Affect Food Security Research Articles

Variability, cycles, and trends of mean air temperature north of Colombia

Climate variability is of global interest due to its socioeconomic and environmental effects on the world’s population. In Colombia, temperature changes affect food security, especially for the most vulnerable people in the Caribbean region. We analyzed monthly air temperature in northeastern Colombia (Cesar, La Guajira, and Magdalena departments). We reconstructed time series with missing data using nonlinear principal component analysis. Subsequently, temporal variability, associations with events of climatic variability, and temporal trends were evaluated. Periodicity analyses indicate the dominance of annual variability, although statistically significant associations with periods between 3 and 7 years show the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The Spearman correlation coefficient with N = 360 and 95% significance shows a better association with the Multivariate ENSO Index (rsp mean = 0.38) and the Southern Oscillation Index (rsp mean = –0.32). The multi-year monthly analysis shows positive trends, with maximum values between March (1.04 ºC month–1), and June (1.07 ºC month–1) in the valley of the Cesar department, and a minimum in March, at the northernmost La Guajira (0.2 ºC month–1).

Food security amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Central Asia: Evidence from rural Tajikistan

Food security has been long understudied in the context of Central Asia. We present an analysis examining household-level food demand for Tajikistan and assessing the magnitude of its food security changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on an extensive household survey data set from Tajikistan, we estimate the expenditure, income, and price elasticities for nine food categories using the QUAIDS model. Then, we develop a microsimulation model using the estimated elasticities to assess the dual impact of declining remittance income and rising food prices stemming from the pandemic shock. There are significant differences in demand elasticities across food groups, with high elasticities observed for nutritious foods, such as meat, fruit, eggs, and milk, in rural households. Moreover, our findings show that changes in remittance income and food prices significantly negatively affected food security for rural households during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings have important implications for policymakers concerned about rural livelihoods and food security in remittance-receiving economies during the post-pandemic period.

Assessment of Food Security, Food Independence and Community Welfare in Food Insecure Areas

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect food security and its impact on the welfare and economic growth of Javanese society. This research method is correlation analysis with primary sources in the form of books and secondary sources in the form of articles and internet pages. This research is the result of a long-term correlation analysis as an effort to improve economic stability has an attachment between variables that affect the functions of Food Security, Food Independence, and Welfare which affect each other not enough with just one element standing alone. Food Security has a two tailed Pearson correlation that shows strong and positive results on food self-sufficiency and welfare. Food security, food self-sufficiency and welfare are very complex. The success of the program is also the shared responsibility of all components of the Nation and the Republic of Indonesia.

The Influence of Economic Uncertainty on Food Security and the Moderating Role of Trade Openness in Developing Countries

This research examined the influence of economic uncertainty and the moderating role of trade openness on food security in 58 developing countries from 2012 to 2021. The dynamic panel data from the two-step System GMM was utilized to accomplish this. The findings of this research revealed that economic uncertainty did not exert a significant influence on food security in developing countries. Conversely, trade openness demonstrated a positive and significant effect in enhancing food security. Trade openness strengthened the adverse influence of economic uncertainty on food security in developing countries. The estimation results show trade openness has a significant positive effect of 0.0518, economic uncertainty has a positive but insignificant effect on food security, and Economic uncertainty when moderated by trade openness, shows a significant negative effect of -0.0533. The findings indicate that economic uncertainty does not significantly affect food security in developing countries. However, trade openness positively and significantly influences food security, suggesting that increased trade openness can enhance a country’s food security. The results reveal a significant negative effect when considering both trade openness and economic uncertainty. It implies that implementing policies that reduce trade openness can enhance food security in high economic uncertainty.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches elucidate the systemic response of wheat plants under waterlogging.

