Aeromonas Research Articles

Prevalence, Etiology and Risk Factors of Endometritis in Zebus Cattle Slaughtered at the Municipal Abattoir of Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon

Objective: Identification of pathogens and risk factors associated with bovine endometritis is helpful in treatment and management decisions. This study was aim to determine the prevalence, etiology and risk factors of endometritis at the Ngaoundere municipal abattoir. Specifically, it was a question of characterizing slaughtered cows, evaluating the prevalence of endometritis, determining the bacterial species involved in endometritis, determining the risk factors for endometritis and the correlated effect of risk factors on the bacterial species responsible for the endometritis. Methodology: Three hundred and forty-four non-pregnant zebus cows slaughtered at the abattoir of Ngaoundere were evaluated. They were characterized and their uteri were collected, cleaned and the diameters of the cervix and uterine horns were measured using an electronic caliper. The affected uteri were sampled to determine the bacterial species responsible for the endometritis. Results: Data analysis revealed a prevalence of 12.5% for endometritis (at 95% CI). The bacteria species: Citrobacter braakii, Actinomyces pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bulkhoderia cepacia, Provendencia stuartii and Salmonella spp with the following proportions: 41,86%; 20,93%; 11,62%; 9,30%; 4,65%; 4,65%; 2,32%; 2,32% and 2,32%, respectively, were recorded in the positive cows. The correlation between the risk factors and the bacterial species showed that; there is a direct relation between the season and Citrobacter braakii; the rainy season and Citrobacter braakii was found to have correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 1, respectively. Nevertheless, moderate correlation values were observed between the bacteria species and the BCS (body condition score); emaciated animals and bacteria species; the Red Fulani breed and Escherichia coli with correlation coefficients of 0.42; 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Conclusion: Endometritis is present in the bovine population ofAdamawa, and the age of the animals was a principal risk factor, with the age group (5-9 years) being the highest risk group.

Antibiotic and Metal Resistance offered by Aeromonas species isolated from Edible Fishes in Chennai, Tamil Nadu: A Field Investigation

Antibiotic and Metal Resistance offered by Aeromonas species isolated from Edible Fishes in Chennai, Tamil Nadu: A Field Investigation

Microbiological evaluation of minimally processed and marketed fish in popular market of the city of Tepic Nayarit, Mexico Sanitary quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Introduction Foodborne Diseases (FD) are considered a syndrome caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or water with etiological agents in amounts that affect the health of the consumer. These diseases are characterized by the appearance of a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, ranging from nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever; and in some cases severe complications, such as sepsis, meningitis, abortions, Reiter's syndrome, Guillan Barre syndrome or death (51). Foodborne diseases are established as a major challenge in public health worldwide, due to their high morbidity and mortality. These diseases have, as main population target, groups affecting children, pregnant women and the elderly, leading to economic losses, high costs in health services, implementation and monitoring of food safety policies (2,42,47). Approximately 250 agents causing foodborne diseases have been described, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions, toxins, chemicals and metals (27,42). The most frequent FD are those of biological origin, having mainly as causative agents to bacteria: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Yersinia spp., Escherichia coli, S. aureus, Aeromonas hydrofila, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, among others (27,47,51). In recent years, the increase in these diseases has as contributing factors the commercial globalization of food, urbanization, changes in the eating habits of societ

An in silico analysis of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in Aeromonas plasmids.

Sequences of 105 Aeromonas species plasmids were probed for acquired anti-microbial resistance (AMR) genes using a bioinformatics approach. The plasmids showed no positive linear correlation between size and GC content and up to 55 acquired AMR genes were found in 39 (37%) plasmids after in silico screening for resistance against 15 antibiotic drug classes. Overall, potential multiple antibiotic resistance (p-MAR) index ranged from 0.07 to 0.53. Up to 18 plasmids were predicted to mediate multiple drug resistance (MDR). Plasmids pS121-1a (A. salmonicida), pWCX23_1 (A. hydrophila) and pASP-a58 (A. veronii) harboured 18, 15 and 14 AMR genes respectively. The five most occurring drug classes for which AMR genes were detected were aminoglycosides (27%), followed by beta-lactams (17%), sulphonamides (13%), fluoroquinolones (13%), and phenicols (10%). The most prevalent genes were a sulphonamide resistant gene Sul1, the gene aac (6′)-Ib-cr (aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyl transferase type Ib-cr) resistant to aminoglycosides and the blaKPC-2 gene, which encodes carbapenemase-production. Plasmid acquisition of AMR genes was mainly inter-genus rather than intra-genus. Eighteen plasmids showed template or host genes acquired from Pseudomonas monteilii, Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli. The most occurring antimicrobial resistance determinants (ARDs) were beta-lactamase, followed by aminoglycosides acetyl-transferases, and then efflux pumps. Screening of new isolates in vitro and in vivo is required to ascertain the level of phenotypic expression of colistin and other acquired AMR genes detected.

