Etiological Factors Research Articles

Biphasic anaphylaxis in a Canadian tertiary care centre: an evaluation of incidence and risk factors from electronic health records and telephone interviews

BackgroundOur previous 2007 study reported a 19.4% rate of biphasic anaphylaxis in Kingston, Ontario. Since then, few updates have been published regarding the etiology and risk factors of biphasic anaphylaxis. This study aimed to describe the incidence of and predictors of biphasic anaphylaxis in a single centre through a retrospective evaluation of patients with diagnosed anaphylaxis.MethodsFrom November 2015 to August 2017, all patients who presented to the emergency department at two hospital sites in Kingston given a diagnosis of “allergic reaction,” “anaphylaxis,” “drug allergy,” or “insect sting allergy,” were evaluated. Patients were contacted sometime after ED discharge to obtain consent and confirm symptoms and timing of the reaction. A trained allergist determined if criteria for anaphylaxis were met and categorized the reactions as being uniphasic, biphasic, or non-anaphylactic biphasic. A full medical review of the event ensued, and each type of anaphylactic event was statistically compared.ResultsOf 138 anaphylactic events identified, 15.94% were biphasic reactions, 79.0% were uniphasic, and 5.07% were classified alternatively as a non-anaphylactic biphasic reaction. The average time of a second reaction was 19.0 h in patients experiencing biphasic reactivity. For biphasic anaphylaxis, the symptom profiles of second reactions were significantly less severe (p = 0.0002) compared with the initial reaction but significantly more severe than non-anaphylactic biphasic events (p < 0.0001).No differences of management were identified between events.ConclusionThe incidence of biphasic reactions in this cohort was 15.94% and the average second-phase onset was 19.0 h. In biphasic reactivity, it appears that the symptom profile second reaction is less severe compared to the first reaction.

Oxidative stress in asthma pathogenesis: mechanistic insights and implications for airway smooth muscle dysfunction.

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) dysfunction is a key factor in the narrowing of airways in asthma patients, characterized by excessive secretion of inflammatory factors, increased mass, and amplified contractile responses. These pathological features are instrumental in the propagation of airway inflammation, structural remodeling, and the escalation of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which are also principal factors underlying the limitations of current therapeutic strategies. In asthmatic ASM, an imbalance between oxidant production and antioxidant defenses culminates in oxidative stress, which is involved in the excessive secretion of inflammatory factors, increased mass, and amplified contractile responses of ASM, and is a critical etiological factor implicated in the dysregulation of ASM function. The molecular pathways through which oxidative stress exerts its effects on ASM in asthma are multifaceted, with the Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways being particularly noteworthy. These characteristic pathways play a potential role by connecting with different upstream and downstream signaling molecules and are involved in the amplification of ASM inflammatory responses, increased mass, and AHR. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the phenotypic expression of ASM dysfunction in asthma, the interplay between oxidants and antioxidants, and the evidence base and molecular underpinnings linking oxidative stress to ASM dysfunction. Given the profound implications of ASM dysfunction on the airflow limitation in asthma and the seminal role of oxidative stress in this process, a deeper exploration of these mechanisms is essential for unraveling the pathogenesis of asthma and may offer novel perspectives for its prophylaxis and management.

Open Globe Injury After Penetrating Keratoplasty: Etiology and Prognostic Factors.

This study aimed to evaluate the etiologic causes and prognostic factors affecting the final outcome of patients with open globe injury after penetrating keratoplasty. This study included patients between November 2018 and June 2024. Age, sex, intraocular pressure (mmHg), visual acuity (logMAR), indication for keratoplasty, time since keratoplasty, cause, location, and length of injury were noted. All patients were followed up for at least 3 months after surgery. There was a moderate positive correlation between visual acuity in the first month and the third month after trauma repair (r=0.562, P=0.036). Final visual acuity was 1.0 logMAR or worse in high injury length patients (6 clocks or more). Patients with vitreous loss had a final visual acuity of 0.9 logMAR or worse. Of the 5 patients who underwent PK for keratoconus, 4 (80%) had visual acuity of 1.2 logMAR or worse at the third month after trauma. In conclusion, final visual acuity is poor in patients who underwent PK due to high injury length, vitreous loss, and keratoconus. In addition, final visual acuity is associated with visual acuity in the early postoperative period. Patients undergoing PK should be informed about globe injuries, risks of visual loss, and protective precautions. Patients should also be enlightened about wound healing and encouraged to prevent trauma.

