Terms Of Aesthetics Research Articles

Non-fabricated ocular prosthesis posteviseration

Eyeball loss is a traumatic process as it can cause functional, media, psychological and aesthetic problems. Patients who re-quire treatment with specialised eye prostheses are those who have lost ocular structures through removal of orbital contents or orbital enucleation to accelerate physical and psychological healing and improve aesthetics. This article reports the fabrication of an eye prosthesis as a rehabilitative treatment in a patient who had undergone orbital enucleation. A 38-year-old man came to RSGMP Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar referred by an ophthalmologist with complaints of left eyeball loss due to trauma. The patient wanted to have a prosthetic eye made immediately to restore his appearance and self-confidence. Examination of the eye socket showed a healthy conjunctiva and no infection. The treatment was the fabrication of a non-fabricated eye pros-thesis made from acrylic resin. The fabricated non-fabricated eye prosthesis had advantages in terms of retention, stability, aes-thetics and patient comfort. It was concluded that the ocular prosthesis can reduce the psychological trauma caused by the loss of the eyeball, thus increasing the patient's confidence in social life.

Subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects.

To describe the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for the microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects and evaluate its outcomes. The clinical data of 23 patients (23 eyes) who underwent microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects with the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent eyelid tumor resection and one-stage microscopic reconstruction with the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap for anterior- or posterior-layer eyelid defects. The survival rate of the propeller flap, eyelid function and appearance, tumor recurrence rate, and patient satisfaction were evaluated after the surgery. The patients consisted of 12 men and 11 women, aged 31-82y (mean, 58.9y). The longest follow-up time was 5y, and the shortest was 3mo. All the propeller flaps survived well. There was no significant difference in color and luster between the flap and adjacent tissues, and there was no dog ear phenomenon. No obvious scarring was observed. There were no obvious abnormalities of eyelid morphology or function, and no adverse complications such as exposure keratitis, entropion, ectropion, ptosis, and eyelid retraction. No tumor recurrence was found at the time of the last follow-up. All patients were satisfied with the surgical results. The subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for the microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects has satisfactory outcomes in terms of eyelid function and esthetics, and merits clinical application.

Buccal mucosa substitution urethroplasty

Objective: We present our experience of buccal mucosa substitution urethroplasty in all segments of the Anterior urethra, as the buccal mucosal graft (BMG) is now recognized as the tissue of choice for single-stage reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures. Patients and methods: Twenty-five patients underwent BMG substitution urethroplasty at our center between January 2015 and January 2019: 18 underwent a single-stage dorsal on lay BMG urethroplasty (pendulous, bulbous), 2 underwent a single-stage ventral onlay BMG urethroplasty (1 pendulous, 1 bulbous), 2 underwent an inlay buccal mucosa grafting (pendulous) followed by tabularization for six months. Results in terms of recurrence, comorbidities, and aesthetics were evaluated. Results: In six months follow-up period, 23 (88%) patients with a one-stage reconstruction remained stricture-free. One patient experienced a recurrence after 3 months and was treated with a one-stage optical urethrotomy, and another patient developed an urethro-cutaneous fistula and was treated with clean, self-intermittent catheterization once a day for 1 month, then twice a week for 3 months. Conclusion: When the anterior urethra is affected by a stricture, a BMG urethroplasty performed in a single stage is highly effective.

The natural CAD/CAM anterior implant single tooth restoration: A novel digital workflow.

To report a novel digital workflow to replace an anterior maxillary tooth lost due to trauma with an implant multilayer restoration by using the patient's extracted tooth as a final crown restoration using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Instead of using the patient's natural tooth as an immediate provisional restoration to achieve predictable results in terms of esthetics and soft tissue structure, a novel digital strategy was performed to obtain a natural final crown restoration by using the patient's tooth associated with a lithium disilicate customized implant abutment. The perspective of using this strategic approach for implant restorative dental treatments in patients with traumatic root fractures in the anterior region has great potential as it helps to maintain the emergence profile of the natural dentition and esthetics. Optimal esthetic outcomes are challenging in implant dentistry regarding soft tissue structure and morphology factors. Using natural teeth from surgery to deliver the final restoration might be beneficial when an anterior tooth is lost due to trauma.