Extreme weather conditions lead to significant imbalances in crop productivity, which in turn affect food security. Flooding events cause serious problems for many crop species such as wheat. Although metabolic readjustments under flooding are important for plant regeneration, underlying processes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the systemic response of wheat to waterlogging using metabolomics and transcriptomics. A 12 d exposure to excess water triggered nutritional imbalances and disruption of metabolite synthesis and translocation, reflected by reductions in plant biomass and growth performance. Metabolic and transcriptomic profiling in roots, xylem sap, and leaves indicated anaerobic fermentation processes as a local response in roots. Differentially expressed genes and ontological categories revealed that carbohydrate metabolism plays an important role in the systemic response. Analysis of the composition of xylem exudates revealed decreased root-to-shoot translocation of nutrients, hormones, and amino acids. Interestingly, among all metabolites measured in xylem exudates, alanine was the most abundant. Immersion of excised leaves derived from waterlogged plants in alanine solution led to increased leaf glucose concentration. Our results suggest an important role of alanine not only as an amino-nitrogen donor but also as a vehicle for carbon skeletons to produce glucose de novo and meet the energy demand during waterlogging.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING FARMING HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY POST-NATURAL DISASTER IN LAMBARA, CENTRAL SULAWESI

This research aims (1) to discover the factors influencing food security; (2) to determine food security after a natural disaster occurred on September 28, 2018. The research was conducted in Lambara, Central Sulawesi, from June to November 2021. The population of this study was 31 farmer households and, at the same time, became the study's sample. Data were obtained in several ways: literature study, interviews, and questionnaires. Data relating to food security is processed using portion of food expensesanalysis. On the other hand, an analysis of the factors affecting food security is carried out by OLS (Ordinary Least Square) analysis in multiple regression. Testing the hypothesis in multiple linear regression analysis is carried out by testing the regression coefficients, namely testing the regression coefficients as a whole (F-test) and the regression coefficients partially (t-test) with a 2-way test α = 5%. From the data processing results, it is known that the food security of farming households after natural disasters based on the share of food expensesis 70.97% food secure and 29.03% food insecure. Factors with significant effects on food security after natural disasters are income and level of education.

Mechanism of Arthropod-mediated Transmission of Plant Viruses - A Review

In the intricate world of botanical life, an often-overlooked menace lurks – plant viruses. Viruses invade their target and hijack the plant cell's mechanisms to multiply and reproduce. The impact of these microscopic assailants is profound, affecting food security, food safety, national economies, biodiversity, and the rural environment. Plant viruses, although small in stature, wield immense influence in the plant kingdom. They are sub-microscopic entities comprised of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, encased within a protective protein coat. They need a medium of transmission for survival and spread, which can be air, water, contaminated tools, or certain other organisms known as vectors. These vectors, often insects, fungi, or nematodes, serve as intermediaries between the virus and its plant host, facilitating transmission and infection. Understanding the intricate interactions between plant viruses and their vectors is vital for developing effective control strategies that can mitigate the devastating impact of these diseases on crops. This relationship between a plant virus and a vector is a testament to the complexity of the natural world, where microscopic organisms wield enormous influence over the health and fate of plants, impacting ecosystems and even human agriculture. This review delves into the world of plant virus vectors, un-ravelling their roles in disease transmission, their biological mechanisms, and the pivotal role they play in shaping agricultural landscapes worldwide. It also explores the types of virus transmission and their effects on vector behaviour. This knowledge is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of plant viruses and protect global food security.

The burden of water insecurity: a review of the challenges to water resource management and connected health risks associated with water stress in small island developing states

Abstract Water resources, whether exceeding per capita water abundance thresholds or below water scarcity thresholds, are health determinants within small island developing states (SIDS). Thresholds indicate water stress vulnerability in SIDS, but underestimate the physicality associated with a lack of water. The objectives of this study were to capture the main challenges of consistently meeting water demand in SIDS and to present their intersection with certain diseases or factors associated with specific health conditions like dengue fever, gastrointestinal disorders, dehydration, and malnutrition. This review utilized archival evidence to categorize the challenges undermining water availability in SIDS with the view that these issues present or exacerbate health outcomes. Seasonal rainfall variations (73%), inadequate distribution infrastructure (64%), saltwater intrusion (61%), contamination (58%), human-induced watershed change (19%), and sea level rise (17%) were identified from 108 country-specific sources as challenges to consistently meeting water demand by 59 SIDS. Any water stress indicator must consider that it is contingent on its human burden. These challenges affect food security through agricultural drought and soil salinization, and the proliferation of vector-borne and sanitation-related diseases across SIDS. This review is the first step in determining the human health burden of water insecurity in SIDS.

