Etiology Of Malocclusion Research Articles

Comparison of jaw arch size in stunting patients at Asemrowo Public Health Center

Background: The etiology of malocclusion is multifactorial, it can occur due to intrinsic, extrinsic factors or a combination of both. Malnutrition, which is one of the extrinsic factors of malocclusion, is a frequent case in Indonesia. An example of a malnutrition case that commonly occurs in Indonesia is stunting in children's growth and development, which can trigger malocclusions such as crowded teeth and bone crowding. Purpose: To identify the size of the dental arches in stunting sufferers at the Asemrowo public health center. Methods: In the study model of stunting patients, the length and width of the jaw arch were measured. The results of the measurements are then analyzed and compared with the data from the measurements of healthy children to see whether there are significant differences. Results: In terms of maxillary arch length, the 7 year age group yields p = 0.179. In terms of maxillary arch width, the 7 year age group yields p = 0.282. In terms of mandibular arch length, the 7 year age group yields p = 0.398. In terms of maxillary arch width, the 7 year age group yields p = 0.398. In terms of maxillary arch length, the 8 year age group yields p = 0.438. In terms of maxillary arch width, the 8 year age group yields p = 0.082. In terms of mandibular arch length, the 8 year age group yields p = 0.302. In terms of mandibular arch width, the 8 year age group yields p = 0.190. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the length and width of the jaw arch in all age groups (p > 0.05).

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren in Imphal East, Manipur by using Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

Abstract Background: Epidemiologically, the prevalence of malocclusion varies from country to country. Studies of occlusion and malocclusion not only help in orthodontic treatment planning and evaluation of dental health services but also offer a valid research tool for ascertaining the operation of distinct environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of malocclusion. Aim: The present study aims to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren of Imphal East, Manipur by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Result: Among 12 years old the mean DAI score was 22.69 ± 6.518, among 13 years old it was 21.98 ± 5.965, among 14 years old it was 22.13 ± 5.364 and among 15 years old it was 21.93 ± 5.811. About the gender-wise distribution of DAI score among school children. The mean value for male is 21.95 ± 5.819 and for female is 22.56 ± 5.975 with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: The DAI was found to be reproducible and valid. The finding of the present study remains significant in providing one of the first baseline data on the malocclusion status of school-going children of Manipur.

Correlation between the variation of head type and malocclusion: A Scooping Review

Aim: Examination of head type in orthodontics is pivotal. Examining the head type aims to monitor growth patterns and predict the outcome of an orthodontic treatment. Malocclusion is a disease with a complex etiology. Anomaly in the development pattern of the oral and maxillofacial region can be suspected as the etiology of malocclusion. A specific type of head will result from specific growth patterns. As a result, dental and skeletal malocclusion occurrences are linked to particular head forms. Materials and Methods: These articles’ literature sources were from various databases that described cephalic index correlation and cephalic index malocclusion. Results: A correlation is found between mesocephalic head type with skeletal and dental malocclusion class II, mesocephalic head type with skeletal and dental malocclusion class I, mesocephalic head type with skeletal malocclusion class I and dental class II, mesocephalic head type with skeletal malocclusion class I, and dental class III. Meanwhile, dolichocephalic head type correlates with dental and skeletal malocclusion class II, dolichocephalic head type with skeletal 111 class II, and dental class I, dolichocephalic head type with skeletal malocclusion class I, and dental class II. In addition, brachycephalic head type correlates to skeletal and dental malocclusion class II and the relationship between brachycephalic head type with skeletal malocclusion class III and dental class II. Class I malocclusion is associated with the mesocephalic head type because the mesocephalic head type favors balanced development of the craniomaxillofacial complex. Class II malocclusion is associated with dolichocephalic head type, selecting the face’s predominantly long morphology. Class III malocclusion is associated with brachycephalic head type, favoring the maxilla’s retrusion. Conclusion: Malocclusion classification correlates with variations in head types. Genetic and environmental variables, or possibly both, impact this disease.