Design Element Preferences in Public Facilities: An Eye Tracking Study

As a highly used form of architecture, public facilities are closely related to people’s daily lives. The aesthetic level of their design greatly affects the quality of people’s lives and interactions, as well as the appearance of the whole area. However, research on their design elements has not received enough attention, and few quantitative studies on the design of public facilities simultaneously focus on multiple influencing factors such as color and material. Therefore, this study uses eye-tracking technology and audience aesthetic preference evaluation to explore the appropriate combination of color and materials in sign design. This study found that, in the design of public facilities and in terms of aesthetic preference, firstly, color has more influence on subjective preference and objective gaze behavior than material. Secondly, men prefer technological and changeable colors and materials, and women prefer soft and uniform materials. Finally, visitors spend more time gazing at their preferred signs, which means that visitors’ top-down gaze behavior and bottom-up psychological perception are highly unified. Regarding material perception, visitors’ subjective preferences are influenced by the physical or cultural properties of the material itself. This study’s results will provide suggestions for future urban and landscape architecture design in terms of color and material aesthetics, and the research methodology can be applied to more scenarios in environmental spaces.

Dayak Tribe Talawang Motif as a Variety of Bridal Fashion Decoration with Laser Cutting Technique

Talawang is a traditional shield belonging to the Dayak tribe. This research aimed to describe the results of the finished Talawang motif as a wedding dress decoration. The method used a double diamond consisting of 4 stages: discover, define, develop, and deliver. The results of applying the Talawang motif on bridal clothing were analyzed descriptively using the FEA (function, aesthetic, expressive) model. The laser cutting technology could detail the Talawang motif as a modern wedding dress decoration. Making the Talawang motif of the Dayak tribe uses a particular machine for laser cutting using synthetic leather. The bride's clothing follows the design concept using a mermaid silhouette, applying the Talawang motif on the dress and part of the sleeves. The finished men's clothing is under the design concept using a classic formal dress silhouette in a suit consisting of a shirt, vest, trousers, and coat, applying the Talawang motif on the right side of the suit's body. Based on the analysis of the function of the clothing created is a wedding dress, while in terms of aesthetics by applying decorations in the form of stylized Talawang motif with laser cutting techniques. This wedding dress expresses the uniqueness and beauty of the Talawang motif, expressing a modern wedding dress with a touch of local cultural values.

Methods of Delivering Oral Hygiene Instructions Among Orthodontic Patients: The Past, Current and Future

This review paper aims to present the evolution in methods of delivering oral hygiene information to orthodontic patients. Orthodontic fixed appliance treatment confers numerous benefits to patients in terms of occlusion, function and aesthetics, but it is associated with unwanted consequences due to challenges in maintaining oral hygiene. The ways of delivering oral hygiene information to patients have progressed over the years. Recent years have seen an increase in the popularity of incorporating technology in delivering oral hygiene information and monitoring of oral hygiene practices. The use of video-based instructions to web-based platforms such as Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) and social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram and TikTok have all become a mode of oral hygiene information conveyance. Mobile apps are now a popular means to keep track of oral care practices such as toothbrushing frequency. The active ingredients of oral care products have improved providing a greater anticariogenic and antiplaque effect to the user as have the design of toothbrushes and even dental floss. In the future, more advanced technology may be used, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, to create intelligent machines that can help educate patients on oral health maintenance and improvement.

