Aesthetic Treatment Research Articles

Comparison of Biomechanical Behaviors of Different Designs and Configurations of Titanium and Zirconium Dental Implants With Finite Elements Analysis in Anterior Maxilla.

Finite element analysis assists in the understanding of the biomechanical behavior of implants with different designs and material characteristics. Through this analysis, this study aimed to compare the biomechanical behaviors of different designs and configurations of titanium (tapered or cylindric) and zirconia dental implants in the edentulous anterior maxilla. Three-dimensional models of the edentulous maxilla, dental implants, and prosthetic structures were modeled, and different loading conditions were applied to simulate realistic conditions. A total of 6 different models were evaluated: the model (M1) in which tapered implants were located bilaterally in the central canine, the model (M2) in which tapered implants were located bilaterally in the lateral canine, the model (M3) in which cylindric implants were located bilaterally in the central canine, the model (M4) in which cylindric implants were located bilaterally in the lateral canine, the model (M5) in which zirconia implants were located bilaterally in the central canine, and the model (M6) in which zirconia implants were located bilaterally in the lateral canine. Maximum tensile and compressive stress values were recorded at M4 under vertical loading and at M6 under oblique loading, whereas minimum stress values were recorded at M1 under all loading conditions. Maximum von Mises stress values under vertical and oblique loading conditions were observed at M3 and M4, while the minimum stress was observed at M1 and M2. In conclusion, zirconia implants may present a biomechanically convenient and esthetic alternative treatment option in edentulous anterior maxilla rehabilitation compared with tapered and cylindric implants.

Real-world Implications of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Immunoresistance for Consumers and Aesthetic Practitioners: Insights from ASCEND Multidisciplinary Panel.

As long-term, regular aesthetic botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) use becomes more commonplace, it is vital to understand real-world risk factors and impact of BoNT-A immunoresistance. The first Aesthetic Council on Ethical Use of Neurotoxin Delivery panel discussed issues relating to BoNT-A immunoresistance from the health care professionals' (HCPs') perspective. Understanding the implications of BoNT-A immunoresistance from the aesthetic patient's viewpoint allows HCPs to better support patients throughout their aesthetic treatment journey. A real-world consumer study surveyed 363 experienced aesthetic BoNT-A recipients across six Asia-Pacific territories. The survey mapped participants' BoNT-A aesthetic treatment journey and characterized awareness and attitudes relating to BoNT-A immunoresistance and treatment implications. At the second Aesthetic Council on Ethical use of Neurotoxin Delivery meeting, panelists discussed survey findings and developed consensus statements relating to the impact of BoNT-A immunoresistance on the aesthetic treatment journey. Aesthetic BoNT-A patients' depth of knowledge about BoNT-A immunoresistance remains low, and risk/benefit communications need to be more lay-friendly. The initial consultation is the most important touchpoint for HCPs to raise awareness of BoNT-A immunoresistance as a potential side effect considering increased risk with repeated high-dose treatments. HCPs should be cognizant of differences across BoNT-A formulations due to the presence of certain excipients and pharmacologically unnecessary components that can increase immunogenicity. Standardized screening for clinical signs of secondary nonresponse and a framework for diagnosing and managing immunoresistance-related secondary nonresponse were proposed. These insights can help patients and HCPs make informed treatment decisions to achieve desired aesthetic outcomes while preserving future treatment options with BoNT-A.

Skin & SMAS layer remodeling technique (SSRT): Achieving both volume and lifting effects with filler treatments

