Affect Production Costs Research Articles

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RICE FARMING INCOME WITH THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT SEED PLANTING SYSTEM (TABELA) AND TRANSPLANTING (TAPIN)

Over time, the consumption of rice as a food commodity has always increased along with the increase in population. In cultivating rice plants, of course it requires a lot of labor, especially in planting activities. However, the availability of agricultural labor is currently decreasing and the cost is expensive. One technology that can be a solution to this problem is the direct seed planting system (tabela). This study aims to compare farmers' income with the implementation of the two planting systems. Differences in planting systems will affect production costs, so it will also affect farm income. The data analysis used was farm business analysis and independent sample t-test. The results of the analysis found a significant difference between the average income of farmers with tabela and tapin systems. The average income of tabela farmers was Rp 31,373,962/ha/planting season and tapin farmers was Rp 27,267,175 with a difference in income of Rp 4,106,787/ha/planting season.

Artemia salina Biological Responses to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

The Zinc oxide nanoparticles could be entered and separated in various water bodies through the runoff. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the influences of different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina (used as live feed in aquaculture) at developmental, biochemical and molecular levels. The homogeneity among the estimated. Artemia salina was estimated using Inter simple sequence repeats and some isozyme polymorphism. The results showed that samples were highly homogeneous. The hatching percentages decreased as the concentration of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles increased, compared to the control group. The maximum hatching percentage (75.88%) was detected at the control followed by ZT1(65.52%), ZT2 (55.87%) and ZT3(55.22%). The percentage of each developmental stage of A. salina under the experimental conditions, including egg, breakage egg, umbrella stage, Instar 1, Instar 2 and Instar 3, was calculated. Also, the impacts of ZnO NPs on A. salina isozyme variations were evaluated. The results showed some different A. salina tissue responses among the various ZnO NPs concentrations. The total number of bands was 15, 12, 10 and 5 for a-Esterase, b-Esterase, Superoxide dismutase and Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes respectively. The electrophoretic pattern of the A. salina Esterases shows remarkable biochemical markers. Understanding such influences could be helpful for the industry to make informed decisions on whether to use such Zinc oxide nanoparticles or find safer alternatives, ultimately affecting production costs and profitability. The industry should pay attention on developing safer nanoparticles and optimizing their concentrations to reduce long-term costs associated with species depletion and environmental damage.

Analisis Penerapan Target Coting Dalam Upaya Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Dan Peningkatan Laba Usaha Pada Usaha Kecil Menengah

UD. Adon Jaya which is located at Jl. Bima, Ds. Kebonsari RT 05 RW 01, Kec. Candi, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java is a Small and Medium Enterprise (UKM) owned by Pak Sulaiman which operates in the food sector, namely salted eggs. Salted eggs produced by UD. Adon Jaya has an interesting innovation where the salted eggs have different flavors and processing methods, such as original, fried, grilled and oven flavoured. Daily sales can reach 400 to 500 salted eggs with an income of IDR 16,000,000 to IDR 18,000,000 per month with a profit percentage of 31%. The research objective to be achieved in accordance with the research questions explained above is to find out, analyze and answer how the application of target costing affects production cost efficiency and increasing business profits at UD. Adon Jaya. This research took informants from UD owners. Adon Jaya, namely Mr Sulaiman and production employee Mas Zaky. In its implementation in the field, this research took secondary data including company history, financial and sales report data, as well as an explanation of the salted egg production process. The type of research that will be used is qualitative methods. The analysis technique used is comparative analysis between manual calculations used by UD. Adon Jaya with calculations that apply target costing carried out by the author. These results show that implementing target costing can streamline production costs by 12%, so that the resulting profit also increases 37%. The results of the analysis findings conclude that the application of target costing at UD. Adon Jaya has a positive influence by streamlining production costs so as to increase profits.

Machine Learning models to forecast defects occurrence on foundry products

Manufacturing defects negatively affect production cost and environmental impact. This impact is even heavier for production processes that are particularly energy intensive, such as in the metallurgical industry. In the cast iron foundry sector, components manufacturing can be affected by various defects that depend on quality of raw materials fed to the melting process, process parameters, cast iron final temperature, ferroalloys additions and final composition. Defects formation is a multifactorial phenomenon, for which relevant factors are not easy to identify, as it is also a rare event. This paper presents a set of models based on machine learning methodologies for predicting and classifying defects on foundry production lines to assist process operators in managing the process and, eventually, stop production when it is not possible to adjust process parameters. The modelling phase exploits decision trees methodologies enhanced with algorithms for augmenting unbalanced datasets related to defects occurrences. The combination of these methodologies produces efficient models showing very encouraging results.