The Correction of Multiple Diastemas in Adult Patients with Bad Tongue Habit (A Case Report)

There are various options in multiple diastemas correction due to the multifactorial malocclusion aetiology. The treatment of this malocclusion is a challenging task for clinicians not only for aesthetic achievement but also for the stability of orthodontic treatment. The multidisciplinary approaches depend on the aetiology of malocclusion and patient compliance. This reported case aims to describe the correction of multiple diastemas in adult patients with bad tongue habits. A 27-year-old male patient came to dental hospital Universitas Sumatera seekingrthodontics treatment with multiple spacing as the chief complaint. The comprehensive lateral cephalometry analysis showed class III skeletal malocclusion, concave profile skeletal trend, and abnormal dental inclination. There was also tongue thrusting in speech and swallowing based on functional examination. The initial orthodontic treatment was started by controlling the patient’s bad tongue habit along with orthodontic treatment. After seven-month of orthodontic treatment, this malocclusion was corrected and good interdigitation was achieved. Albeit there were no skeletal significant changes in this orthodontic treatment, the dental inclination showed a significant change based on cephalometry evaluation analysis. The success of the orthodontic treatment in the adult patient is not only dependent on proper mechanotherapy but also relied on the patient’s compliance with tongue habit control. Therefore, early bad oral habit detection as one of the etiologic factors in treating this malocclusion can support the success of orthodontic achievement.

Etiology of Malocclusion and its Relationship with Quality of Life

Etiology of Malocclusion and its Relationship with Quality of Life

Prevalence and characteristics of systemic conditions in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of systemic conditions in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery at a tertiary centre. Ninety of the 838 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery between 2013 and 2019 had a systemic condition (prevalence of 10.7%). The most prevalent categories of systemic conditions were inflammatory joint disorders, endocrinological disorders, and syndromes. Patients with syndromes were significantly younger at the time of surgery than patients with endocrinological (P < 0.001), inflammatory joint (P = 0.003), or gastrointestinal disorders (P = 0.033). Endocrinological disorders, syndromes, and malignancies were more frequently associated with a skeletal class III malocclusion (P = 0.009, P < 0.001, and P = 0.048 respectively). Further research is needed to clarify the role of systemic conditions in the aetiology of malocclusion and postoperative outcomes.

Factors affecting willingness to pay for NHS-based orthodontic treatment.

Objective To assess factors affecting willingness to pay for orthodontic treatment.Methods An online discrete choice experiment and willingness to pay study was conducted on a convenience sample of 250 participants aged 16 and above over a four-month period. Participants completed a series of stated-preference tasks, in which they viewed choice sets with two orthodontic treatment options involving different combinations of attributes: family income; cost to patient; cause of problem; prevention of future problems; age; severity of the problem; and self-esteem/confidence.Results Family income, cost to patient, cause of the problem, age and self-esteem/confidence were the most important attributes influencing participants' decisions to have orthodontic treatment. Participants felt that free NHS-based orthodontic provision should be prioritised for those under 18, regardless of family income, for those with developmental anomalies, particularly where self-esteem and confidence are affected, with younger participants (aged 16-24 years) strongly preferring full NHS funding for those under 18 years old (p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.57-0.09) who dislike smiling in public, especially where self-esteem and confidence are impaired (p = 0.002, 95% CI: 0.16-0.71). Participants with high annual income had the highest preference for the NHS to fund treatment regardless of income (p = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.13-1.47) and placed an onus on addressing developmental anomalies (p = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.22-1.15). In total, 159 (63.6%) of those who would undergo treatment were willing to pay for it, with the majority (88%) open to paying up to £2,000 and only three participants stating the NHS should not contribute towards the cost of orthodontic treatment.Conclusions Based on this pilot study, key factors influencing the decision to undergo treatment included family income, cost, the aetiology of malocclusion, age and self-esteem/confidence. It was felt that free NHS-based treatment should be given priority where self-esteem and confidence are impaired among young people. Further research to inform the priorities underpinning the provision of dental care and orthodontic treatment within the NHS is required.

Relationship between Dental Occlusion and Maximum Tongue Pressure in Preschool Children Aged 4-6 Years.