AbstractBackgroundThe skin & SMAS layer remodeling technique (SSRT) represents a significant advancement in facial aesthetic treatments. Traditional methods primarily address wrinkles and volume loss, whereas SSRT focuses on achieving both volume and natural lifting effects through strategic filler injections. This technique emphasizes the anatomical and dynamic properties of facial tissues, particularly the SMAS, to enhance facial symmetry and contours while maintaining natural movement.Materials and MethodsSSRT employs a combination of firm and soft hyaluronic acid fillers to sculpt a youthful, dynamic appearance, simulating the natural lift of a smiling expression. This study explores the effects of gravity on facial tissues and uses advanced imaging techniques to corroborate the shifting of tissues. The technique is compared with other recognized methods, such as true lift and myomodulation, to evaluate its effectiveness in balancing volume enhancement and dynamic facial expressions.ResultsThe results indicate that SSRT uniquely balances volume enhancement and dynamic facial expressions, achieving a visibly lifted but natural appearance. The use of advanced imaging techniques substantiates SSRT's effectiveness by showing the shifting of tissues. SSRT reduces the risks associated with excessive filler use and aligns with contemporary aesthetic preferences.ConclusionSSRT offers a novel approach by mimicking the facial lift observed when lying down, providing insights into potential transformative “lifts” when upright. By strategically combining firm and soft hyaluronic acid fillers, SSRT achieves a balance of volume and lift, enhancing facial symmetry and maintaining natural movement. This technique represents a significant advancement in facial aesthetic treatments, offering a natural and dynamic alternative to traditional methods.

Proclivity Towards Beauty Procedures: Reflection of Societal Perception Through Aesthetic Commercials and Dermatological Advertisements

This exploration examines the topic of aesthetic treatments, considering non-surgical and surgical ways to enrich facial and body aesthetics. These techniques—which include tools like liposuction and Botox—often serve as a cover to camouflage personal anxieties beyond mere appearance. Using a qualitative-descriptive procedure, researchers investigate the convincing skills—ethos, pathos, and logos—used in Pakistani dermatological and surgical publicity on YouTube and TV. Using data from a randomized sample, the report provides insight into the elements contributing to these advertisements' rising fame in Pakistan. The conclusion emphasizes how these ads deftly employ pathos, ethos, and logos to sway viewers' views or opinions. These ten ads efficiently market cosmetic operations by appealing to feelings, believability, and rationality. Their capacity to connect with the audience on a level that combines sentiment, logic, and dependability gives them persuasive power. This qualitative investigation clarifies the workings of Pakistani beauty advertisements and highlights their expanding impact, creating an engaging story for the reader.

Exploring the Personality Characteristics of Rhinoplasty Patients: Perfectionism, Rumination, and Self-Compassion.

This study investigates differences in personality characteristics, including perfectionism, ruminative thinking style, and self-compassion, between individuals who have undergone rhinoplasty and a control group without any history of cosmetic surgery. The study included 33 adult patients who underwent rhinoplasty between 2021 and 2023 at Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine Hospital and 33 adult patients who visited our centre for other complaints as a control group. The rhinoplasty group consisted of primary surgical patients with functional and cosmetic concerns, excluding those who sought revision surgery or had only functional problems. The control group consisted of individuals with no prior cosmetic surgery history and no expectations of aesthetic interventions. Psychiatric analysis was performed using Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale, ruminative thinking style questionnaire, and self-compassion scale. This research revealed that individuals who had rhinoplasty scored higher in perfectionism 109.3 (±23.3) and ruminative thinking 87.9 (±22) compared to those who did not undergo surgery 94.15 (±22.2) and 77.7 (±23), respectively. Additionally, the rhinoplasty group had lower self-compassion scores, 80.4 (±17.3), than the control group, 86.1 (±11.2). Statistically significant differences were observed in perfectionism between the groups (p = 0.009). In rhinoplasty patients, a notably positive correlation was found between perfectionism and ruminative thinking scores (r = 0.482; p = 0.005), while a moderately significant negative correlation was observed between self-compassion and ruminative thinking scores (r = - 0.465; p = 0.006). Individuals who undergo rhinoplasty generally show increased levels of perfectionism and are more prone to ruminative thinking. They also demonstrate reduced self-compassion compared to non-surgical control groups. Cosmetic surgeons should be aware of these psychological trends and consider using appropriate scales during pre-surgery consultations and follow-up visits. Adopting this informed approach can improve the surgeon-patient relationship and help overcome communication challenges. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Anaesthetics reduce the viability of adipose-derived stem cells