Mandibular chondroblastic type osteosarcoma primarily diagnosed as chondrosarcoma as a result of radiation therapy: a case report

Radiation therapy is a recognized etiological factor for osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis and multiple sarcomas such as chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma. Here we present a case of mandibular chondroblastic type osteosarcoma induced by radiotherapy which was primarily misdiagnosed as chondrosarcoma. A female presented with main complaint of pain at the extraction site following multiple teeth extraction and sequestrectomy on the right lower jaw. Medical history revealed stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue which was treated by surgical excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy ten years ago. Four recurring sequestrectomies were performed, but only histological material from the fourth sequestrectomy revealed grade 2 chondrosarcoma. This was followed by resection of the tumour and floor of the mouth, mandibular, lip and facial skin reconstruction and operation material through histology was again confirmed to be grade 2 chondrosarcomas. In a year’s time, pathological nodule in thyroid gland was found on CT, surgery was performed. Operation material now revealed high grade chondroblastic type osteosarcoma and additional radiotherapy and chemotherapy was prescribed. This case illustrated chondrosarcoma and chondroblastic type osteosarcoma as a rare malignant incidence, with diagnostical difficulties and treatment. Differential diagnosis should be considered if no positive changes are observed after the designated therapy as well as importance of immuno histological evaluation. One treated malignancy does not exclude development of another unrelated malignancy.

Recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

The current article aims to provide an analytical review of the aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) with a focus on Bulgaria. RPL has become an important reproductive health issue worldwide and affects 2%&amp;ndash;3% of reproductive-aged women. The findings showed that the etiological factors can be biological, hereditary or environmental, and in approximately 50% of RPL cases, these factors remain unknown. In relation to pathophysiological processes associated with the condition, the findings showed that different etiological factors affect different gestational processes, such as alteration of the structural and nanomechanical abnormalities of the platelets and disruption of the ANXA5 protective shield that prevents adverse pregnancy outcomes. Also, acquired uterine structural defects such as submucosal uterine leiomyomas, endometrial synechiae, and polyps disrupt the implantation and embryonic development processes, which can result in recurrent miscarriages. A common factor for diagnostic approaches to recurrent pregnancy loss is the examination of historical medical records of patients who have experienced the condition and the identification of possible etiological and risk factors. The management and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss are often based on the results of the diagnostic tests used to determine the underlying etiological factors associated with the condition.

Etiological factors and clinical outcomes in extracapsular and intracapsular hip fractures among older adults: A gender-specific analysis.

Compared to patients with intracapsular fractures (ICFs), those with extracapsular fractures (ECFs) had worse outcomes. However, most studies of risk factors for these fractures lacked relevant potential reasons, particularly nutritional status, and adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, less is known about their effects on clinical outcomes. To conduct a gender-specific analysis of community-dwelling individuals admitted with hip fractures to examine the association of clinical risk factors and health care measures. Monocentric cross-sectional study. Orthopedic trauma department. A total of 787 women and 318 men of similar mean age (±SD): 83.1 years (±8.6) and 82.5 years (±9.0), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed risk factors including age, gender, dementia, stroke, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, prefracture mobility, alcohol consumption, American Society of Anesthesiologists grades, drug history, and nutrition status for assessing risk factors and outcomes associated with ECFs and ICFs. Compared to ICFs, for each additional year of age, women had a 3% and men 4% greater association with ECFs. Among women only, ECFs were associated with risk of malnutrition: odds ratio [OR] = 1.70 (95% CI, 1.17-2.48) or malnourishment: OR = 1.93 (95% CI, 1.06-3.52), stroke: OR = 1.85 (95% CI, 1.16-2.97), and diabetes: OR = 1.92 (95% CI, 1.21-3.06). Women with ECFs were less likely to be discharged to their own homes: OR = 0.56 (95% CI, 0.38-0.83); but more likely to be discharged to a rehabilitation unit: OR = 1.81 (95% CI, 1.21-2.71) and readmitted to hospital within 30 days of discharge ≥1 time: OR: 2.39 (95% CI, 1.27-4.50) or ≥2 times: OR = 3.48 (95% CI, 1.05-11.57): they did not differ in discharge to residential or nursing care or in-hospital mortality. Among men, there were no differences in discharge destinations or readmissions between types of fractures. Compared to ICFs, a greater number of risk factors associated with ECFs were identified more often in women than in men, and ECFs also have greater influences on clinical outcomes in women.