Tongue function is regarded as a primary factor in the etiology of malocclusion, but details of the relationship remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate maximum tongue pressure, in preschool children to examine its relationship with dental occlusion. A total of 477 healthy children (248 boys, 229 girls, aged 4–6 years) were recruited. Dental occlusion was assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Maximum tongue pressure was measured using a balloon-based tongue pressure measurement device. Additionally, 72 children (37 boys, 35 girls, aged 4–5 years) were recruited for a 1-year follow-up study. Approximately half of the children (53.5%) showed some type of malocclusion in the present study. Maximum tongue pressure was highest in the 6-year-old children. The results of a two-way ANCOVA show that the effect of age was significant (p < 0.001); however, the effects of sex and dental occlusion, or the interactions among these variables, did not reach significance. Additionally, maximum tongue pressure increased significantly in the 1-year follow-up study (p < 0.001), especially in the normal occlusion group. Maximum tongue pressure increases markedly with growth in the preschool years and can be associated with some types of malocclusion in preschool children.

Polymorphism analysis of myosin 1H (G/A) and P561T (C/A) genes on class I, class II, and class III malocclusion.

CONTEXT:Besides environmental factors, genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of malocclusion. Polymorphisms of the Myosin 1H gene in orofacial muscle fibers are thought to influence the growth and development of the mandible. Growth hormone receptors are present on the growth of cartilage, especially the condyle of the mandible. The polymorphisms of the growth hormone receptor have an effect on the growth and development of the mandible. The potential of the Myosin 1H and P561T genes as bioindicators in aiding diagnosis of malocclusion is quite good based on the available literature. However, until now there has been no research that has observed genetic analysis on polymorphism-based malocclusion of the Myosin 1H and P561T genes in the Indonesian population.AIMS:To determine the relationship between polymorphisms of Myosin 1H and P561T genes, towards the growth and development of the mandible in malocclusion cases.SETTINGS AND DESIGN:Subjects were patients aged 17--45 years old with skeletal malocclusions who were undergoing or were about to undergo orthodontic treatment at RSGM-FKG UI (Universitas Indonesia's Dental Hospital), with 50 people in each group.METHODS AND MATERIAL:Malocclusions were determined based on radiographic analysis of the initial cephalometry using the Stainer method. DNA samples were extracted from buccal swabs and blood cells in Class I and II malocclusion while nail clippings and hair follicles extracts were used in Class III malocclusion. DNA sequence amplification was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction, while Genetic Polymorphism Analysis of Myosin 1H and P561T genes was performed with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:Pearson Chi-Square was used to analyze the Myosin 1H gene, while the Fisher Exact Test was used to analyze the P561T gene.RESULTS:A relationship between Myosin 1H gene polymorphism and Class I, II, and III skeletal malocclusion was found. There was no correlation between P561T gene polymorphism and Class I, II, and III skeletal malocclusion.CONCLUSIONS:Myosin 1H gene polymorphism is one of the risk factors for Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Extraction of DNA from hair follicles gave good results in terms of DNA quality and was a relatively easier sampling method compared to blood cell purification and buccal swabs.

A cross-sectional study of Evaluation of Malocclusion in Children Aged 8-12 years in the Village of Zakigonj, Sylhet district, Bangladesh

Malocclusion is defined as an irregularity of the teeth or a mal relationship between the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal. It has large impact on individual and society in terms of discomfort, quality of life and social and functional limitations. The etiology of malocclusion may be genetic, environmental or more commonly a combination of them. To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 8–12 years in the village of Zakigonj, Sylhet district A cross sectional descriptive survey was conducted among rural area (374) school- age children of Sylhet Zakigonj Upazila in Bangladesh. A total of 374 children aged 08-12 year old was examined for Class I, Class II, Class III molar relationship, increased over jet, increased over bite, open bite, crowding, cross bite and spacing after obtaining the written consent from the students, legal guardians and school authorities. The majority 173(70.0%) patients were found malocclusion in age &lt;10 years and 89(70.1%) in age &gt;10 years. Majority 121(69.9%) participants were found Angle’s class I in age &lt;10 years and 75(84.3%) in age &gt;10 years. One hundred six (61.3%) patients were found crowding of malocclusion in age &lt;10 years and 67(75.3%) in age &gt;10 years group. Which were not statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) but increased overjet, open bite, cross bite and spacing were not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05) between two groups. The results suggested that there is increased prevalence of malocclusion among children in the 8–12 years age group. The observation of this study will provide baseline data for implement early interceptive treatment for the elimination of factors inhibiting dental arch development as well as skeletal jaw growth. Keywords: Malocclusion, Village, genetic, environmental Keyword : Malocclusion, Village, genetic, environmental