ABSTRACT Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are characterized by their low immunogenicity and unique immunosuppressive properties, providing many opportunities for autologous transplantation in regenerative medicine and plastic surgery. These methods are characterized by low rejection rates and intense stimulation of tissue regeneration. However, procedures during which fat tissue is harvested occur under local anaesthesia. To better understand the effects and mechanisms of anaesthetic compounds in cosmetic and therapeutic procedures, the present study used a mixture of these compounds (0.1% epinephrine, 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, and 4% articaine) and examined their impact on a human adipose-derived stem cell line. The results showed anesthetics’ negative, dose-dependent effect on cell viability and proliferation, especially during the first 24 h of incubation. After extending the exposure to 48 and 72 h of incubation, cells adapted to new culture conditions. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in immunophenotype, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. The results obtained from this study provide information on the effect of the selected mixture of anaesthetics on the characteristics and function of ASC52telo cells. The undesirable changes in the metabolic activity of cells suggest the need to search for new drugs to harvest cells with unaltered properties and higher efficacy in aesthetic medicine treatments.

Laypersons' Assessment of Smile Esthetics in Young Individuals in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.

When planning esthetic dental treatments, understanding smile preferences is important for dental professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of selected smile characteristics on the attractiveness of young Saudis as assessed by Saudilaypersons and explore gender-preferred changes in smile attractiveness. This observational study assessed the dynamic smile attractiveness of 168 Saudi individuals (84 males and 84 females), selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Dynamic smiles were elicited by viewing comedic content and captured with a camera standardized for consistent positioning. Videos were edited and adjusted to images, and the frames with the most pronounced smiles were chosen. The intra-rater reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Cohen's kappa tests (κ). The highest and lowest 25th percentiles were categorized as attractive and unattractive smiles, respectively, on the visual analog scale (VAS) by laypersons. Six smile characteristics - anterior smile line, smile arc, upper lip curvature, posterior teeth displayed, smile index, and smile symmetry - were quantitatively evaluated from these images for each participant and classified into attractive and unattractive groups based on laypersons' VAS evaluations. Continuous variables were tested with the Mann-Whitney U test, and for the categorical variables, the Chi-square test was applied. The significance was set at 5%. The four randomly selected out of the 22 raters had good VAS reliability; ICCs varied from 0.661 to 0.94, with an average of 0.737, and Cohen's kappa tests for smile characteristics showed values from 0.617 to 0.89. Good agreement was also found with the smile index, with ICCs of 0.775, and dynamic smile symmetry, with ICCs of 0.872. Laypersonsrated female smiles as more attractive compared to male smiles (P = 0.004). Low or average anterior smile lines (P = 0.001 for males; P = 0.03 for females), parallel smile arcs (P = 0.001 for males; P = 0.02 for females), and higher smile indexes (P = 0.001 for males; P = 0.004for females) were significantly attractive, showing no significant gender differences. Conclusions:Laypersons reliably rated the young Saudis' dynamic smiles as attractive. Of the rated smile characteristics, those with a low or average anterior smile line, parallel smile arcs, and a larger smile index were deemed more attractive. This study's findings show no significant gender differences in the impact of the studied smile characteristics on attractiveness. This study's findings can help dental professionals customize treatment plans that meet patients' expectations.

Profiloplasty and facial contouring with injectables: A holistic, practical, and user-friendly approach.

Expansion of the aesthetic treatment armamentarium with novel injectable products has greatly improved our ability to reshape and enhance the facial profile. However, full-face "profiloplasty" with injectables remain a nascent concept and is insufficiently considered in daily practice. While techniques have been widely published for treating the individual facial areas that constitute an attractive profile-including the forehead, nose, lips, jawline, and chin-the literature remains fragmented on more universal methods for profile improvement. To collate disparate knowledge on profile optimization with injectables, and define a holistic, practical, and user-friendly approach to profiloplasty and facial contouring. Consideration is given to key anatomical aspects and the changes that occur with age; patient assessment parameters for planning profiloplasty; and the technical specifications, product selection, and essential safety considerations for minimizing the risk of complications and optimizing the effectiveness of treatment. Relevant case studies are presented. Holistic approaches of this type are essential if we are to maximize the potential of full-face treatment with injectables-both now and in the future.