How does firms’ cost structure affect their quality–price mix? An experimental analysis

Experimental literature on product differentiation is scarce and mostly focused on horizontal product differentiation. This paper focuses on vertical product differentiation considering a quality-then-pricing duopoly game and exploring how firms’ cost structure affects firms’ decisions and market structure. Two scenarios are considered, differing in the way quality affects production costs: in the first, quality is costless, while, in the second, marginal production costs increase with quality. We explore the impacts on market coverage, qualities, product differentiation, prices, and intensity of competition (assessed by price-cost margins). Our experimental results confirm the (theoretically proved) need to endogenize the market structure, as a duopoly with full coverage emerges when quality is costless, but a duopoly with partial coverage emerges when quality is costly. We also find that quality differentiation is lower in the lab than what is theoretically predicted, and lower in the costless quality treatment. The intensity of competition is higher when quality is costly, as price-cost margins are lower in this case.

DESIGN OF THE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR USED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH THE HELP OF THE PARTICLE SWARM ALGORITHM AND ANSYS-MAXWELL

Performance and efficiency are among the most important parameters in electric motors. Improvements to the engine not only increase engine performance, but also affect production costs. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is a motor widely used in electric vehicles with its high torque density, high efficiency and production advantages. In this study, 110 kW (Adjust-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) AS-PMSM was designed for electric vehicle applications. The results of ANSYS-Maxwell and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms and the calculations of the optimized design were compared in line with the obtained data. In the design study, theoretical calculations, PSO algorithm and finite element method (FEM) based ANSYS-Maxwell software were used. Based on these values, the computer aided design of the engine was carried out. First of all, the basic design and performance criteria of the engine were determined. Parameters of the motor such as torque ripple, iron loss, efficiency and electromagnetic analysis were analyzed and optimized with ANSYS-Maxwell. Then, electrical, magnetic and performance analyzes of the motor were made. How the engine performance changes with the methods used has been examined in detail. Efficiency values were determined under various operating conditions in engine performance studies. The validity of the improvement study and the verification of the design study were examined by comparing the ANSYS results with the PSO algorithm results. The analysis results showed that the designed electric motor met the desired power values and design performance criteria.

The Effectiveness of Regulations on Waste Reduction Road Map by Manufacturers

A good and healthy environment in a sustainable manner is part of human rights that need to be fought for, especially regarding plastic waste. Today, plastic waste has polluted land and water areas, due to limited management and the slow handling of waste management so that it affects climate change due to carbon gas emissions produced. Based on this awareness, the Government issued the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number 75 of 2019 concerning Roadmaps for Reducing Waste by Manufacturer. In fact, there are still very few Manufacturers who voluntarily create and implement a waste reduction roadmap. Therefore, this study examines the effectiveness of Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 75 of 2019 concerning Roadmaps for Reducing Waste by Manufacturer from the normative aspect (with a statute approach) and sociological (with a qualitative approach). This research used secondary data that obtained through literature study, and primary data obtained through observation. All the data analysed qualitatively with content analysis. The results of the study show that Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry Number 75 of 2019 concerning Roadmaps for Reducing Waste by Manufacturer has stipulated an obligation to manufacturers to create a roadmap for waste reduction. Problems occur in implementation due to lack of manufacturer participation which is influenced by 2 (two) factors, namely (1) economic factors because the transition to environmentally friendly materials will affect production costs; and (2) regulatory factors due to lack of socialization, lack of transparency in supervision, and the absence of sanctions for manufacturers who are negligent or intentionally not making and implementing a waste reduction roadmap.

Experimental and computational design tools for industrial drying processes: Challenges in process‐limit prediction

AbstractThe coating and drying of inks and slurries are important steps to manufacture a plethora of products. Drying processes, particularly, comprise energy‐intensive steps that affect product cost and quality. Prior work has highlighted failures of various multicomponent diffusivity models to conserve mass in dryer modeling and challenges in predicting process limits given variability in published values of key thermodynamic parameters. Herein, we develop a computational model and benchtop drying experiments to investigate these concerns for drying polymer‐laden coatings. Model predictions of process limits in a single‐zone drying oven demonstrate that published variability in Flory–Huggins parameter yields large variations in predicted operating temperatures above which blistering occurs. This indicates that caution should be exercised when choosing approaches to obtain or predict the Flory–Huggins parameter, and that both benchtop drying experiments and a set of additional experiments, such as sorption experiments, are needed to fully characterize and optimize a given drying process.