Phylogenetic characteristics, virulence and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas caviae isolated from foodborne and environmental samples

Objective To identify 49 Aeromonas caviae strains isolated form foodborne and environmental samples and analyze their virulence and antibiotic resistance. Methods All strains were identified by VITEK and API 20NE. Two housekeeping genes, gryB and rpoD, were amplified by PCR for phylogenetic analysis. Virulence genes including act, alt, ast, lip, ahp, aerA, hlyA, ompA1 and fla were detected by PCR. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains was tested with AST-GN16 kit. Results Fifty-four Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila strains were identified by biochemical tests. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there were 49 Aeromonas caviae strains, four Aeromonas hydrophila strains and one Aeromonas taiwanensis strain. The positive rates of alt, lip, ompA1, fla, act, aerA and hlyA genes were 100.00%, 100.00%, 79.59%, 14.29%, 2.04%, 2.04% and 2.04%, respectively. None of the isolates carried ast or ahp gene. A total of four virulence gene combination patterns were detected, and the predominant pattern was alt/lip/ompA1 (32/49). Antibiotic resistance rates of the Aeromonas caviae strains to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamet hoxoazole and aztreonam were 79.59%, 14.29%, 10.20%, 6.12%, 4.08%, 4.08% and 2.04%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to piparacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, tigacycline and nitrofurantoin. Two multidrug-resistant strains were detected. Conclusions Aeromonas caviae/Aeromonas hydrophila can be effectively identified by the housekeeping genes gyrB and rpoD, and the closely related Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas taiwanensis strains can be identified by rpoD. All Aeromonas caviae strains carried two or more virulence genes and one strain isolated from environment was positive for seven virulence genes. Aeromonas caviae strains were generally resistant to penicillin, which was mainly relate to the production of β-lactamase. No strain was resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines or furans. Multidrug-resistant strains were observed in food and drinking water. Key words: Aeromonas caviae; Aeromonas hydrophila; Phylogenetic analysis; gyrB gene; rpoD gene; Virulence gene; Antibiotic resistance

Preliminary study on the correlation between diversity of biliary flora and recurrence of common bile duct stones

Objective To investigate the correlation between the diversity of biliary bacterial flora and the recurrence of common bile duct stones. Methods From September 2018 to March 2019, 48 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled and divided into primary choledocholithiasis (primary group, 38 patients) and recurrent choledocholithiasis group (recurrent group, 10 patients). The bile of the patients of the two groups was collected and analyzed with high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA. The Chao1 estimator indicated the richness of the biliary bacterial flora, and Shannon index and Simpson index demonstrated the diversity of biliary bacterial flora. The bacterial flora distribution was explored from different levels of phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Chi-square test and t test were performed for statistical analysis. Results The Chao1 estimator of the primary group was higher than that of the recurrent group (419.413±118.704 vs. 396.000±70.483), and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.130, P=0.003). At the level of the phylum, the highest abundance of bacteria in the primary group was Firmicute (56.48%), the highest abundance of bacteria in the recurrent group was Proteobacteria (57.79%). The dominant bacteria of the recurrent group was Proteobacteria, which was inconsistent with that of the primary group, and there were significant differences in the distribution of Proteobacteria and Firmicute between two groups (χ2=0.962 and -2.619, both P<0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Bacillus and Lactococcus of the recurrent group were both lower than those of the primary group (9.75% vs. 20.77%, 10.86% vs. 22.01%, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=0.354 and 0.503, both P<0.05). The abundance of Morganella of the recurrent group was higher than that of the primary group (9.00% vs. 0.44%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=-2.025, P=0.049). At the species level, the abundance of Bacillus unclassified, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Bacillus circulans of the primary group were all higher than those of the recurrent group (17.78% vs. 8.84%, 2.39% vs. 1.11%, 2.59% vs. 0.74%, respectively), and the differences were all statistically significant (χ2=2.540, 2.643 and 2.515, all P<0.05). The abundance of Aeromonas veronii of recurrent group was higher than that of the primary group (2.04% vs. 0.01%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=-2.397, P=0.021). The bacteria that had significant effects in the primary group included Lactococcus (P=0.012), Lactobacillus (P=0.033) and Geobacillus (P=0.021), while in the recurrent group, which included Enterobacter (P=0.007), Aeromonadaceae (P=0.001), Actinomycetes (P=0.009), and Aeromonas (P=0.001). Conclusions There are differences in abundance and composition of biliary bacterial flora between the recurrent group and the primary group. It remains to be further studied whether the changes of some bacterial flora correlated with the recurrence of common bile duct stones. Key words: Choledocholithiasis; Recurrence of choledocholithiasis; Biliary flora; 16S rRNA