Cassava molecular genetics and genomics for enhanced resistance to diseases and pests.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important sources of dietary calories in the tropics, playing a central role in food and economic security for smallholder farmers. Cassava production is highly constrained by several pests and diseases, mostly cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). These diseases cause significant yield losses, affecting food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Developing resistant varieties is a good way of increasing cassava productivity. Although some levels of resistance have been developed for some of these diseases, there is observed breakdown in resistance for some diseases, such as CMD. A frequent re-evaluation of existing disease resistance traits is required to make sure they are still able to withstand the pressure associated with pest and pathogen evolution. Modern breeding approaches such as genomic-assisted selection in addition to biotechnology techniques like classical genetic engineering or genome editing can accelerate the development of pest- and disease-resistant cassava varieties. This article summarizes current developments and discusses the potential of using molecular genetics and genomics to produce cassava varieties resistant to diseases and pests.

The Impact of COVID-19 and Climate Change on Food Security in Pamijahan District, Bogor Regency

Food security is a requirement for meeting household food demands and is expressed in the availability of enough food that is sufficient both in quantity and quality, safe, equitable, and inexpensive. Academics and practitioners have attempted to revise food security models that may depict disaster-prone places, particularly Pamijahan District; however, these varied models each have their setbacks when compared to the world’s various global conditions. This study aims to examine how food security is affected by the availability, accessibility, and consumption of food under the influence of climate change and the COVID-19 outbreak in the period 2017–2022. The methods used in this study were mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative). In this study, participants underwent SMART PLS 3.0 analysis, followed by quantitative analytic techniques. Study results showed that the total food security condition of Cibunian Village in Pamijahan District in the period 2017–2022 can be categorized as vulnerable. Based on the FSVA analysis, it revealed that Cibunian Village was in the category of being vulnerable to food insecurity in general for the 2017–2022 period, while based on the SKPG analysis from the perspective of food access, there has been a 33.3% increase in food insecurity. The COVID-19 outbreak, climate change, and food consumption are the causes, and they all significantly and positively affect food security. This work advances our knowledge of food security in the COVID-19 outbreak age and the issues posed by global climate change. Everywhere, even in disaster-prone areas, complete food security should be attained.

How the War in Ukraine Affects Food Security.

The war in Ukraine has caused severe disruption to national and worldwide food supplies. Ukraine is a major exporter of wheat, maize, and oilseeds, staples that are now suffering a war-triggered supply risk. This paper describes the background of the problem and illustrates current trends by outlining some of the measures that may be deployed to mitigate the conflict's impacts on achieving SDG 2 (Zero hunger), especially focusing on ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. In order to understand the main research strands in the literature that are related to food security in the context of wars, the authors adopted a bibliometric literature review based on the co-occurrence of terms technique, conducted with 631 peer-reviewed documents extracted from the Scopus database. To complement the bibliometric assessment, ten case studies were selected to narrow down the food insecurity aspects caused by the war in Ukraine. The co-occurrence analysis indicated four different thematic clusters. In the next stage, an assessment of the current situation on how war affects food security was carried out for each one of the clusters, and the reasons and possible solutions to food security were identified. Policy recommendations and theoretical implications for food security in the conflict context in Ukraine were also addressed.