The efficacy of Persian Version of Mindfulness-Based Stress Management app (Aramgar) for college’s mindfulness skills and perceived stress

Functional mobile applications are regarded as one of the brand-new approaches to psychological interventions in different areas, including stress. The study aims to analyze a mobile application for Persian users on perceived stress and improve mindful skills. This study was a one-group pretest-posttest design with a quasi-experimental research design. Three instruments were used in this study: the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). Eighty-five students participated in an 8-week mindfulness mobile app (Aramgar) for at least 10 minutes per day intervention. They responded to validated outcome measures of stress and mindfulness at baseline after the 8-week continued access period. The mobile application, Aramgar, was designed based on Mindfulness-based stress reduction. Paired t-tests showed significant differences in general perceived stress (P = 0.03) and total score of mindfulness (P = 0.002) before and after Aramgar. The results of analyzing the quality of Aramgar in terms of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information quality showed that specialists assessed the quality of the application appropriately. Using functional mobile apps provides ease of use for mental health services. Therefore, to strengthen and develop the mentioned services, it is recommended that the necessary information technology infrastructures be provided and the existing limitations for designing and running mental health mobile apps be removed.

Comparison of aesthetic perceptions created by the factors affecting smile design in different occupational groups

Aims: This study aimed to compare the effects of factors affecting smile design on aesthetic perceptions in different occupational groups. Methods: For this study, a questionnaire form was prepared including 42 modified photographs obtained by incorporating different levels of changes in the factors affecting smile design such as gingival visibility, incisal embrasure, buccal corridor, incisor visibility, midline, smile line, vermilion height of the lips, golden ratio, and diastema within a photograph of a woman and a photograph of a man. Voluntary participants were asked to evaluate each photograph in terms of aesthetics and mark the most appealing options on VAS and Likert-type scales. Results: Fine arts faculty graduates reactedto the differences in the images more positively than the other participants.Restorative dentistry specialists gave higher scores to the smile criteria most liked by all participants compared to other participants, while the criteria that were least liked by all participants received the lowest scores in this group. They gave answers in parallel with the values accepted as ideal. Male and female models were found to be more aestheticwhen golden ratio, incisal embrasures and the midline were not changed, the gingiva covered the central teeth by 1 mm, the lip vermilion height was increased by 2 mm, the line drawn from the incisors of the maxillary anterior was parallel to the lower lip’s curvature, the visibility of the central incisorswas 3 mm, and no diastema. Conclusion: We determined that profession and education do not always have the same effects on aesthetic perceptions. We suggest that the most appropriate results can be achieved in terms of diagnosis and treatment in aesthetic dentistry when the personal tastes of individuals are supported by data from the relevant literature.

Aesthetic Assessment of Kitsch: A Reading on Bad Taste in Kant’s “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment”

Kitsch, devised as a term of modern aesthetics after the 19th century, indicates an aesthetic value judgment that is identified as ‘bad taste’. It is acknowledged that the issues of aesthetic judgment and taste were systematically addressed for the first time by Immanuel Kant in his “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” in the 18th century. This study attempts to reevaluate the notion of kitsch as an aesthetic value judgment through a reading of Kant’s arguments over the concepts of aesthetic judgment, taste, and bad taste as presented in his work “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment”. Tracing the notion of kitsch as bad taste in the writings of Kant would demonstrate possible convergences or discrepancies there may be and would be significant for providing an understanding about the philosophical roots of the term.
 With such an attempt, this study conducts a discursive analysis, and respectively examines the notion of kitsch as an aesthetic judgment of taste; the notions of aesthetic judgment and taste in Kant’s “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment”; and the notion of ‘bad taste’ thereof in order to make a comparison with the notion of kitsch. The examination that looks for the definition of bad taste in the “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” reveals that the conditions of ‘bad taste’, as portrayed by Kant through the role of charm and emotion in aesthetic judgment, overlap with the characteristics of kitsch on the basis of sentimentality and desire for attention. Consequently, as a result of the reading on bad taste in Kant’s arguments, this study argues that over the traits of sentimentality or the pretentious use of charms and emotions, the philosophical roots of the term kitsch as an aesthetic value judgment existed long before its name has been coined.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and present perception of gravel bars in natural and regulated environments