Parafunctions: a better understanding for a better treatment

There is often a dysfunctional dimension with poor oral habits and parafunctions in the etiology of malocclusions. A multidisciplinary care seems essential. Through a review of the literature, this article analyzes old and current theories on the origin of parafunctions and the therapeutic possibilities for their correction. Our therapeutic approach to correct these parafunctions must take into account the behavioral approach, which can have a beneficial effect, but also the neurobiological approach. The current evolution in neuroscience now allows us to better understand the origin of these parafunctions and facilitate a better approach for their correction through behavioral methods. Taking into account the psychological and blood pressure dimension of our patients increases the chances of success. The use of removable or fixed devices can complete this therapeutic approach.

The Dilemma in Label of Cause and Effect: Controversies in Etiology of Malocclusion

The Dilemma in Label of Cause and Effect: Controversies in Etiology of Malocclusion

Guest Editorial

Guest Editorial

Etiology of Malocclusion and Dominant Orthodontic Problems in Mixed Dentition: A Cross-sectional Study in a Group of Thai Children Aged 8-9 Years.

Background:Etiology of malocclusion can be the cause of deviation in the skeleton, dental, and soft tissue development in children. Identifying etiology of malocclusion and dominant orthodontic problems as well as early detection could help in future effective treatment, management, and public health planning.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed among 202 children. Consensus process was carried out between experienced orthodontic experts in etiology of malocclusion, dominant orthodontic problems, type of early treatment, and malocclusion severity. Fisher’s exact test and descriptive statistics were used to explain the study results.Results:Etiology of malocclusion was detected in both congenital and acquired etiology (64.3%), followed by acquired etiology only (29.7%). The top three dominant orthodontic problems were caries (22.5%), early loss of primary tooth (15.6%), and tendency of crowding in permanent dentition (14.6%). Nearly all the children needed restoration (86.4%) and interceptive orthodontic treatment (69.3%), whereas severe malocclusion level was found in one-fourth of the children (26.0%). Statistical significance was found between type of early treatment and malocclusion severity (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Acquired etiology was very high. Caries and early loss of primary teeth were dominant orthodontic problems. An early treatment, especially preventive orthodontic treatment, was needed in almost all children. Malocclusion severity higher than moderate level was found in more than half of the children.

Prevalensi Kebiasaan Buruk Sebagai Etiologi Maloklusi Klas I Angle Pada Pasien Klinik Ortodonsia RSGM Universitas Jember Tahun 2015-2016

Habit is a repetitive act that is done spontaneously and commonly occurs in childhood. A habit in the oral cavity that can cause malocclusion is called a bad habit. Bad habits can affect the dentofacial functions such as the process of chewing, talking, tooth occlusion, periodontal tissue, and esthetic. If bad habits continue after six years old, they can cause malocclusion. The etiology of malocclusions can be classified into general and local factors. Bad habit is one of the general factors that play a role in the occurrence of malocclusion. Kinds of bad habits are sucking the thumb/finger, pushing the tongue, biting the lips and nails, wrong swallowing habits, breathing through the mouth, and bruxism. The study investigate the prevalence of bad habit and bad habit that mostly happened as etiology of Angle’s Class I malocclusion in patient of Orthodontic Clinic RSGM Jember University. This descriptional study with total sampling technique was conducted by identifying dental records and study models of Angle’s Class I malocclusion that caused by bad habit. Obtained data were tabulated and analysed so that conclusion could be made. Prevalence of Angle’s Class I malocclusion caused by bad habits was 9.4% with the largest distribution in thumb/finger sucking (38,7%), in the age group 9-10 years (50%), and in the male gender (53,6%).&#x0D; Keywords: Prevalence of bad habits, etiology of Angle’s Class I malocclusion&#x0D;

First recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award for Orthodontic Research.

First recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award for Orthodontic Research.