PENGARUH KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR LAINNYA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS TENAGA KERJA PADA USAHATANI JAGUNG DI KAWASAN AGROPOLITAN KABUPATEN CIAMIS

Labor as a factor of production affects production costs where an increase in labor productivity can lead to higher production. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of spiritual intelligence and other factors on labor productivity in corn farming in the agropolitan area of Ciamis Regency. The research was carried out using a quantitative research approach. A sample of 94 people was obtained from a population of 1,545 corn farmers using the Slovin formula. The influence of spiritual intelligence and other factors on the productivity of corn farming in the agropolitan area of Ciamis Regency was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that land area, family size, and spiritual intelligence had a significant effect on the labor productivity of corn farming in the agropolitan area of Ciamis Regency; while education and experience have no significant effect.

Review on Design and Analysis of Drill Head of Boring Machine by using Vibration Conditioning Monitoring

Abstract: In terms of both productivity and product quality, machine tools are now held to high standards in the industrial sector. Vibration is a crucial indicator of a product's quality. If the patterns of vibration produced by machine tools during cutting operations are recognised, the structure of the machine tool may be built in a way that separates its frequency response from the imposed frequency. The most effective method for managing all machining operations and maintaining machinery operation is tool condition monitoring. Monitoring tool condition affects production costs, tool life expectancy, tool quality, dimensional accuracy within a given tolerance, and surface polish in a machine shop. Here, the machining process is entirely dependent on the operator's whims and preferences. So, it is more difficult for a novice operator to identify the tool wear point and it is more difficult for the operator to operate the machine. A systematic process is needed for the machining procedure to get around this challenge. Determining the inherent frequency and mode forms of the radial drilling machine construction is the aim of this research as a consequence. Finite element analysis was used to identify the innate frequencies and mode shapes of the radial drilling machine structure.

Peningkatan Masa Pakai Pisau Gergaji Tungsten Carbide Berpelapis dalam Pemotongan Medium Density Fiberboard

The scarcity and high cost of high-quality sawn timber has resulted in the switching of furniture industry to using composite wood such as medium density fiberboard (MDF) as the raw material for its products. One of the factors that affect production costs and product quality in the furniture industry is the quality of the cutting tool used in the cutting operation. The quality of the cutting tool could be improved through the addition of coatings on the surface of cutting tool (surface coating). The purpose of this study was to determine the life time of AlCrN, TiAlN, and TiN coated tungsten carbide (TC) tools in cutting MDF. Cutting operations were performed on a computer numerical control (CNC) router machine at feed per revolution (Frev) of 0,10, 0,15, 0,20, and 0,30 mm/rev. The TC cutting tool life was determined based on its wear and was calculated using the Taylor tool life formula. The results showed that coated TC cutting tool provided a better wear resistance and longer life than uncoated TC cutting tool. The low of Frev set in cutting MDF resulted in a lower wear and longer life of cutting tool. AlCrN coated TC cutting tool provided the best wear resistance and longest life, thus it promising to be developed and used in cutting MDF.
 
 Keywords: coated cutting tool, medium density fiberboard, surface coating, tool life, wear

Olive leaves as alternative feed for finishing lambs: evaluation of feed intake, nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and carcase quality

This research aims to evaluate how incorporating sun-dried olive leaves (OL) in the diets of Awassi lambs affects production costs, intake and nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and carcase quality. Thirty-six newly weaned male lambs were randomly allocated to one of three diet groups as dry matter (DM) in diets: 1) the control diet (CON), 2) 50 OL g/kg (OL50), and 3) 100 OL g/kg (OL100). On the 50th day, four lambs were randomly selected from each treatment and transported to metabolic cages to evaluate digestibility and N balance. The DM intake was higher (p = .003) in the OL50 and OL100 diets than those on the CON diet. At the same time, the ether extract and metabolisable energy intakes were the highest (p < .0001) in OL100, followed by OL50 and the CON diet. Intake of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre for lambs fed the OL50 diet surpassed (p < .0001) the other diets. The growth performance parameters were comparable among diets. However, the cost of gain was lower (p = .03) in diets containing OL. The OL incorporation had no treatment effect (p > .05) on the digestibility, N retention, carcase characteristics and meat quality. In conclusion, while the addition of OL at 50 g/kg and 100 g/kg did not affect the growth performance and characteristics of carcase, it did decrease the cost of production, making it a good candidate to replace part of the wheat straw in diets of growing lambs. Highlights Olive leaves percentage substitution of wheat straw improved the nutrients intake in Awassi lambs fed commercial diets. Olive leaves incorporation decreased both the cost of the diet and the cost per kg of gain in Awassi lambs. Olive leaves inclusion did not have a negative effect on digestibility and N Balance, carcase characteristics and meat quality.