Comparative Legal Analysis of Beauty Clinic Services between Indonesian Law and Islamic Law

In line with the evolving needs of consumers who strive to improve their facial and physical appearances, beauty clinics frequently introduce new services supported with new technological devices. Some forms of esthetical treatment introduced in the market have risen controversy in terms of their legality. This article aims at exploring the legality of esthetic treatment provided by beauty clinics from the perspective of Indonesian law and Islamic law. This normative legal research employs comparative approach. Comparison is made between Indonesian law and Islamic Law. It is found that Islamic law has different approach in addressing the issue of the legality of esthetic treatment provided by beauty clinics as compared to Indonesian law. While the Indonesian law tends to liberate various kinds of esthetic treatment, Islamic law gives a restriction. By virtue of the principle of freedom of contract as intended in Article 1338 of the Indonesian Civil Code, any esthetic treatment can be carried out when it is made based on a valid contract between the contracting parties. On the other side, Islamic Law prohibits particular esthetic treatment especially when it falls under the category of “changing what Allah as created.”

Increasing precision during neuromodulator injections for frontal rhytids-Using ultrasound imaging to identify the line of convergence.

Recent research introduced the concept of the "line of convergence" as a guide for injectors to enhance precision and avoid complications when treating the frontalis muscle with toxins. However, currently, no pre-injection ultrasound scanning is employed to increase precision and reduce adverse events when searching for the line of convergence. To explore the feasibility and practicality of implementing pre-injection ultrasound scanning into aesthetic neuromodulator treatments of the forehead. The sample of this study consisted of n = 55 volunteers (42 females and 13 males), with a mean age of 42.24 (10.3) years and a mean BMI of 25.07 (4.0) kg/m2. High-frequency ultrasound imaging was utilized to measure the thickness, length, and contractility of the frontal soft tissue and to determine the precise location of the line of convergence during maximal frontalis muscle contraction. The results revealed that the line of convergence was located at 58.43% (8.7) of the total forehead height above the superior border of the eyebrow cilia without a statistically significant difference between sex, age, or BMI. With frontalis muscle contraction, the forehead shortens in males by 25.90% (6.5), whereas in females it shortens only by 21.74% (5.1), with p < 0.001 for sex differences. This study demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of pre-injection ultrasound scanning for facial aesthetic neuromodulator treatments. Knowing the location of the line of convergence, injectors can determine precisely and on an individual basis where to administer the neuromodulator deep or superficial or when the injection location is at risk to cause eyebrow ptosis.

Comparative evaluation of oxygenating agent “blue m gel” and traditional periodontal dressing “Coe-Pak” on patient preference parameters (Pain and wound healing) after surgical depigmentation – A split mouth study

Individuals with high lip line and gummy smile when accompanied withdark colored gingiva have an esthetic concern while smiling. For the management of gingival hyperpigmentation surgical technique with scalpel is still considered the gold standard, although healing may occur by secondary intension and oxygen is one of the essential nutrients for cellular metabolism and production of energy through ATP. It is also involved in collagen synthesis, oxygenative killing of bacteria and angiogenesis. To clinically evaluate and compare the effectiveness of oxygenating agent (Blue M Gel) and traditional periodontal dressing COE-PAK on patient preference parameters (pain and wound healing) after surgical depigmentation. This split-mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted on 5 non-smoking individuals aged 20–40 years irrespective of gender with maxillary or mandibular physiologic gingival pigmentation class (III) and (IV) according to the Dummett–Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index (10 treated sites) who had requested an esthetic treatment for gingival hyperpigmentation of the maxillary or mandibular gingiva. The maxilla or the mandible was randomly divided into two symmetrical parts i.e. from the right second premolar to the midline and from the midline to the left second premolar—to receive either Blue M gel or Coe-Pak as a periodontal dressing after surgical depigmentation with a scalpel. Patient preference parameters such as pain was assessed after 24 hours and 7 days of intervention and re-epithelisation index with toluidine blue was assessed after 1 week and 1 month of intervention. The result of the study demonstrated that pain score and re-epithelisation score was less in Test group (Blue M Gel) as compared to control group (COE-PAK) and was found to be statistically significant. :It can be concluded that Blue M gel can also be a better alternative as a periodontal dressing compared to COE-PAK due to its properties of better healing and decreasing post-operative pain.