Metabolic Functional Analysis of Dominant Microbial Communities in the Rapid Sand Filters for Drinking Water

Rapid sand filter (RSF) is widely used in drinking water treatment plants. Rapid filtration is always considered a physicochemical process, but the effect of the microorganisms that attach to the filter media remain inadequately investigated. In order to understand the composition and functional characteristics of microbial communities in RSFs, influent water, effluent water, and filter materials from eleven RSFs in eight Chinese cities were sampled and analyzed. After filtration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a slight but significant removal due to the growth of heterotrophic microbes. The activity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes and nitrite-oxidizing microbes promoted a significant decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and a significant increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in water. No significant changes in total nitrogen (TN) were observed, indicating that denitrification and anammox were weak in the RSFs. The composition and function of the microbial communities of RSFs were assessed using metagenomic methods. Genera in the top 10% with respect to relative abundance (14 genera in total) were identified as the dominant genera, including the two ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas. Functional gene information for the dominant genera was also extracted for analysis. The dominant genera exhibited higher relative abundances of carbohydrate, nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotic metabolic pathways. Aeromonas had the highest relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolic genes, and Bradyrhizobium had the highest relative abundance of nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotics metabolic genes, indicating that these two genera play an important role in the transformation of substances in drinking water. Finally, the metabolic potential of the dominant genera on xenobiotics was evaluated, and the results showed that Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, Methyloglobulus, Sphingopyxis, and Klebsiella were the key bacterial genera for the removal of micropollutants in RSFs.

Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp.

Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp.

Effectiveness of ambon banana stem juice as immunostimulatory against Aeromonas hydrophila infections in catfish Clarias gariepinus

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Outbreaks of infectious diseases due to &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; in catfish can cause high death rates (80–100%). Fish disease control can be done using phytopharmaceutical to prevent or treat diseases of fish. One of the phytopharmaceutical that known to prevent the fish diseases is ambon banana stem &lt;em&gt;Musa cavendishii&lt;/em&gt; var. dwarf Paxton. This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of catfish immersion using banana stem juice as an immunostimulant against bacterial infections &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. The observed parameters were a total performance of production, hematological test, and water quality. Immersion of catfish seeds with stem juice was performed at a concentration of 5 mL/L, 13 mL/L, and 21 mL/L for 30 minutes. Each treatment consisted of three replications. A total of 15 fishes were immersed in 1.5 L water. At day-9 after immersion, fish was infected by &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; bacteria at a dose of 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL. The results showed that fish treated with banana stem juice at a concentration of 13 mL/L had the survival rate of 53.33±6.67% which is higher than positive control (33.33±6.67%). Based on hematology observations on the 3rd day post-challenge test (H12) with &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, total leukocytes, phagocytic activity, differential leukocyte, and lysozyme activity was highest in treatment13 mL/L. Lower feed conversion ratio (1.08±0.04) were also obtained in treatment 13 mL/L. Thus Immersion of seeds in stem juice can boost the immune system against infections &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, ambon banana stem juice, soaking, catfish, immune system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Wabah penyakit akibat infeksi &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; pada ikan lele dapat menyebabkan tingkat kematian yang tinggi (80–100%). Penanggulangan penyakit ikan dapat dilakukan menggunakan fitofarmaka untuk mencegah ataupun mengobati penyakit ikan. Salah satu fitofarmaka yang dapat digunakan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit ikan adalah batang pisang ambon lumut &lt;em&gt;Musa cavendishii&lt;/em&gt; var. dwarf Paxton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas perendaman benih ikan lele dengan menggunakan air perasan batang pisang ambon sebagai imunostimulan terhadap infeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian adalah kinerja produksi, uji hematologi dan pengukuran kualitas air. Perendaman benih ikan lele dengan air perasan dilakukan pada konsentrasi 5 mL/L, 13 mL/L, dan 21 mL/L selama 30 menit. Pada hari ke-9 setelah perendaman, ikan diinfeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;pada kepadatan 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; cfu/mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perendaman ikan dengan air perasan pada konsentrasi 13 mL/L memiliki kelangsungan hidup yakni sebesar 53,33±6,67%, lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (33,33±6,67%). Berdasarkan pengamatan pada uji hematologi hari ke-3 pascauji tantang (H12) dengan bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, total eritrosit, hemoglobin, total leukosit, aktivitas fagositik, dan aktivitas lisozim tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan konsentrasi 13 mL/L. Rasio konversi pakan yang rendah (1,08±0,04) juga terdapat pada perlakuan 13 mL/L. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perendaman benih ikan lele pada air perasan dapat meningkatkan sistem imun terhadap infeksi bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Kata kunci: &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, air perasan batang pisang ambon, perendaman, ikan lele, sistem imun&lt;/p&gt;