The effects of environmental pollution on food security in Malaysia

Environmental pollution has emerged as a critical global challenge, significantly affecting various aspects of human life, including food security. This research paper investigates the effects of environmental pollution on agricultural output (a proxy for food security) in Malaysia from 1990 to 2020, utilising the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. The results obtained from the bounds cointegration testing approach provided strong evidence supporting the existence of a long-term relationship among Methane emissions in the energy sector (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) (CH4), Carbon dioxide emissions (metric tons per capita) (CO2), Nitrous oxide emissions in the energy sector (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) (N2O), GDP, population, index of agricultural total factor productivity, and agricultural output. Estimation of long-run and short-run ARDL with diagnostic and model stability reveals that there is a positive correlation between the index of agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) and agricultural output in Malaysia in all four of the models analysed. The discoveries illuminate the possible mechanisms by which environmental pollution affects food security in Malaysia, offering valuable insights to policymakers and stakeholders for crafting effective strategies toward sustainable development. By uncovering the implications of environmental degradation on food availability, access, and nutritional quality, the study highlights the urgency of addressing environmental challenges to ensure long-term food security for the Malaysian population. Moreover, the study can serve as a basis for formulating sustainable policies that promote resource conservation, waste management, and eco-friendly practices in the agricultural and industrial sectors, fostering a harmonious coexistence between economic development and environmental preservation.

IMPACTS OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN RESTRICTION ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES OF ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN YENAGOA AGRICULTURAL ZONE, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA

With economic recoveries slowing, COVID-19 uncertainties and disruptions continuing, and worsening fiscal capacity, the outlook for food and nutrition security for many low- and middle-income farmers and their livelihood is of significant concern. The study analyzed the effect of COVID-19 lockdown restriction on rural household food security and livelihood activities of arable crop farmers in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Data were collected through well-structured questionnaire from 100 arable crop farmers. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result showed that fever (x=3.8), cough (x=3.1), shortness of breath (x=3.5), headache (x=3.5), sore throat ( x=3.3) and congestion or running nose (=3.2) were perceived COVID-19 symptoms. Transportation (tricycle and taxi driving) (x=3.7), arable crop farming (x=3.4), handicraft (x=2.5), oil palm farming (x=3.4), fish farming (x=3.2), vegetable farming (x=3.4) and snail farming (x=3.1) were livelihood activities affected by COVID-19 movement restriction. Food availability (x=2.9), feeding efficiency/sufficiency (x=2.6), economic access to food (=2.5) and food quality (=2.5) were food status of the sample arable crop farmers. The regression result showed that the coefficient of COVID-19 movement restriction (2.531) was positive and statistically significant at 1%. The study concluded that COVID-19 movement restriction significantly affected food security status and livelihood activities of arable crop farmers negatively. Hence, the study recommended effort should be made by government and other agricultural agencies to establish food storage, preservation and processing facilities so that during movement restrictions farmers can have access to food and to avoid malnutrition for the aged farmers...

Socioeconomic and health predictors for food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Czechia

Abstract Background COVID-19 impacted people disproportionately and exacerbated preexisting social and health inequalities. The aim of this study was to understand how socioeconomic and health conditions affected food security in Czechia during the pandemic. Methods Data on a representative panel of Czech adults from a longitudinal survey, Life During the Pandemic collected in October 2022 as part of a Czech longitudinal survey were analyzed. Binary logistic regression was performed to evaluate whether food insecurity during the pandemic was associated with socioeconomic factors (sex, age, education, income, number of children) and health factors (BMI and comorbidity). The association between food insecurity and growing own food such as fruits and vegetables was also explored. Results Younger people aged 20-34 years, lower education attainment, and people with underlying health condition(s) had a higher likelihood of reporting food insecurity. The lowest income group was associated with a 13 times higher likelihood of reporting food insecurity as compared to the high income group (95% CI 6.55, 27.44). Those who grew own food had a 37% decrease in the odds of reporting food insecurity. The number of children in a household was not a predictor for food insecurity. Conclusions Our study suggests that younger people and socially, economically vulnerable groups of people were more likely to experience food insecurity. Policies that support these groups and reduce inequality in education and income are needed to reduce food insecurity. Growing own food may reduce impacts of food insecurity. Encouraging people to grow own food either in their own garden or in allotments may prepare us for unprecedented food insecurity. Key messages • Our results highlight food insecurity was associated with younger people, people with underlying health condition(s), low-income and lower education attainment. • Growing own food may reduce impact of food insecurity.

