AES Algorithm Research Articles

S A Review of DES and AES algorithms for image Encryption

Today the encryption of images has be a requirement to protect a secret image from unauthorized arrival. Different techniques have been presented and sophisticated in spatial, frequency and hybrid domains to encrypt the image securely. Depending on on the security requirements, encryption methods can be classified as full encryption or partial encryption. This paper proposes a review of several image encryption methods based on AES and DES. The results of previous research have shown that good results in many security analysis such as time execution, entropy, differential attacks, histogram and others. Comparison between AES and DES based on number of factors are presented in this work.

Comparative Study of RSA Asymmetric Algorithm and AES Algorithm for Data Security

There are many ways to ensure data security, one of the classic way but still effective is to use encryption. Encryption itself has two techniques or algorithms: symmetric-key (also called secret-key) and asymmetric-key encryption (also called public key). In this paper, we proposed an analysis of two algorithm of encryption: RSA and AES algorithm in term of securing digital data. The method used in this research are: RSA and AES analysis, then retrieving the result. The two algorithm is deeply and thoroughly analyzed to discover the effectiveness to secure the data. The Technological Readiness Level (TKT) is at level 6, which means demonstration of a model or prototype or the analysis result of a system or subsystem or a study in a relevant environment. The result concluded that the application of the AES encryption algorithm is more optimal than RSA encryption in digital data security. Because the encryption and decryption process of using the AES algorithm is faster, although the difference in testing time of the two encryption algorithms is not too significant. The entropy value of 4.96 in AES encryption is greater than that of RSA proving that the even distribution of characters in the chiper text code does not accumulate on certain characters so that it will be difficult to attack using frequency analysis.

Comparison of the DES Cryptographic Algorithm and the AES Algorithm in Securing Document Files

The document file security application at the Bengkulu City Education Office was made using the Visual Basic .Net programming language. In this application, 2 cryptographic algorithms have been implemented that can be used to secure document files, especially the employee payroll list file, namely the DES algorithm and the AES algorithm. In addition, this application has also embedded a process to analyze the comparison of the DES and AES algorithms, so that it can be known which algorithm is better to use. The comparison aspect consists of 2 aspects, namely processing time and file size after processing. Based on the tests that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the document file security application at the Bengkulu City Education Office is capable of carrying out the process of encrypting and decrypting document files and the functionality of the application has run as expected. From the test data that has been carried out by the encryption and decryption process, the results obtained based on the encryption processing time show that the AES algorithm is faster than the DES algorithm, based on the decryption processing time it is found that the AES algorithm is faster than the DES algorithm, based on the file size after the encryption process it is found that the DES algorithm and the AES algorithm have the same file size, based on the file size after the decryption process it is found that the DES algorithm and the AES algorithm have the same file size

СТЕГАНОГРАФІЧНА СИСТЕМА ПРИХОВУВАННЯ ТЕКСТОВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ В АУДІОФАЙЛАХ

Audio file steganography can be used as an effective and efficient method to hide messages, but it is a complex process because the human auditory system is sensitive to small changes in audio data. In this article an improved approach for hiding secret text message in audio is presented, combining steganography and cryptography. The Least Significant Bits (LSB) technique, one of the most common and basic methods of steganography, is used as an algorithm for steganographic transformation. The described point of this method is to replace the least significant bits of the audio container with message bits that contain not very useful information, so filling them with additional information has little effect on the quality of perception. Such a significant disadvantage as the low level of reliability is improved by the introduction of a cryptographic layer, the feasibility of which is justified in the article. Cryptographic protection has been added in the form of one of the modern symmetric encryption algorithms – the AES algorithm in the CBC mode. Pseudo-random numbers are used to create a stable cryptokey. The cryptoalgorithm is used to protect the message, which after cryptographic conversion is hidden in the audio file using the steganographic LSB method. The main characteristics of the stegosystem are analyzed. In this paper, the application system of steganographic protection of information in audio files using a cryptographic algorithm is implemented using the environment of Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 and cryptographic libraries, the programming language is C ++. A WAV audio file was used as the digital container. NIST tests were used to assess resistance to stegoanalysis, which according to the results is better using an improved method compared to the classical LSB approach. In addition, the steganographic algorithm is evaluated by visual analysis by comparing the original audio file and the stegofile with the hidden message. The results of the analysis indicate the absence of traces of steganography. Based on the obtained results, it can be argued about the reliability and efficiency of the proposed approach, so the use of LSB-AES technique can be proposed to ensure secure data transmission.