Occlusal Features among teenager patients attending peramerd specialized dental center in Sulaimani City

Back Ground: Occlusal features in permanent teeth vary among individuals of different populations and races. An individual’s occlusal status is generally described by two major characteristics: intra-arch relationship, the relationship of the teeth within each arch to a smoothly curving line of occlusion and inter-arch relationship, the pattern of occlusal contacts between the upper and lower teeth Epidemiological studies of occlusion and malocclusion not only help in orthodontic treatment planning and evaluation of dental health services but also offer a valid research tool for ascertaining the operation of distinct environmental and genetic factors in the aetiology of malocclusion. Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to determine the most common occlusal futures of the permanent dentition of the teenagers in Sulaimani City in addition to the gender differences concerning the occlusal features. Materials and methods: The sample of the current study comprised of all attended teenagers to the Peramerd specialized dental center with full permanent dentition (except for the second and third molars). After excluding the unsatisfied patients a total of (528) teenagers (234 males and 294 females) were selected for the study. The required data from the patients were recorded in a special case sheet for statistical analysis using Special package of social sciences version 14, with the degree of confidence (significance) set for 0.05. Most of the characteristic occlusal features of the selected age group were examined and recorded. Results: It was noticed that, the majority of the patients (69.1%) were presented with Class I occlusion, followed by Class II occlusion 25.6%, and Class III 5.3%. Most of the patient had normal over jet (70.3%), and normal Over bite (79.4%). The mean value of interdental spacing was 0.24, whereas mean value of diastema was 0.042. A negligible percent of the patient were suffering from soft tissue impingement (0.8%) for both upper and lower anterior teeth. Gender differences were not significant regarding over jet, over bite features, while occlusal classes, dental crowding, and soft tissue impingement showed a significant difference with the P value less than 0.05. Conclusion: From the data of the present study, it can be concluded that; most of the patients who belongs to teenagers group in Sulaimani City, characterize by Class I dental occlusion; normal over jet and over bite; soft tissue impingent is not a common feature and dental crowding was the feature of almost half of the study sample. Finally the outcome of this study could be a used as a predictor for the common orthodontic problems and occlusal features in Sulaimani City.

Genetic Paradigm in Orthodontics

Orthodontics, the oldest discipline of dental specialty concerns with the treatment of malocclusion both dental and skeletal. Although etiology of malocclusion is multifactorial, genes do have influence on this condition, beside their role in mechanism of tooth movement and unwanted sequel like external root resorption following orthodontic treatment. This short communication will focus the issue on role of gene in various conditions which have paramount effect either on the etiology of malocclusion or mechanism by which tooth movement occurs. Human genome project and future advancement in genomic medicine will help us in clear identification of conditions causing mutation and the unsolved zigzag puzzle of molecular interaction can be solved.

Assessment of the Knowledge of General Dentists Practicing in Tehran about Timing of Orthodontic Treatment

Objective: The ideal time to commence orthodontic treatment is very important. In Iran, due to the widely distributed population and low number and uneven distribution of orthodontists, general dental practitioners (GDPs) play an important role in proper treatment of occlusal and functional disorders and referring orthodontic patients to orthodontists. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of GDPs about the proper timing of orthodontic treatment in comparison with orthodontists practicing in Tehran.Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on GDPs and orthodontists practicing in Tehran, who were selected by random sampling. The questionnaire used in this survey asked for demographic information including age, sex, academic degree, work place and work experience and contained questions concerning the knowledge of clinicians regarding the proper time to commence treatment for the most common types of occlusal disorders, functional disorders, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and other orthodontic problems. The answers of both groups of participants were assessed based on the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO OGS). Results: The results of ANOVA showed that the two groups were significantly different in terms of age (p<0.05), sex, academic degree (p<0.001), and place of work (private office, private clinic, governmental clinic) (p<0.05). The results of comparison of GDPs and orthodontists for the proper time of initiation of orthodontic treatment for occlusal, functional and TMJ disorders showed that the GDPs had significantly less knowledge in this regard.Conclusion: Because of low level of knowledge of GDPs about the ideal time to commence orthodontic treatment, further training regarding diagnosis of malocclusion in primary and mixed dentition periods, etiology of malocclusion, recognition of normal occlusion and normal dental relationships as well as the proper time to start orthodontic treatment for each type of disorder seems necessary

Genetic analysis: future diagnostic tool in clinical Orthodontics

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(3) 2015 p.310-311