Development and Validation of the Jawline Subject Satisfaction Scale

Introduction: Research in aesthetic medicine commonly includes evaluations of subject satisfaction with treatment results. However, conventional analytic methods typically generate statistically imprecise ordinal scores. To overcome this limitation, researchers have begun employing the Rasch model, an analytical framework grounded in item response theory. The Rasch model permits scale modifications capable of enhancing measurement accuracy. This study focuses on using the Rasch model to evaluate a scale measuring subject satisfaction following aesthetic treatments to the jawline. Objective: To develop and validate a multiitem, self-administered questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with aesthetic treatment of the jawline. Methods: A 10-item questionnaire [The Jawline Subject Satisfaction Scale (JS3)] was devised to measure subject satisfaction following aesthetic treatments of the jawline. Each question was responded to using a 5-point Likert scale, with response selections ranging from “very much satisfied” to “very much dissatisfied” or “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” The scale's psychometric properties (reliability and separation for items and persons, item and person fit statistics, and unidimensionality and local independence) were validated using a Rasch model based on a dataset collected from a sample of forty subjects. Results: The results of the Rasch analysis revealed high internal consistency of the JS3, with a person reliability estimate of 0.86 and an item reliability estimate of 0.96. The separation estimates for persons and items were 2.50 and 4.72, respectively, demonstrating the scale's ability to differentiate between high and low responders and validating the instrument's construct. All infit and outfit values fell within the established range (0.5-1.5), and the data fit the model of unidimensionality and local independence. Raw score transformations into logits were conducted, which were then converted to Rasch measurements. These measurements are available for use in practice for conducting standard statistical analyses evaluating treatment and/or group effects. Conclusions: The application of the Rasch model produced a valid and reliable scale (ie, JS3) for measuring satisfaction with the appearance of the jawline following aesthetic treatments.

"The Shifting Face of Aesthetic Care: A Systematic Survey of Independent Medspa Directorship and Practitioner Trends in Florida".

The rapid proliferation of medical spas in the US has raised concerns over the continued shift of non-surgical aesthetic treatments away from traditional core specialty integration and supervision, potentially affecting the surgical treatment guidance and education of cosmetic surgery patients. This study aimed to assess the current trends in the growth of independent medspa facilities as well as practitioner supervision, licensing, and specialization in the state of Florida. A comprehensive, statewide survey of all independent medspas in Florida, by municipality, employing Google and Yellow Pages search engines. Information gathered included the number of locations, business stakeholders, and director/practitioner licensing and certification obtained from the Florida Division of Corporations/Department of Health databases and respective medical boards. A total of 1,038 medspas were identified, revealing a 100% increase in number relative to 2021 estimates. Non-physician practitioners represented 84% of medspa providers, with core specialty medical director supervision present in only 22% of facilities and a large proportion of directors lacking specialty training (77%) or board certification (42%). Additionally, 25% of medspas appeared to disregard state guidelines pertaining to medical directorship, autonomous non-physician practice, and numerical/geographic restrictions on directorship, with 96% of facilities lacking licensing/registration with Florida's Agency for Health Care Administration. Medspa growth in Florida has been explosive, with continued departure from core supervision, increasingly limited specialty training/integration, and non-adherence to state guidelines. Enhanced regulation and integrated non-physician practitioner training are likely necessary to ensure patient safety and the cohesive practice of aesthetic medicine and surgery.