Gravel bars represent unique habitats in gravel bed rivers. These formations are endangered by river management affecting the channel natural behavior and flow conditions. This could result in the initial loss of gravel bar dynamic, leading to overgrowth of vegetation and degradation. The main aim of this study is to analyze spatiotemporal changes and public perception of gravel bars and their vegetation in regulated and natural river environments. We combine sociological and geomorphological research to better understand the current state of gravel bar dynamics and the public view of them, which is beneficial information for any future management of gravel bar habitat. We examined the 77 km-long fluvial corridor of the Odra River (Czechia) between 1937 and 2020 using aerial images for mapping gravel bars and assessment of morphodynamics. For the public perception, we conducted an online survey with photosimulations of different gravel bar environments and states of vegetation.Gravel bars were most frequent in natural reaches associated with intensive morphodynamics in wide channel segments and meanders of high amplitude. The length of the regulated river channel increased during the studied period and gravel bars were reduced. In 2000–2020, the trend was toward overly vegetated and stable gravel bars. The public perception data indicated a high preference for fully vegetated gravel bars in terms of naturalness, aesthetics, and vegetation cover in both natural and regulated environments. This emphasizes a misleading public view regarding unvegetated gravel bars as an unpopular feature that should be vegetated or removed for it to be perceived as natural or aesthetic. These findings should encourage better gravel bar management and change in the public's negative perception of unvegetated gravel bars.

Application of Foot Hallux Contact Force Signal for Assistive Hand Fine Control.

Accurate recognition of disabled persons' behavioral intentions is the key to reconstructing hand function. Their intentions can be understood to some extent by electromyography (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and arm movements, but they are not reliable enough to be generally accepted. In this paper, characteristics of foot contact force signals are investigated, and a method of expressing grasping intentions based on hallux (big toe) touch sense is proposed. First, force signals acquisition methods and devices are investigated and designed. By analyzing characteristics of signals in different areas of the foot, the hallux is selected. The peak number and other characteristic parameters are used to characterize signals, which can significantly express grasping intentions. Second, considering complex and fine tasks of the assistive hand, a posture control method is proposed. Based on this, many human-in-the-loop experiments are conducted using human-computer interaction methods. The results showed that people with hand disabilities could accurately express their grasping intentions through their toes, and could accurately grasp objects of different sizes, shapes, and hardness using their feet. The accuracy of the action completion for single-handed and double-handed disabled individuals was 99% and 98%, respectively. This proves that the method of using toe tactile sensation for assisting disabled individuals in hand control can help them complete daily fine motor activities. The method is easily acceptable in terms of reliability, unobtrusiveness, and aesthetics.

Women criminals captured by Surrealism

This article analyses the composition of two surrealist photomontages dedicated to Germaine Berton and the Papin sisters. By situating them in the history of photographic portraiture and by taking into account the political positioning of the surrealist group, the text seeks to demonstrate that these montages, while furthering their political radicalism, were in fact profoundly conservative in aesthetic terms, drawing for example on relations of dominance based on class and gender.

Personal And Independent Filmmaking: Elia Kazan’s America America

As the independent production increased and factory-like production receded in 1950s, filmmakers were soon in greater control. The studios could no longer dictate all the terms and were forced to meet halfway so that both sides could profit. However, filmmakers were still dependent on the studios when it came to finance and distribution. Elia Kazan, being a former Hollywood contract director, became one of those independent filmmakers and established his own production company. By the time he first got to Hollywood in the mid-1940s, producers were already dominating the film industry. Kazan, believing the director should come first and be independent in financial, politic and aesthetic terms at all costs, refused to be a studio-contract worker. He was determined to assert greater control over the films he made, and his way of filmmaking would be less about profits and more about gaining artistic freedom. He produced and directed all his subsequent films of the 1950s and 1960s. In this study, one of these films, America America will be analyzed through analysis of narrative. As Kazan became more personal and independent; the director’s ability to define the aesthetic and narrative spines of the text and the sub-text became evident. Hence, it is possible to say that the mise-enscène started to come forth in Kazan’s films starting with America America.