Efisiensi Biaya dengan Sistem PDCA Menggunakan Metode Quality control circle (QCC) di PT. XYZ Kabupaten Sidoarjo

The rapidly increasing business world demands that every company has the ability to compete. The policy in order to keep the company's smoking stable is to control production costs. PT. XYZ is an international manufacturing company that produces chocolate powder with several production processes in it. The decline in sales that occurred in PT. XYZ resulted in decreased company costs. In this problem, it is necessary to make improvements for PT. XYZ in order to obtain a solution to stabilize the company's production costs. The method used in this study is Quality Control Circle (QCC) with the application of the PDCA system. The results showed that the purchase of 2 ply paper bag packaging (PB2PL) is one of the activities that affect production costs with the largest expenditure in PT. XYZ. The improvement made is by applying PB2PL reuse. PB2PL is packaging used to package semi-finished materials, so that PB2PL can be reused which will provide benefits in terms of cost. The target of purchasing PB2PL after repairs is from 9,818 pcs to 3,500 pcs per month. Analysis of potential cost efficiency obtained by the first reuse of RP.47,859,052 per month, the second reuse of IDR 38,708,676 per month and the third reuse of IDR 29,558,300 per month. Analysis of potential costs with the application of the target is Rp. 30,798,617 per month. Application of PB2PL reuse in PT. XYZ for two months provided a cost efficiency of Rp.96,891,759. So that the problem would not occur again in the future, standardization was made in the form of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) reuse PB2PL.

A bibliometric review of progress and trends in food factory design research

SummaryFood factory design (FFD) affects production costs, production safety and food quality. Moreover, as consumer demand, product planning, policies and legislation, raw material supplies, manufacturing philosophies and environmental consciousness change, FFD should also change. In this study, we used bibliometric analysis to examine articles on a wide range of topics related to FFD published in Web of Science from 2012 to 2022. We used collaborative network analysis, co‐occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, timeline mapping and term burst detection to achieve the following objectives: (i) summarising the annual changes in the number of publications; (ii) detecting influential countries and institutions, major research areas, context and history and representative studies at different times; and (iii) identifying frontiers and forecasting development trends in terms of factory construction and new production modes, new processes and product manufacturing technology, optimisation of production systems and processes, intelligent manufacturing, environmental protection and sustainable development. The findings of this study provide an effective means of assessing the performance of FFD research. They also help enterprises and researchers to identify important trends in FFD and provide support for decision‐making and policy formulation, and future directions for research and teaching activities.

Minimizing production cost for kendang djembe production through goal programming model

Kendang djembe is a percussion instrument played by striking with the fingers and palms. The body of the kendang djembe is generally made of wood and shaped like a cup or mug, carved either by machine or traditionally only by hand. This problem affects the production costs, the employee working house, and the profit of kendang djembe. Customer orders and requirements determine the production process for kendang djembe. It leads to fluctuations in market demand, affecting production costs and the working hours of kendang djembe employees. As a result, employees work overtime when orders rush in, resulting in poor product finishes such as crude engraving and painting. This research aims to minimize the production cost of kendang djembe, maximize the employee working hours, and maximize the profit by using the goal programming method. Goal programming is applied to decide the number of kendang djembe, the minimum production cost, and the time for each kendang djembe. The result of this research is that CV. Maharani Abadi has to make 237 units of kendang djembe paintings, 1266 kendang djembe carvings, 870 kendang djembe painting carvings, and 91 kendang djembe deep carvings. CV. Maharani spent a production cost of Rp 399,413,400, with the employee working 1846.36 hours, and obtained a maximum profit of Rp 126,526,600. This research helps the company to avoid unprofitable options in the production process of kendang djembe.

Review of the current state of application of wood defect recognition technology

Wood utilisation is an important factor affecting production costs, but the combined utilisation rate of wood is generally only 50 to 70%. During the production process, the rejection scheme of wood defects is one of the most important factors affecting the wood yield. This paper provides an overview of the main wood defects affecting wood quality, introduces techniques for detecting and identifying wood defects using different technologies, highlights the more widely used image recognition-based wood surface defect identification methods, and presents three advanced wood defect detection and identification equipment. In view of the relatively fixed wood defect recognition requirements in wood processing production, it is proposed that wood defect recognition technology should be further developed toward deep learning to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wood defect recognition.