A Robust Security Scheme Based on Enhanced Symmetric Algorithm for MQTT in the Internet of Things

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is expected to be the de facto messaging IoT standard. Therefore, MQTT must achieve efficient security. Nevertheless, the most significant drawback of the MQTT is its lack of protection mechanisms. Meanwhile, the existing approaches have added processing overhead to the devices and are still vulnerable to various attacks. Therefore, this research work presented an integrated scheme known as the Robust Security Scheme (RSS) to protect the MQTT against any exploitations that might result in sophisticated cyberattacks. The proposed RSS employs two cryptosystems: (1) a dynamic variant of the Advanced Encryption Standard (D-AES) and (2) Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE). RSS introduces a new design architecture of the symmetric AES algorithm to encrypt the MQTT payload called D-AES. Additionally, the second part of the proposed hybrid cryptosystem is KP-ABE, which is utilized to cipher the private key of the proposed D-AES to avoid the computation overhead of bilinear maps. The performance of the proposed RSS is measured in terms of processing time and traffic overhead. Additionally, the security aspects are evaluated in terms of balance, avalanche effect, and hamming distance and compared to the existing works in a testbed environment. Results revealed that the proposed D-AES is more promising with improvements than the standard AES algorithm. The proposed scheme achieves polymorphism while maintaining interoperability. RSS exhibited improvements over the standard AES algorithm by 8.75%, 10.45%, and 6.81% in terms of balance, avalanche effect, and hamming distance, respectively.

Ubiquitous Hand-Held Device’s Sigma LFSR Driven Security Model

Mobile data security is crucial in modern communication, especially in financial transactions. This paper introduces a data security mechanism for the banking and financial sectors based on the AES algorithm. Hackers often exploit various techniques to intercept, alter, or steal information during these transactions. The primary objective of this work is to identify effective encryption methods to secure data from such attacks during financial transfers. By integrating the AES algorithm into an Object-Oriented Model, with SIGMA LFSR in the pipeline, the proposed system enhances message confidentiality and aims to improve trust in mobile-based online banking, particularly on client-side applications for handheld devices. With mobile phones becoming an integral part of daily life, security concerns surrounding the storage of sensitive credentials on these devices have increased. This research focuses on applying cryptographic techniques to bolster the security of mobile devices.

Підвищення достовірності автентифікації користувача на основі захищеного електронного ключа та поведінкової біометрії

The rapid spread of software applications in all spheres of human activity necessitates the need to ensure the protection of the data contained in them. Therefore, currently, the issues related to the improvement of authentication methods to prevent unauthorized access to software resources are relevant. To solve these problems, it is important to consider that different types of systems have their own unique requirements for authentication subsystems. In addition, the active development of computer technology makes it possible to break authentication algorithms, which were considered reliable a few years ago. In this regard, the work proposes to improve the reliability of user authentication based on a protected electronic key using the AES algorithm and analysis of the entropy of mouse movements, which is an individual characteristic for each person. The implementation of the electronic key is due to its advantages, such as reduced costs, increasing the convenience of use, reducing the probability of loss or theft, and reducing the risk of attacks through an intermediary. Analyzing the entropy of mouse movements will enable to perform the user authentication based on biometric behavioral characteristics that are universal, unique and permanent. Describing the algorithm of the mouse entropy analysis process, it is worth noting that the feature of tracking dynamic behavioral characteristics is that the user moves the mouse cursor along a complex curve with a speed that changes during the movement. The shape of the curved line and the speed of the cursor movement are determined by a number of physiological and psychological factors, in particular, such as: the size and weight of the hand, the position of the hand and the whole body, the state of the nervous system, user habits, etc. To improve the user authentication algorithm in the protected application, an electronic key using the JSON Web Tokens technology, which allows you to avoid authentication errors, increase the performance and scalability of the application, has been developed. Testing of the developed application will be performed on the basis of unit tests and the study of FAR and FRR indices.