Looking to the Future of Viral Vectors in Ocular Gene Therapy: Clinical Review

Eye diseases can significantly affect the quality of life of patients due to decreased visual acuity. Although modern ophthalmological diagnostic methods exist, some diseases of the visual system are asymptomatic in the early stages. Most patients seek advice from an ophthalmologist as a result of rapidly progressive manifestation of symptoms. A number of inherited and acquired eye diseases have only supportive treatment without eliminating the etiologic factor. A promising solution to this problem may be gene therapy, which has proven efficacy and safety shown in a number of clinical studies. By directly altering or replacing defective genes, this therapeutic approach will stop as well as reverse the progression of eye diseases. This review examines the concept of gene therapy and its application in the field of ocular pathologies, emphasizing the most recent scientific advances and their potential impacts on visual function status.

Gray and white matter differences in the medial temporal lobe in late-life depression: a multimodal PET-MRI investigation.

Late-life depression (LLD) is characterized by medial temporal lobe (MTL) abnormalities. Although gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) differences in LLD have been reported, few studies have investigated them concurrently. Moreover, the impact of aetiological factors, such as neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular burden, on tissue differences remains elusive. This prospective cross-sectional study involved 72 participants, including 33 patients with LLD (mean age 72.2 years, 23 female) and 39 healthy controls (HCs) (mean age 70.6 years, 24 female), who underwent clinical and positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments. High-resolution 3D T1-weighted and T2-weighted FLAIR images were used to assess MTL GM volumes and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), a proxy for cerebrovascular burden. Diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics derived from multishell diffusion MRI data were analyzed to assess WM microstructure in the following MTL bundles reconstructed using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography: uncinate fasciculus, fornix, and cingulum. Standardized uptake value ratio of 18F-MK-6240 in the MTL was used to assess Alzheimer's disease (AD) type tau accumulation as a proxy for neurodegenerative burden. Compared to HCs, patients with LLD showed significantly lower bilateral MTL volumes and WM microstructural differences primarily in the uncinate fasciculi bilaterally and right fornix. In patients with LLD, higher vascular burden, but not tau, was associated with lower MTL volume and more pronounced WM differences. LLD was associated with both GM and WM differences in the MTL. Cerebrovascular disease, rather than AD type tau-mediated neurodegenerative processes, may contribute to brain tissue differences in LLD.

Modulatory impact of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 on the gut-brain-ovary axis in polycystic ovary syndrome: insights into metabolic regulation, inflammation mitigation, and neuroprotection.

This study evaluates the efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 in mitigating symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in DHT-induced PCOS model mice. It focuses on BL21's role in modulating metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and neuroprotection via the gut-brain-ovary axis. Employing an 8-week treatment regimen, this research assessed the effects of BL21 on prenatal androgen-induced PCOS in ICR mice. Evaluations included body weight, glucose tolerance tests, serum analyses of BDNF, inflammatory markers, sex hormone levels, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for gut microbiota diversity and composition. Twenty-four ICR mice with induced PCOS served as subjects to examine the probiotic's impact. Mice were administered a daily oral dose of 1 × 109 CFU of BL21 continuously for a total of 8 weeks. BL21 significantly enhanced sex hormone levels (P < 0.05), particularly those of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2), indicating improved ovarian function and offering a novel PCOS treatment approach. The intervention notably curbed weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in PCOS mice (P < 0.05). BL21 reduced inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), while increasing IL-10, BDNF, FSH, and E2 levels (P < 0.05 for all). It also enriched gut microbiota diversity, enhancing populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Correlation analyses underscored the positive shifts in microbiota linked to beneficial hormonal and inflammatory profiles. BL21 shows promise in alleviating PCOS symptoms through metabolic regulation, inflammation reduction, and neuroprotection, validating its potential in integrated therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCEPolycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by metabolic irregularities, hormonal imbalances, and chronic inflammation. Existing treatments are often inadequate, addressing symptoms without targeting the underlying etiological factors. The investigation of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 as a probiotic intervention offers a novel approach by potentially regulating the gut-brain-ovary axis. This could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies that not only manage but also potentially reverse the multifaceted symptoms of PCOS, enhancing quality of life and reproductive health.