The impact of environmental corruption on green consumption: A quantitative analysis based on China's Judicial Document Network and Baidu Index

In developing countries, green consumption is still in its infancy, and the institutional environment is very important for it. In the implementation of environmental policies to stimulate green consumption, environmental corruption may affect production cost or residents' environmental responsibility. This paper aims to reveal the impact of environmental corruption on green consumption, quantify environmental corruption by collecting the cases of China's Judicial Document Network, and quantify green consumption by constructing an evaluation index system based on Baidu Index. First, baseline results show that environmental corruption is negatively correlated with green consumption. Second, impact path test is carried out from production side, sales side and consumption side. In the production side, environmental corruption inhibits green consumption by weakening green products quality and environmental investment. In the sales side, environmental corruption suppresses green consumption by weakening sales expenses and market share of green products. In the consumption side, environmental corruption inhibits green consumption by reducing government information disclosure and environmental responsibility. Third, threshold effect test is carried out from the perspective of economic basis and human capital basis. The impact of environmental corruption on green consumption is not significant as per capita GDP is lower than 9600 yuan. As the per capita GDP is higher than 13000 yuan, the inhibition of environmental corruption on green consumption is weakened. As the average education is more than 8.14 years, the inhibition effect is significantly weakened. Fourth, this paper compares the spatial impact of different types of environmental corruption on surrounding green consumption by building a spatial Durbin model. Environmental bribery has a higher inhibition on local green consumption, and environmental malfeasance has a higher negative impact on surrounding green consumption.

Optimalisasi Produksi Cabai Merah di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

The productivity of red chili in the Central Bangka Regency is still below its genetic potential, where the genetic potential of curly red chili per hectare is 200-220 quintals. This condition raises the assumption that the production of red chili in the Central Bangka Regency is not optimal. The purpose of farmers doing red chili production activities is to make a profit. Still, if the production of red chili is not optimal, it will affect the actual profits obtained by farmers. Therefore, it is important to research the optimization of red chili production in the Central Bangka Regency. This study aimed to analyze the effect of red chili production on the total cost of red chili farming and the optimal amount of red chili production by farmers in the Central Bangka Regency. The research method used is the survey method. The sampling method is simple random sampling with a sample of 34 people. The data analysis method used in this study uses inferential statistical methods. The formulation and objectives of the first research will be answered using the total cost function in cubic form. Furthermore, to answer the formulation and objectives of the second study, an analysis will be carried out using the abc formula (quadratic formula). The analysis results show that the amount of red chili production significantly affects production costs in red chili farming in Central Bangka Regency. Still, the amount of red chili production in Bangka Regency Middle is not optimal. So that farmers can achieve the optimal amount of red chili production, farmers should be able to use production inputs efficiently in their farming.

Development of Poultry Shed Ventilation System: A Prototype Approach

The current study is on poultry shed prototype ventilation system model. 60% of India's population eats meat and this is growing. The poultry business grows 8-10% a year. Ambient conditions, notably high temperature and relative humidity in poultry sheds, cause heat stress in chickens, reducing production and increased mortality. India is mostly tropical, therefore summer midday temperatures approach 45°C in several regions. The capital and operating costs of traditional evaporative air-cooling systems are considerable compared to Indian poultry management investment norms. Poultry barns are usually in rural locations where power outages are common. Generator-powered cooling &amp; ventilation costs 3 to 5 times more. The majority of poultry businesses don't employ suitable cooling systems, which affects production costs and earnings. The current study develops a low-cost cooling effect by operating a solar-powered Low-Cost Cooling System for Poultry Shed. It uses temperature &amp; humidity control methods, battery storage systems, solar PV systems, structure, and exhaust air management to reduce heat stress in poultry birds. This technique minimizes mortality, enhances productivity, and boosts agricultural profits.

Capacity Investment and Process Efficiency at Flexible Firms

When firms are endowed with volume flexibility, capacity investment may influence the subsequent production process via affecting the structure of production cost. Yet, the strategic interaction between capacity and production decisions has not been adequately addressed. In this paper, we consider two firms serving one market under price sensitive and uncertain demand. Firms incur costs to build capacity and produce. The firm’s capacity affects production cost through its influence on process efficiency, while the specific effects on the two firms differ. We establish a two-stage game-theoretical framework to characterize the problem and obtain two firms’ equilibrium capacity and production decisions. The results show that the firm whose process efficiency is more prone to improving as capacity expands will invest in more capacity and achieve a more efficient process, provided that production is not overly labor and material intensive. However, its competitor will spin off capacity and suffer profit reduction. Moreover, the firms are encouraged to scale up capacity investment to achieve a more efficient process in an expanding and more volatile market.