Comparative evaluation of nasolabial flap and buccal fat pad flap in the surgical management of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, potentially malignant condition affecting any part of the oral cavity and is prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of buccal fat pad flap with the nasolabial flap in the management of OSMF. We systematically compared two commonly used constructive techniques in the management of OSMF: the buccal pad of fat flap and the nasolabial flap. We performed a comprehensive search in four databases for all articles published between 1982 and November 2021. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We used the mean difference (MD) for pooling the data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and evaluated the heterogeneity between pooled studies using χ2 and I2 tests. Out of 917 studies, six were included in this review. The meta-analysis significantly favored conventional nasolabial flap over buccal fat pad flap in improving the maximal mouth opening (MD, - 2.52; 95% CI, - 4.44 to - 0.60; P = 0.01; I2 = 0%) after OSMF reconstructive surgery. Conversely, when it comes to esthetic outcomes, these studies favored buccal fat pad flap. Our meta-analysis found that nasolabial flap was better than buccal fat pad flap in terms of mouth opening restoration after OSMF reconstructive surgery. Also, the included studies found better results, favoring nasolabial flap over buccal fat pad flap in terms of oral commissural width restoration. Also, these studies reported better outcomes in terms of esthetics, favoring buccal fat pad flap. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different populations/races are needed to confirm our findings.

Perceptions and Usability of PREVENTION: A Breast Cancer Risk Assessment e-Platform.

The PREVENTION e-platform was developed to provide accessible and evidence-based health information tailored to different Breast Cancer (BC) risk levels. The demonstration study objectives were to (1) assess the usability and perceived impact of PREVENTION on women with assigned hypothetical BC risk levels (i.e., near population, intermediate or high) and (2) explore perceptions and recommendations for e-platform improvement. Thirty women with no history of cancer were recruited through social media, commercial centers, health clinics, and community settings in Montreal, Qc, Canada. Participants accessed e-platform content tailored to their assigned hypothetical BC risk level, and then completed study e-questionnaires including the user Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS), an e-platform quality scale (i.e., in terms of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information). A subsample (n = 18) was randomly selected for an individual follow-up semi-structured interview. The e-platform overall quality was high, with mean M = 4.01 (out of 5) and SD = 0.50. A total of 87% (n = 26) agreed or strongly agreed that PREVENTION increased their knowledge and awareness of BC risk, and 80% would recommend it to others while reporting likelihood of following lifestyle recommendations to decrease their BC risk. Follow up interviews indicated that participants perceived the e-platform as a trusted source of BC information and a promising means to connect with peers. They also reported that while the e-platform was easy to navigate, improvements were needed for connectivity, visuals, and the organization of scientific resources. Preliminary findings support PREVENTION as a promising means to provide personalized BC information and support. Efforts are underway to further refine the platform, assess its impact in larger samples and gather feedback from BC specialists.

From the Feminist Ethic of Care to Tender Attunement: Olga Tokarczuk’s Tenderness as a New Ethical and Aesthetic Imperative

In her Nobel speech in 2019, Olga Tokarczuk presented the category of tenderness as a new way of narrating the contemporary world. This article is a proposal for the analysis and interpretation of tenderness in ethical and aesthetic terms. (1) From an ethical perspective, tenderness is interpreted as an extension and complement of feminist relational ethics, i.e., the ethics of care. In the proposed approach, tenderness is a broader and more universal quality than care in the feminist understanding. This article opens with a brief discussion of feminist interventions in ethics, with particular emphasis on the ethics of care. Next, the differences between care and tenderness are enumerated and described, in order to show how tenderness can serve as an extension and complement of the feminist ethic of care. These considerations are guided by the question of why tenderness is a better—more appropriate and more responsive to contemporary challenges—moral guidepost than care. (2) From the aesthetic perspective, tenderness is the negation of a contemplative, distanced, impersonal, and rational view of reality. As an aesthetic imperative, tenderness implies engaged experience of the beauty of reality in all of its manifestations. Therefore, in the last part of the article, existential tender attunement is described in aesthetic terms, as a position serving to sensitize others to the beauty and complexity of the post-anthropocentric world.