Vaccination in Nile tilapia broodstock with whole cell vaccine and disease resistance in its fry against Aeromonas hydrophila

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;The aim of this study was to analyze the effectivity of vaccination in Nile tilapia broodstock with whole cell vaccine and disease resistance in fry tilapia against &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. Tilapia Nirwana strain that used for this had average body weight of 185±13.23 g and were maintained in ponds sizing of (2.5×2.5×1 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). Vaccinations that has been done through intraperitoneal injection using dose of 0.1 mL/fish, meanwhile the fish for control was injected by phosphate buffered saline (PBS). This study used complete randomized design with two treatments and three replications. Antibody level was measured by using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in the broodstock, egg, and fry. Challenge test in fry tilapia performed at the age of 5, 10, and 15 days. The results showed that vaccination in tilapia broodstock delivered a significant antibody level in broodstock, eggs, and fry (P&amp;lt;0.05) compared to the control. Relative percent survival of offspring at 5, 10, and 15 days were 78.26%, 70.59%, and 65.52%, respectively. As a conclusion, vaccination in tilapia broodstock was effective to improve specific and non-specific immunity, and protect fry tilapia from &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; infection through maternal immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: vaccination, antibody, maternal immunity, tilapia, &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efikasi vaksinasi pada induk nila dengan vaksin sel utuh dan ketahanan benih yang dihasilkan terhadap &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;. Ikan nila stain Nirwana yang digunakan dalam penelitian memiliki bobot rata-rata 185±13,23 g dan ikan dipelihara dalam kolam (2,5×2,5×1 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). vaksinasi dilakukan melalui penyuntikan intraperitoneal dengan dosis 0,1 mL/ikan, sementara itu ikan kontrol disuntik dengan &lt;em&gt;phosphate buffered saline&lt;/em&gt; (PBS). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan dua perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Tingkat antibodi diukur dengan menggunakan metode indirect &lt;em&gt;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay&lt;/em&gt; (ELISA) pada induk, telur dan benih. Uji tantang pada benih dilakukan pada umur 5, 10, dan 15 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa vaksinasi pada induk nila secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan level antibodi pada induk, telur, dan benih (P&amp;lt;0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kelangsungan hidup relatif pada benih berumur 5, 10, dan 15 hari masing-masing adalah 78,26%; 70,59%; dan 65,52%. Sebagai kesimpulan vaksinasi pada induk nila efektif dalam memperbaiki imunitas spesifik dan non spesifik serta melindungi benih dari infeksi &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt; melalui imunitas maternal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: vaksinasi, antibodi, imunitas maternal, ikan nila, &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Dispersal patterns of endogenous bacteria among grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) guts

The formation and regulation of vertebrate endogenous intestinal microbiota has been widely studied as the microbiota plays a crucial role in the host nutrition, development, and health. Despite the importance of microbiota for host health, it is still unclear whether the endogenous intestinal microorganisms are genetically distinct or whether they are genetically related with each other in different host individuals. In the present study, the dispersal situation of the endogenous intestinal bacteria in grass carp was investigated by constructing bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The results indicate that the bacteria harbored in the grass carp gut could be separated into the following two groups: a- the private operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which include Cetobacterium somerae, Aeromonas jandaei, Citrobacter freundii, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Bacteroides species; b- the shared OTUs, which include Vibrio cholerae, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Pasteurella speices. The results obtained in this investigation provide valuable information for assessing the mechanism of spread of the endogenous intestinal bacteria, especially the pathogenic ones. However, the mechanisms involved in different modes of bacterial dispersal in the grass carp gut still require further research.

Bacterial pathogens and health problems of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and Acipenser baerii sturgeons reared in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.