Oral health-related quality of life in implant-supported rehabilitations: a prospective single-center observational cohort study

BackgroundOral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) is a comprehensive concept covering daily comfort, self-esteem, and satisfaction with oral health, including functional, psychological, and social aspects, as well as pain experiences. Despite abundant research on OHRQoL related to oral diseases and hygiene, there is limited data on how patients perceive changes after implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate OHRQoL and aesthetic perception using OHIP-14 and VAS scales respectively, before (baseline-TB), during (provisional prostheses-TP), and after (definitive prostheses-TD) implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. It also explored the impact of biological sex, substitution numbers, and aesthetic interventions on OHRQoL and VAS scores, along with changes in OHIP-14 domains.MethodsA longitudinal prospective single-center observational cohort study was conducted with patients requiring implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. Quality of life relating to dental implants was assessed through the Italian version of Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (IOHIP-14), which has a summary score from 14 to 70. Patients’ perceived aesthetic was analyzed through a VAS scale from 0 to 100. Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models, Linear Mixed Effect Models, and Friedman test analyzed patient responses.Results99 patients (35 males, 64 females) aged 61–74, receiving various prosthetic interventions, were enrolled. Both provisional and definitive prosthetic interventions significantly decreased the odds of a worse quality of life compared to baseline, with odds ratios of 0.04 and 0.01 respectively. VAS scores increased significantly after both interventions, with estimated increases of 30.44 and 51.97 points respectively. Patient-level variability was notable, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.43. While biological sex, substitution numbers, and aesthetic interventions didn’t significantly affect VAS scores, OHRQoL domains showed significant changes post-intervention.ConclusionsThese findings support the effectiveness of implant-prosthetic interventions in improving the quality of life and perceived aesthetics of patients undergoing oral rehabilitation. They have important implications for clinical practice, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment approaches to optimize patient outcomes and satisfaction in oral health care.

VISAGISM- A WINDOW TO PERSONALISED SMILE DESIGN

Nowadays, aesthetic treatments are more and more in demand as people’s concerns about their appearance, particularly in the dental industry, have grown. Various principles of a pleasing smile have been put forth by numerous authors, along with guidelines for the ideal structure of the face and teeth. Recently, ideas like Visagism have been combined with these parameters. It places emphasis on the individuality and beauty of each person. It is an art that focuses on developing a unique personal brand that is in tune with aesthetics and each person’s personality and lifestyle.

Comparative Study on the Duration and Efficacy of Various Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections for Reducing Masseteric Muscle Bite Force and Treating Facial Wrinkles.

Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is widely used for minimal invasive aesthetic treatments. Different brands of BoNT/A exhibit structural variations. The aim of this study was to compare the duration and efficacy of various BoNT/A brands available in Thailand for reducing bite force and treating wrinkles. Fifty participants were randomly assigned to one of five groups, with each group receiving a different BoNT/A brand, namely, incobotulinumtoxinA (IncoA), onabotulinumtoxinA (OnaA), abobotulinumtoxinA (AboA), letibotulinumtoxinA (LetiA), and prabotulinumtoxinA (PraboA). BoNT/A was administered to the masseter muscle and the upper face. Bite force was measured before injection and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24weeks post-injection. Evaluation scores for wrinkle improvement were assessed after the treatment. The most significant reduction in bite force occurred between 2 and 4weeks post-injection. PraboA demonstrated the most substantial reduction in bite force, while IncoA had the least effect. However, the percentage of bite force reduction did not exhibit statistical significance between BoNT/A types. Additionally, the reduction in bite force for all BoNT/A types was reversed at 4months post-injection. More than half of the participants experienced improvement beyond 16weeks. The structural differences among BoNT/A brands did not significantly affect the longevity and efficacy of bite force reduction and wrinkle treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: TCTR20211205001 (registered 4 Dec 2021).

Ideology of the Image: Wu Guanzhong's Abstract Expression, 1979–1983

This article examines the discourse of abstraction among Beijing intellectuals in response to the artist Wu Guanzhong's 吴冠中 (1919–2010) published essays on formal and abstract beauty from 1979 and 1980. By introducing Wu through a new critical lens that emphasizes his writings and institutional critique, the author addresses how abstraction was repurposed for early post‐Mao China. Where institutional elites in Beijing regarded painterly abstraction with unease, owing to its continued associations with the bourgeois‐capitalist art worlds of Paris and New York, this article shows how Wu performed an aesthetic intervention through writing, utilizing scientism and Maoist logic to filter abstraction through the still‐hegemonic language of radical materialism, which allowed abstraction to take hold as a renewed term of engagement in the early post‐Mao art world by 1983. This article is a shortened version of a chapter in the author's recently published book.