On the Performance of AES Algorithm Variants

On the Performance of AES Algorithm Variants

Problems of AES encryption without hardware acceleration on BROADCOM BCM2711chips

In today’s world, information security plays a critical role in various aspects of our lives. Over the past decade, data encryption has become the primary means of ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. Using modern encryption algorithms, we can protect our data from unauthorized access and malicious use. With the development of technology, single-board computers are becoming more popular and functional. The use of single-board computers can significantly increase the functionality of UAVs. For example, using a single-board computer with real-time video processing capabilities can enable UAVs to perform tasks such as monitoring territories, tracking objects, or even performing search and rescue operations. However, devices such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which require high data processing speeds and low energy consumption, are often limited by the lack of hardware acceleration for encryption algorithms such as AES [1]. This leads to a sharp decrease in encryption and decryption speeds. Such a limitation requires us to search for effective alternatives to the AES algorithm for such devices. Considering these limitations and the need for alternatives, the purpose of this article is to compare the performance of different encryption algorithms on the Broadcom BCM2711, Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC [2]. We analyze the encryption and decryption speeds for AES-256, AES-512, ChaCha12, and ChaCha20 algorithms. This will allow us to understand which algorithm is most effective for use in UAV control systems and other devices built on Bcm2711 that do not have AES hardware acceleration. I hope that this analysis will help developers and engineers choose the optimal encryption algorithm for their systems, considering factors such as speed, security, and hardware limitations.

Data hiding by using AES Algorithm

Data hiding is the art of hiding data for various purposes such as; to maintain private data, secure confidential data and so on. Securely exchange the data over the internet network is very important issue. So, in order to transfer the data securely to the destination, there are many approaches like cryptography and steganography. In this research we propose an AES algorithm for embedding the data into the images which is implemented through the Microsoft .NET framework using the C#.NET.

CCALK: (When) CVA6 Cache Associativity Leaks the Key

In this work, we study an end-to-end implementation of a Prime + Probe covert channel on the CVA6 RISC-V processor implemented on a FPGA target and running a Linux OS. We develop the building blocks of the covert channel and provide a detailed view of its behavior and effectiveness. We propose a realistic scenario for extracting information of an AES-128 encryption algorithm implementation. Throughout this work, we discuss the challenges brought by the presence of a running OS while carrying out a micro architectural covert channel. This includes the effects of having other running processes, unwanted cache evictions and the OS’ timing behavior. We also propose an analysis of the relationship between the data cache’s characteristics and the developed covert channel’s capacity to extract information. According to the results of our experimentations, we present guidelines on how to build and configure a micro architectural covert channel resilient cache in a mono-core mono-thread scenario.

A Secure Storage and Deletion Verification Scheme of Microgrid Data Based on Integrating Blockchain into Edge Computing

A microgrid generates a large amount of power data during daily operation, which needs to be safely transferred, stored, and deleted. In this paper, we propose a secure storage and deletion verification scheme that combines blockchain and edge computing for the problems of limited storage capacity of blockchain and unverifiable data deletion. Firstly, edge computing is used to preprocess power data to reduce the amount of data and to improve the quality of data. Secondly, a hybrid encryption method that combines the improved ElGamal algorithm and the AES-256 algorithm is used to encrypt outsourcing data, and a secure storage chain is built based on the K-Raft consensus protocol to ensure the security of data in the transmission process. Finally, after initiating a data deletion request and successfully deleting the data, a deletion proof is generated and stored in the chain built, based on the Streamlet consensus protocol. The experimental results illustrate that the basic computing cost, block generation time, and communication delay of this scheme are the most efficient; the efficiency of the improved ElGamal algorithm is three times that of the traditional algorithm; the transaction throughput of the the double-layer blockchain can reach 13,000 tps at most. This scheme can realize the safe storage of microgrid data, and can also realize the efficient deletion and verification of outsourcing data.