Ménétrier Disease: A Scoping Review of Case Reports over the Last 10 Years

Abstract Objective This scoping review aims to map existing recent case reports on Menetrier’s disease examining clinical features, treatment strategies, potential etiological factors, and other associations to enhance understanding and inform future research directions. Methods We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar for case reports on Menetrier’s disease published in English between January 2014 and October 2024. Eligible cases required histopathological confirmation, comprehensive clinical details, and unrestricted access, while pediatric cases and inaccessible records were excluded. Results Among 59 patients, 67.8% presented with Hypoalbuminemia, 37.3% were anemic. Regarding etiology, 20.3% tested positive for Helicobacter pylori suggesting a weaker link between the agent and Menetrier’s disease which highlights the need to explore other causes. 71.2% received pharmacological treatment of which 38% experienced full success, defined by both morphological and symptomatic improvements, while 66.6% experienced only symptomatic relief after treatment. Surgical Intervention was necessary for 35.6% of patients. The variability in clinical presentation and treatment outcomes, along with the lack of standardized approaches, implicate a need for further research to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Ménétrier’s disease. Conclusions This scoping review identifies critical research gaps in Ménétrier’s disease, including the need for further investigation into genetic predispositions, the role of etiological agents, treatment efficacy of emerging therapies, and the timing of surgical interventions, alongside the importance of cancer surveillance.

Comprehensive Insights into De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis: From Etiology to Rehabilitation

De Quervain's tenosynovitis, a common condition affecting the first dorsal compartment of the wrist, is characterized by pain, swelling, and restricted tendon mobility, often resulting from repetitive manual tasks or biomechanical strain. This review integrates insights from three recent studies, emphasizing the multifactorial etiology, advanced diagnostic techniques, and evolving treatment modalities. Etiological factors include mechanical strain, anatomical variations, and degenerative changes, with ultrasonography emerging as a critical tool for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and guiding therapeutic strategies. Conservative treatments such as splinting, corticosteroid injections, and occupational therapy remain the cornerstone of management, while surgical decompression offers definitive relief for refractory cases. Emerging rehabilitative approaches, including graded tendon-loading protocols, and innovations in imaging and therapy, highlight a shift toward more precise and patient-centered care. Despite advancements, challenges persist in optimizing treatment protocols and addressing long-term functional recovery. Further research is essential to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, reduce recurrence rates, and improve patient outcomes.

Preadult Living Conditions During Sociopolitical Transition in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (500–400 bc), Supe Valley, Peru: Childhood Morbidity and Sociopolitical Change in Prehistoric Central Andes

ABSTRACTThrough a detailed assessment of nonspecific stress markers in 67 individuals (47 under 8 years old), this paper investigates the health conditions of preadults in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (QCC), North‐Central Coast of Peru, during the transition between the Middle and Late Formative periods (500–400 bc), a critical time of sociopolitical change in the Central Andes. Our objectives are to determine (i) the nature of preadult morbidity and mortality, (ii) periods of greater vulnerability in the population, and (iii) the etiological factors associated with health–disease processes in this context of population pressure. The results show a high prevalence of anemia‐related stress markers in preadults with a strong selective mortality in &lt; 3.5‐year‐old individuals, and recurrent periods of adult morbidity. These findings indicate exposure to disease because of overcrowding, lack of sanitation and malnourishment, and support the idea of precarious living conditions in the Supe Valley around 500–400 bc.

Changing Trends in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in India

Abstract Background Maxillofacial trauma is quite commonly encountered either in isolation or in association with polytrauma. The present observational study aims to analyze the changing trends of maxillofacial injuries and mull over some probable reasons for the same. Materials and Methods This is an observational retrospective study done at a tertiary care center in Mumbai, India, for a period of 12 years (2008–2019) after getting clearance from the institutional ethics committee. All patients who were admitted in the plastic surgery unit with maxillofacial trauma were included in the study and data were collected from case record sheets in the archives of the department. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed. Results A total 1,046 patients were included in the study. The most common age group involved was 21 to 30 years (50.19%). Males outnumbered females in terms of hospital admissions (92.7 vs. 7.3%). Road traffic accidents (RTA) were found to be the major etiological factor (72.27%). Out of 756 RTA victims, 533 (70.5%) were due to two-wheeler accidents. In the present study, the zygomaticomaxillary complex (middle third) was most commonly fractured (40.73%) followed by the mandible (38.91%). Panfacial fractures (i.e., those involving at least two facial thirds) comprised 10.71% of all the cases. Conclusion The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is showing an increasing trend in the recent past. The majority of the patients are victims of RTAs and two-wheeler accidents are increasingly responsible for such injuries. The classical injury patterns and the fracture patterns that were described in the past are not routinely observed now. The injury and fracture pattern itself has become more complex. We observed a statistically significant raise in midface fractures in our study.