RESIN INFILTRATION OF HYPOMINERALIZED ENAMEL DEFECTS WITH COMPOSITE RESIN COMBINED RESTORATION: CASE REPORT

The purpose of these case reports is the aesthetic treatment of enamel defects using the resin infiltration method and conservative approach. The treatment of three patients who came to our clinic complaining of an opaque enamel lesion in the upper anterior region is described. During oral examination, it was determined that the teeth were healthy but there were superficial and deep developmental defects. Before starting the restorative procedures, it was planned to treat the teeth using the resin infiltration method. The Icon infiltration technique, which has microinvasion technology, was applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Follow-up examinations were performed at 2, 6, 8 months and 1 year in 3 cases. The most aesthetic results can be achieved in a short time by using the resin infiltration method and minimally invasive approaches. The micro abrasive technique is effective in superficial defects, but is insufficient in more advanced deep enamel defects. A combination of resin infiltration technique, composite resin restoration and bleaching procedures to treat increased opacity, discoloration and defects in the anterior teeth can result in a homogeneous and aesthetic appearance of the teeth.

Cytotoxicity of Bleaching Products: A Systematic Review

The high demand for aesthetic treatments among the population has resulted in a wide array of bleaching products available on the market. It is imperative to investigate the potential adverse effects these products may have on dental health. The objective of this systematic review is to assess, based on available experimental in vitro studies in the scientific literature, whether bleaching products exhibit cytotoxic properties against pulp stem cells and fibroblasts. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the Medline, Scopus, and Lilacs databases using the search formula ((Tooth whitening) OR (bleaching agent)) AND cytotoxicity AND ((stem cell*) OR fibroblast). Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were deemed suitable for full analysis. The most utilized assay in the evaluated studies was the MTT cell viability assay. Fibroblasts emerged as the most scrutinized cell type due to the potential adverse effects of bleaching, such as invasive cervical resorption, which primarily affects the periodontal ligament where fibroblasts are located. It was observed that as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increases, so does the cytotoxicity of the product. Additionally, other factors such as application time, activation methods, and the type of peroxide used also play a significant role. Bleaching products have been shown to exert cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts. Further exploration of the impact of bleaching agents on dental pulp stem cells is warranted to better understand their implications for these cells.

Clear Aligners in Pediatric Dentistry: A Scoping Review.

Today not just adults but also children are affected by their looks and appearance. Their facial and dentalappearance primarily influence how they present themselves in the outside world. Poor esthetic appearance at any age, especially when it comes to children, affects their psychological status. In earlier times, correction of dentition used to be done withcrude methods, after which came the concept of braces, which were fixed on the labial surfaces. Even with these,the patients are equally concerned with their looks throughout the treatment, and thus neither adults nor children are eager to use the standard metallic-looking orthodontic gear. To tackle this problem, researchers have developed several solutions, andclear aligners are the modern and aesthetic answer. For effective tooth movement into the desired position, thin, transparent, plastic aligners known as invisible aligners are used, which are created using the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology. These aligners are analogous to the splints that cover the clinical crowns as well as the marginal gingiva. The treatment requires proper patient motivation as there can be poor compliance by patients. However, it can offer greater dental hygiene, comfort, and an excellent aesthetic experience during treatment. This review highlights the history of fabrication of clear aligners, examining the efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages of transparent aligners for pediatric patients and also dentists. It weighs aspects like aesthetic appeal, comfort, oral hygiene, treatment predictability, and practice efficiency when comparing transparent aligners, like Invisalign, to conventional orthodontic treatments. It also ascertains the applicability and worth of clear aligners in contemporary orthodontic practice, while examining patient happiness, compliance, and overall treatment results.