Implementation Cryptography and Access Control on IoT-Based Warehouse Inventory Management System

Warehousing is a product storage management activity to ensure product availability, so inventory management is needed to oversee the movement of logistics and equipment. Some things need to be considered in the storage process, such as the suitability of the storage location, safe from theft, and safe from physical disturbances. Vulnerabilities can occur when unauthorized users find out information from the database regarding stored goods, so a security mechanism for the warehouse database is needed. In addition, proper identification needs to be made of someone trying to access the database. In this research, a Warehouse Inventory Management System (WIMS) was created by implementing the AES-128 cryptographic algorithm, which was built using ESP32 and Raspberry Pi 3 devices. Time Password (T-OTP). The results show that the built system can overcome inventory problems in conventional warehousing management systems and implement data security using the AES-128 algorithm. The application of two-factor authentication in the form of smartcards and T-OTP shows very good results in testing its accuracy to overcome the vulnerability of unauthorized access to the system database

Encryption Symmetric secret Key in Wireless Sensor Network Using AES Algorithm

Wireless sensor network (WSN) security is an important component for protecting data from an attacker. For improving security, cryptography technologies are divided into two kinds: symmetric and asymmetric. Therefore, the implementation of protocols for generating a secret key takes a long time in comparison to the sensor’s limitations, which decrease network throughput because they are based on an asymmetric method. The asymmetric algorithms are complex and decrease network throughput. In this paper, an encryption symmetric secret key in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is proposed. In this work, 24 experiments are proposed, which are encryption using the AES algorithm in the cases of 1 key, 10 keys, 25 keys, and 50 keys. In each experiment, two chains are combined by using a hash function (SHA-2) to produce secret keys. The Network Simulator Version 2 (NS2) was used to assess the network throughput for the generated key. The randomness of the suggested LWM method has been tested by using the Diehard statistical test and the Entropy test. The results of the tests show that the encryption secret keys have a high level of data randomness.

Secret Communication Using Multi-Image Steganography and Face Recognition

Abstract: Our Proposed system is to develop a Web Application for hiding information in any image file to ensure the safety of the exchange of data between different military parties and provide better security during message transmission. The scope of the project is the implementation of steganography tools for hiding information including any type of information file and image file and the path where the user wants to save the image and extruded file. We use the LSB technique. The proposed approach is to use a steganography algorithm for embedding data in the image files for military applications. For security purposes we used modules face Recognition technique with AES algorithm for Strong Security purpose. And we use the cover channel technique as an information hiding technique that can be exploited by a process to transfer information in a manner that violates the system security policies. And we use copyright marking techniques. In short, Cover Channels transfer information using nonstandard methods against the system design.d. Deep learning techniques used for image steganography can be broadly divided into three categories - traditional methods, Convolutional Neural Network-based and General Adversarial Network-based methods. Along with the methodology, an elaborate summary on the datasets used, experimental set-ups considered and the evaluation metrics commonly used are described in this paper. A table summarizing all the details are also provided for easy reference. This paper aims to help the fellow researchers by compiling the current trends, challenges and some future direction in this field.

Generation Initial Key of the AES Algorithm based on Randomized and Chaotic System

information security is a critical concern and a top priority for many communications networks. Cryptography is a suitable method of data security that can be used to maintain the secrecy and authenticity of information and can improve the privacy aspect of the data. The AES algorithm is one of the most important encryption algorithms and the best in protecting data. In this paper, a comparison was made between two different methods for the generation initial key of the key expansion of the AES-192 algorithm, in the first method, the initial key generated by the user (chose a random key by the user), and in the second method, the initial key generated by the chaotic system (which used the logistic function to generate the numbers chaotically). After testing the two methods, the second method that used a chaotic system is faster and more secure than the first method. Also, the encryption and decryption operations using the key generated by the chaotic system were faster when applying it to various sizes of text files and the plaintext is difficult to discover from the ciphertext. When comparing the proposed method to earlier experiments, it is both quicker and messier than earlier encryption techniques.