Designing a meditation module to affect etiological and preventive factors in primary hypertensive patients-A pilot study.

The aim of the present pilot study is to design, validate, and check the feasibility and efficacy of the designed meditation module on etiological and preventive factors in primary hypertensive patients (PHP). The systematic and detailed meditation module was formulated to prevent the complications of hypertension. The designed module was validated by 5 subject experts in the field of complementary and alternative therapy and research. Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Average Congruency Percentage (ACP), and Content Validity Index were calculated. The intervention was given for 5 days a week for 4 weeks, to 9 PHP to check the feasibility and the efficacy of the module by analyzing biochemical and psychological parameters. A randomized controlled trial is planned ahead with this module as intervention. The designed meditation module had 19 concepts with CVR >0.49 and ACP > 90% which were retained, 2 were modified (CVR 0.6, ACP 80) and 1 was deleted as CVR was <0.49 and ACP < 70%. The feasibility test mean was 93.33 ± 8.66 and the efficacy was tested by increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (p = 0.022) and decrease in anxiety (p = 0.022) and perceived stress (p = 0.016), improvement in emotional quotient (p = 0.011), mental state (p = 0.044), quality of sleep (p = 0.001), quality of life (p = 0.011), and happiness state (p = 0.003). The designed meditation module was found valid by the experts, feasible to patients, and efficient in improving biochemical and psychological parameters among PHP to affect the hypertensive etiological factors and check the progress and complications of the disorder. Trial Registration: CTRI/2022/09/045421.

Risk Factors for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively identify risk factors of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) in adults and provide evidence-based support for healthcare professionals to formulate IAD preventive interventions and bundled interventions. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled findings. Two researchers independently searched databases PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus and 4 Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP and CBM) for relevant studies published from their inception to March 15, 2023. Two researchers independently extracted relevant data and literature characteristics and evaluated the quality of the included studies. Twenty-seven studies that collectively enrolled 4046 participants were included in our systematic review. Five were written in English, 1 was written in Spanish, and the other 21 were written in Chinese. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk factors for IAD were determined. Fecal incontinence, an etiologic factor (OR=5.79; 95% CI=[1.88-17.87]), stool characteristics (OR=5.28; 95% CI=[2.51-11.07]), and daily frequency of bowel movements (OR=5.76; 95% CI=[4.48-7.42]) were associated with an increased likelihood of IAD. The following risk factors: fever (OR=4.23; 95% CI=[1.89-9.46]), age (OR=1.04; 95% CI=[1.01-1.09]), hypoproteinemia (OR=3.30; 95% CI=[1.90-5.72]), impaired consciousness (OR=2.43; 95% CI=[1.66-3.54]), days of antibiotic use (OR=4.13; 95% CI=[3.11-5.49]), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.90; 95% CI=[1.73-4.86]), and a higher overall Perineal Assessment Tool (PAT) score (OR=2.56; 95% CI=[1.23-5.30]) emerged as independent risk factors for IAD in adult patients. In contrast, a higher serum albumin level (OR=0.88; 95% CI=[0.84-0.93]), a higher Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Score Risk (Braden Scale) score (OR=0.66; 95% CI=[0.56-0.77]), and a higher Braden Scale mobility subscale score (OR=0.86; 95% CI=[0.74-1.00]) were protective factors that reduced the likelihood of IAD. Identification of risk factors for IAD may be used to identify patients at risk and in need of preventive interventions. Identification of modifiable risk factors may be used to design novel preventive interventions.

Smart biomaterial gels for periodontal therapy: A novel approach.

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral cavity, is characterized by the progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. The pathogenic effects of periodontopathogens extend beyond the local periodontal environment, contributing to systemic health complications, thereby underscoring the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Current standard treatments, which involve mechanical debridement coupled with systemic anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapies, are often associated with limited efficacy, adverse effects, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Recent advancements in localized drug delivery systems present an innovative alternative, offering site-specific targeting with sustained therapeutic action. Smart drug delivery platforms, designed to respond to the unique microenvironment of periodontal pockets, undergo physicochemical transformations such as gelation or controlled drug release, enhancing treatment efficacy. This review comprehensively explores the etiological and prognostic factors of periodontitis, critical diagnostic biomarkers, and an in-depth analysis of stimuli-responsive biomacromolecule-based gels. These systems are evaluated for their structural properties, biological compatibility, and therapeutic potential while addressing their limitations and barriers to clinical translation. By integrating insights into the interplay between material properties and biological performance, this review highlights the future role of these advanced delivery systems in overcoming challenges in periodontal healthcare. Such approaches aim to bridge the gap between bench-side innovation and bedside application, offering the transformative potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes and improve patient quality of life in managing periodontal diseases.

