use in samples of high school students in Hungary ( N = 602) and the United States ( N = 1225). Rates of cigarette smoking were higher in Hungary than the US, and rates of alcohol use were comparable; boys showed higher rates of smoking in Hungary and higher rates of alcohol use in both countries. For smoking, social motives were predictive only in Hungary, while boredom relief and affect regulation were more predictive in the US. For alcohol use, social motives was the only dimension related to drinking in Hungary, whereas in the US all motive dimensions were predictive for girls' drinking, and social and affect regulation motives were predictive for boys' drinking. Gender differences in smoking and alcohol use were partially mediated through motives for use, with the specific mediators depending on the cultural context.