FPGA Implementation of Enhanced Throughput Design of AES Architecture using Nikhilam Sutra

The exponential growth of the internet and contemporary communications users have established safety as a fundamental design feature for encrypted transmission. The Enhanced Cryptography Standard is perhaps the most widely used cryptography information security algorithm standard that has been authorized by NIST. This paper proposes a high-throughput design for the AES Algorithm with huge key sizes. AES would be a block cipher that ensures data security by using key lengths of 128,192 and 256-bits. The design concept focuses on a 256-bit key size classification algorithm since a big key size is required to ensure excellent security. Additionally, simultaneous key expansion & encryption/decryption processes would be pipelined to maximize speed. Parallelization of a key expansion module's sub-processes would be used to reduce the critical chain latency. The S-box comprising sub-byte & inverse sub-byte operations has been developed with compound field arithmetic operations to reduce time and area further. The work Increased throughput by 50%, area reduced by 34.32 %, and latency by 20% compared to the old approach with modified nikhilam sutra. Additionally, integrated AES encryption/decryption is planned and implemented on the FPGA Zed board utilizing Verilog HDL in Xilinx Vivado.

An Architecture for Managing Data Privacy in Healthcare with Blockchain.

With the fast development of blockchain technology in the latest years, its application in scenarios that require privacy, such as health area, have become encouraged and widely discussed. This paper presents an architecture to ensure the privacy of health-related data, which are stored and shared within a blockchain network in a decentralized manner, through the use of encryption with the RSA, ECC, and AES algorithms. Evaluation tests were performed to verify the impact of cryptography on the proposed architecture in terms of computational effort, memory usage, and execution time. The results demonstrate an impact mainly on the execution time and on the increase in the computational effort for sending data to the blockchain, which is justifiable considering the privacy and security provided with the architecture and encryption.

A secured internet of robotic things (IoRT) for long-term care services in a smart building.

Long-term care refers to any support, both medical and non-medical, provided to the elderly with a chronic illness or disability due to physical or mental conditions. Since the cost of long-term care insurance is not inexpensive, low-cost devices and sensors can be used to create medical assistance systems to reduce human maintenance costs. The requirement of security and privacy under healthcare information protection is a critical issue for internet of medical things (IoMT) data transmission. In this paper, we designed an IoMT security robot for a long-term care system. The goal of this IoMT security robot is to provide secure transmission of the residents’ private information. It is composed of three layers, namely, collection, encryption, and transmission. The function of the IoMT security robot is to first collect data from the patient or the elderly, then provide efficient data encryption, and deliver secured data transmission mechanisms to send the valuable data to the cloud. This IoMT security robot also has a server authentication mechanism, and a support IoT and IoMT devices inspection function. Our evaluation results showed that even when we utilized a low power consumption device like Raspberry Pi, AES algorithm achieved an encrypt and decrypt of 100–100 K bytes under 9 ms, which is a lot better than ECC, which takes about 104 ms. Further, we found that the AES only takes 0.00015 s to decrypt 100 Bytes data, which is way faster than the ECC algorithm, which takes 0.09 s.

Proposed new modification of AES algorithm for data security

In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as cipher text. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a cipher text back to plaintext and access the original information. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor. AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution–permutation network, and is efficient in both software and hardware. Unlike its predecessor DES, AES does not use a Feistel network. AES is a variant of Rijndael, with a fixed block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. By contrast, Rijndael per se is specified with block and key sizes that may be any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits. In this research, a method has been suggested using the encryption algorithm multiple and serially since it was used4) - AES (implemented serially. The proposed algorithm is faster because it encrypts 64 bytes together. It encrypts all kinds of data and the number of files that are encrypted (2048) file and in one as it is possible to encrypt several files or one file at the same time. The performance of this technique has been done by computer using mathlab package.