Molecular and pathological landscape of the AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with complex etiological factors and a diverse genetic landscape. Among the critical genetic mutations in HCC, the AT-rich interaction domain 1 A (ARID1A) gene, a key component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, stands out due to its significant role in both tumor suppression and oncogenesis. This review comprehensively examines the molecular and pathological impacts of ARID1A mutations in HCC. ARID1A mutations, which occur in approximately 7.9 % of HCC cases, predominantly involve truncating mutations leading to loss of function. These mutations are associated with various aggressive cancer features, including larger tumor size, higher rates of metastasis, and poor prognosis. The dual role of ARID1A in HCC is context-dependent, acting as a tumor suppressor by regulating cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, and gene expression, while also displaying oncogenic properties in specific contexts by promoting early tumorigenesis through oxidative stress pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of ARID1A, including its interactions with key cellular pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, β-catenin, and PD-L1, provides insights into its complex role in HCC pathogenesis. Furthermore, ARID1A's impact on cancer stem cell maintenance, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion underscores its potential as a therapeutic target. This review highlights the need for context-specific therapeutic strategies targeting ARID1A, which could lead to more effective treatments for HCC, addressing both its tumor-suppressive and oncogenic activities.

The importance of therapeutic and preventive measures in the elimination of non-communicable diseases of cattle

The purpose of the study is to establish the importance of therapeutic and preventive measures in the elimination of non –communicable diseases of cattle, based on the data of summary reports on their detection and explanatory notes to them for 2022-2023, provided by the State Budgetary Institution "St. Petersburg Mining Station". In the process of conducting research using empirical (internal qualitative and quantitative analyses) and theoretical (classification, specification, analogy, generalization and comparison) methods, an analysis of statistical reporting on form No. 2-vet "Information on non-communicable animal diseases" covering agricultural organizations of St. Petersburg was carried out. It has been established that an increase in the volume of therapeutic and preventive measures carried out by veterinary specialists can significantly reduce the incidence of animal pathologies of non-infectious origin. First of all, this concerns medical examination, which allows timely identification and elimination of etiological factors that cause their occurrence.

Environmental Mycotoxins: A Potential Etiological Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases?

Mycotoxins are potential environmental risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. These toxins penetrate the central nervous system via a compromised blood-brain barrier, which may cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, these can also contribute to amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque accumulation, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Mycotoxins also activate microglia, cause neuronal apoptosis, and disrupt central nervous system function. This study examines the evidence linking mycotoxin exposure to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We explore mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and direct neurotoxic effects. Epidemiological studies show regional variations in mycotoxin prevalence and corresponding neurodegenerative disease incidences, supporting this association. We also review current approaches to mitigate mycotoxin exposure and discuss the challenges and opportunities in developing strategies to prevent or slow neurodegenerative disease progression. This work highlights the need for increased awareness and research on mycotoxins as modifiable risk factors in neurological health.

Comparison of Cochlear Implant Efficacy in Pre- Versus Postsynaptic Auditory Neuropathy: A Systematic Review.

Background: Etiological factors affecting outcomes of cochlear implants (Cis) are known; however, a direct comparison of efficacy based on lesion location is needed. We aimed to systematically examine the current evidence to compare the effectiveness of CIs in patients with presynaptic versus postsynaptic neuropathy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Studies were selected based on their examination of CI efficacy in patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, distinguishing between pre- and postsynaptic lesions using genetic markers or electrophysiological assessments. Results: Analysis of seven studies consistently highlighted the importance of etiological diagnosis in predicting CI outcomes. Genetic mutations were correlated with more favorable CI outcomes, emphasizing the role of genetic etiology. Electrophysiological measures also proved useful in assessing auditory function, further emphasizing the value of detailed diagnostics. Conclusion: Etiological factors generally influence CI outcomes; however, the success varies between pre- and postsynaptic neuropathies. Integrating genetic and electrophysiological diagnostics is crucial for predicting CI performance, suggesting a need for personalized approaches in evaluating CI candidates for more targeted and effective auditory rehabilitation.