How does climate change affect food security? Evidence from China

The trend of global warming has sparked a growing concern about the impact of climate change on food security. China is a vast country with different climate situations in each region. This study examines the impact of climate change on food security in China using panel data from 31 provinces and cities (1984–2020). Results show that climate change significantly affects food security, bringing more uncertainty risks. Agricultural policies can mitigate this impact by reducing production costs and improving farmers' risk resistance and motivation. Regional heterogeneity exists, with climate change having significant moderating effects on food security in non-food-producing regions and rainfall having significant effects in north and central regions. Relevant policy implications are suggested for strengthening climate change resilience, improving system design, and coordinating regional agricultural production.

Women, food security and the pandemic in peri-urban and rural West Bengal

PurposeGender-differentiated role obligations, constraints and dependencies affect food security dynamics across peri-urban and rural areas. This paper aims to understand how periods of crisis disproportionately exacerbate hardships for female populations in such areas and endeavours to assist agro-food policymaking in formulating support initiatives more effectively.Design/methodology/approachA feasibility/pilot survey was conducted through face-to-face semi-structured interviews in public settings and sought to understand and analyse the differentiated impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on rural and peri-urban food insecurity through the experiences of 50 women from across various districts in West Bengal.FindingsThe study found that women play multivarious roles regarding food security in rural and peri-urban households, extend these obligations to their female children and encounter deficiencies in financial autonomy to access and use food resources. It concludes that while women seem to contribute the most to household and community food security, they are also most vulnerable to food insecurity. These vulnerabilities were exacerbated during the pandemic.Practical implicationsThis feasibility/pilot study may serve as a springboard for a larger, more comprehensive survey exploring the dynamics of gender inequality, food insecurity and the Covid-19 pandemic amongst women across peri-urban and rural areas in West Bengal. This may bolster pandemic vulnerability analyses and impact assessments in the State.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, no other study implemented in West Bengal explores the interfaces between gender inequality, food insecurity and the Covid-19 pandemic in rural and peri-urban areas.

Effect of Household’s Food Security on Educational Outcomes of The Students in Public Primary Schools in Tehsil Shorkot

Millions of people in both developed and developing nations are affected by the serious problem of household food security. Household food security is a situation where members of a household have access to enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs. The main objective of the current study is to explore the effect of household food security on the educational outcomes of the students in public primary schools in tehsil Shorkot. The study was quantitative. From the total number of primary schools in tehsil Shorkot, twenty-five primary schools were selected conveniently. According to the list obtained from DEO, there are a total 119 teachers who are currently working in selected schools. A sample size of 91 respondents was selected with a confidence interval of 5 and a confidence level of 95%. For data collection a well-structured and well-prepared questionnaire was used for data collection as a research instrument. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to calculate the frequency, mean value, standard deviation, and weighted score for variables for further results and study recommendations. It was concluded that less than half (40.7%) had master-level qualifications, while less than one-fifth (16.5%) had the bachelor-level qualification. More than one-third (34.1%) of the respondents had more than 15 years of experience at the school level, while about one-fifth (25.3%) of the respondents had 6-10 years of teaching experience. Lack of knowledge about food security was at 1st in rank order according to the weighted score of 358 and mean value of 3.93, followed by the low-income level at 2nd rank order with a weighted score of 353 and mean value of 3.87. The chi-square value of 13.20 indicates a moderate association between the teaching experience of teachers and their perception of factors affecting food security. The p-value of 0.047 is less than 0.05. This suggests that teaching experience might play a role in teachers' perceptions of food security factors. They should encourage the creation of jobs and opportunities for income generation while supporting entrepreneurship. Increasing small-scale farmers', rural entrepreneurs, and marginalized communities' access to credit and financial services and creating sustainable livelihoods encourage economic diversification and value chain development in the agricultural and other sectors.