Predictors of Usability of a Mobile Intelligent Agent Information Provider for College Students

This study determined the factors that influenced the usability of a mobile-based intelligent agent called “AskRed.” The design-related factors were evaluated in terms of performance, accuracy, responsiveness, aesthetics, and completeness. The usability of the software was determined in terms of satisfaction and intention to re-use the software. The software received favorable ratings from the students. Experts' software evaluation recommended strengthening the design of the intelligent agent in terms of security, performance, completeness, and ease-of-use. Multiple regression analyses showed that performance and completeness influenced satisfaction and intention to re-use. Aesthetics and responsiveness influenced satisfaction but not intention to re-use. Responsiveness had a negative impact on satisfaction. The predictive powers of the regression equations are 58% and 73%. This study provided empirical evidence on the predictors of usability of an intelligent agent used in a university setting.

Ho Chi Minh’s thoughts on the education of the young Vietnamese generation today

Introduction. Educating the young generation is the future of every nation. President Ho Chi Minh was a philosopher of Vietnam who saw the critical role of educating the young generation to build a strong country. The purpose is to find out suitable educational content and methods, thereby applying it to Vietnamese education to build Vietnamese people to develop comprehensively to meet the requirements of industrialization and modernization and international integration in Vietnam. Study participants and methods. The paper is based on Ho Chi Minh's view on educating young people to clarify educational content and methods. The paper uses materialist dialectics to analyze and explain Ho Chi Minh's thoughts on educating the young Vietnamese generation expressed in his works, articles, and speeches. In addition, the paper uses methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis to clarify the contents and methods of education in Ho Chi Minh's viewpoint. Results. Ho Chi Minh's thought on educating the young Vietnamese. That generation is not only mentioned in the narrow sense of knowledge and academic education; Education is not only limited to schools, between teachers and students, but the contents of Ho Chi Minh's educational thought is very broad and cover many fields. That is the idea of humanistic education, the point of view of educating people in general in terms of ideals, knowledge, health, aesthetics and morality in all social relations to build Vietnamese people to develop comprehensively in terms of physical strength, intelligence, ethics, and personality. These contents car out based on the correct educational method, which is a close combination of theory and practice, a combination of education in school with education in the family and society, and at the same time it arouses and promotes self-discipline in learning and training of the young generation. In general, Ho Chi Minh’s contents and methods of educating the young generation contain many positive and progressive points. That thought shows the dialectic, the mutual influence between elements of the teaching process. Practical significance. In the context of Vietnam's current integration and development, besides the positive effects of the market mechanism, its negative side has also had an increasingly profound influence on the young Vietnamese generation. A large part of the younger generation is still showing limitations in terms of education, professional occupation, physical strength, learning ability, and practical capacity; living passively, lacking the will to practice, lacking dreams and ambitions; being afraid of difficulties and hardships; lacking a sense of responsibility to family, society and to themselves. That is a matter of particular concern. To overcome this situation, it is necessary to deeply research, study and apply President Ho Chi Minh's thought on educating the young generation in order to comprehensively develop the Vietnamese people in general and the young Vietnamese generation in particular. Keywords: education, Ho Chi Minh’s thoughts, teaching methods, the young Vietnamese generation

Safe and Aesthetic; Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy on The Bikini Line

Objective: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis and is the most commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide. It is superior to open cholecystectomy in terms of aesthetics, but the visibility of the trocar ports is a cosmetic problem due to increasing aesthetic concerns. We report the results of patients who underwent conventional four port LK with all incisions below the bikini line.
 Material and Method: The study included patients who underwent LK through bikini incision in our clinic between 01.11.2020 and 31.11.2021. Age, gender, comorbidities, indications for cholecystectomy, previous abdominal surgeries, anesthesia scores, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The procedure was not performed in patients undergoing emergency surgery for acute cholecystitis and other causes.
 Results: The study included 9 patients, all of whom were female. The mean age was 30 ± 7.8 years and mean BMI was 23.1 ± 4.3. Mean operative time was 33.9 ± 8.5 minutes. Open operation was not performed in any patient. The hospitalization period was one day for all patients. There were no complications in any of the patients. Eight of the nine patients (89%) expressed cosmetic satisfaction in the first month after surgery.
 Conclusion: The prevalence of LC leads to an increase in the number of patients expecting less scarring. Here, we propose a modified four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy that is easy to perform, safe, requires no additional cost, and has high patient satisfaction