Synthesis and characterization of β-carotene nano-formulation and its application in physiochemical properties of ice cream

Deterioration and loss of food quality is a serious concern as it affects food security, economic development, etc. They also lead to nutritional losses in food products, making them unacceptable for consumption. Various nanomaterials based on vitamins, phytochemicals, and proteins, endowed with numerous specific features gain the scientific community's attention. In the present investigation, we try to find a way to imbue relatively sustainable food materials with attractive properties of vitamin-based nano-formulations (β-carotene) like improved bioavailability, enhanced taste and texture, extended shelf life etc. to satisfy the increased demand of healthier-functional food items, by different types of customers like athletes, palliative patients, immunocompromised patients, infants etc. This work mainly describes the development of a cost-effective and healthier version of ice cream incorporated with β-carotene nano-formulations without compromising its taste and texture by means of a simple nanoprecipitation method. The excellent stability of β-carotene nanoformulations was confirmed by measuring its ζ potentials, which were found to be − 92 mV. The structural characterization of the β- carotene nano-constructs was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The synthesized nano-constructs were incorporated into ice creams, confirming their improved physiochemical properties. All these results highlight that the β-carotene nano-formulation incorporated ice creams exhibit characteristic properties, including sensory properties similar to those of commercially available ice cream. In conclusion, nano-functionalized ice creams were well translated with improved nutritional properties. They could be marketed as a healthy alternative in the future, mainly aiming at specific targeted groups of customers.

ESTIMASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI (TBE) PADA EMPAT TIPE PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DI DESA KARANG SIDEMEN, LOMBOK (Erosion Hazard Level Estimation of Four Land Use Management Types in Karang Sidemen Village, Lombok)

Soil erosion is a significant threat to land sustainability and productivity in mountainous areas. Erosion can affect food security and land vulnerability to climate change. This study was conducted to assess the potential erosion and Erosion Hazard Level (TBE) in four types of land management involving the community in Karang Sidemen Village using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method. The results showed that for each slope class, the Botanical Forest Park (Tahura) Nuraksa Utilization Zone had the lowest potential erosion value, followed by Community Forest (HKm) and Hortipark Tastura. Forest Areas with Special Purpose (KHDTK) Rarung has the highest potential erosion value in all slope classes. For all slope classes, TBE in the Tahura Nuraksa is considered low-level. Erosion Hazard Levels in Hortipark Tastura, KHDTK Rarung, and HKm are dominated by the moderate category. There were significant high and very high TBE in KHDTK Rarung. Soil erodibility values for all types are low. Potential erosion and TBE in the four management types are strongly influenced by slope and vegetation factors.

Food Insecurity Resilience Capacity of Rural Households in the Face of Induced-Weather Extremities in Bauchi State of Nigeria

It is no longer a chasm that human existence is being threatened by induced-weather vagaries. Given the dynamic nature of the weather vagaries, if tacit actions are not taken on continuum basis, soonest, human race will go into extinction because of the steep devastating push effect of climate change. It is in lieu of the foregoing, that the researchers conceptualized a study that assessed rural households’ food insecurity resilience capacity in Nigeria’s Bauchi state using a resilience index measurement analysis (RIMA II), a novel methodological approach developed by FAO for studying such scenario, as literature review showed no evidence of its application in the study area. Adopting a multi-stage random sampling technique, a total of 322 households were randomly sampled from a sampling frame obtained by a reconnaissance survey. Using a well-structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule, rural households’ survey data were collected in the year 2022. Besides, the collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Empirically, it was established that the study area is challenged with food insecurity that owes majorly to poor food utilization and stability. Besides, poor food insecurity resilience capacity majorly due to vulnerable adaptive capacity was unmasked as the push effect behind food insecurity bane in the study area. However, evidence showed that food insecurity resilience capacity has a lasting effect on general well-being of rural households while households’ hunger resilience capacity has a transitory effect as it can only contain food crises on the short-term basis. Nevertheless, income and consumption smoothening were the commonest short-term food coping strategies adopted in the study area. To achieve the sustainable development goals of zero hunger by 2030, it becomes imperative on policymakers to sensitize rural households on the need to adopt safe and eco-friendly improved indigenous food technologies so as to address the poor states of food utilization and stability affecting food security of the study area.