Farming sturgeons is an economically important practice in a number of Asian and European countries. However, since it is not widely implementedin Turkey, fertilized eggs necessary for research and industrial activities are imported from Germany. Due to the interest of several fish farms in culturing sturgeon in Turkey and the lack of relevant data, this study investigated bacteria related health problems of two different sturgeon species, the diamond sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). The fungal, parasitic and bacterial pathogens found in these fish were investigated until the fish reached about 3 kg of weight (3+ years). A number of bacterial disease pathogens (Acinetobacter radioresistens, some Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species and Bacillus mycoides) and parasite Trichodina sp. and fungus Saprolegnia sp. were identified in the fish. Both phenotypic and molecular characterizations of the isolated bacteria were performed. Furthermore, swim bladder and spinal problems, cannibalism, tumor growth and mechanical injuries on the external surface of the fish were observed during the study period.

&lt;i&gt;Aeromonas veronii&lt;/i&gt; Infection Associated with High Morbidity and Mortality in Farmed European Seabass &lt;i&gt;Dicentrarchus labrax&lt;/i&gt; in the Aegean Sea, Greece

&lt;i&gt;Aeromonas veronii&lt;/i&gt; Infection Associated with High Morbidity and Mortality in Farmed European Seabass &lt;i&gt;Dicentrarchus labrax&lt;/i&gt; in the Aegean Sea, Greece

An Outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila Food Poisoning in Deptsang Village, Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhutan, 2016.

An outbreak investigation was carried out to determine the cause and confirm the source of food poisoning in Deptsang village for implementing prevention and control measures. We conducted a retrospective cohort study for the outbreak investigation. Stool specimens were collected from cases to perform culture and antibiogram. The team also inspected the environment and hygiene practices in both the construction site and the entire community. The association between the exposure to carcass meat and their outcome of acute gastroenteritis was assessed by risk ratio. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Fifty-five villagers consumed the carcass meat during lunch and dinner resulting in 33 cases. Multi-drug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from stool specimens of cases, which were susceptible to chloramphenicol only. A risk ratio of 2.1 was found between those people who consumed the carcass meat and those who did not consume the carcass meat (P<0.001). The current outbreak of food poisoning was caused by the consumption of carcass meat contaminated with A. hydrophila. Provision of health education with emphasis on food hygiene is needed in remote areas to prevent such outbreaks in the future.

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a piscidin gene in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

The piscidin family, which includes potent antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum activity, plays an important role in the innate immune system of fish. In this study, we cloned piscidin-5-like type 3 (Lcpis5lt3) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Multiple alignments with other known piscidins revealed amino acid conservation throughout the fish, especially at the signal peptide (22 amino acids). The phylogenetic tree confirmed that Lcpis5lt3 and large yellow croaker piscidin-5-like proteins were grouped together to form a branch. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that Lcpis5lt3 was expressed in a wide range of tissues, including the brain, muscle, gill, head kidney, intestine, kidney, liver, and spleen. The highest mRNA expression level of Lcpis5lt3 was found in the spleen. After Vibrio alginolyticus infection, mRNA expression was rapidly upregulated in the liver, head kidney, gill, kidney, and intestine at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post infection (hpi), whereas there were no significant changes in the spleen. The antimicrobial spectrum showed that the synthetic mature peptide of Lcpis5lt3 exhibited different activity in vitro against various bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, survival rates from the in vivo assay indicated that the synthetic peptide of Lcpis5lt3 increased the survival rate of large yellow croaker after V. alginolyticus challenge, resulting in a decline in bacterial burden and mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These data suggest that Lcpis5lt3 plays an important role in innate immunity in large yellow croaker and might represent a potential therapeutic agent against pathogen invasion.

Purification and Characterization of Heparin Degrading Enzyme by isolated bacteria from brackish sediment

The heparinase-producing bacteria was isolated from brackish sediment and identified by morphological characteristic and 16S rRNA gene. The nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA indicated highest similarity (97%-100%) with genus Aeromonas . The isolate was subsequently described as Aeromonas sp. RYA_En1. The crude intracellular enzyme produced by Aeromonas sp. RYA_En1 was partial purified by ammonium sulphate, ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography, respectively. The active fraction obtained from gel filtration chromatography yielded enzyme production and enzyme specific activity of 410 U/L and 0.63 U/mg protein, respectively. Then, the purified fraction was determined for the optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme activities which were at 37 ° C and pH of 7.0, respectively. In addition, the molecular weight of the purified enzyme determined by the SDS-PAGE was approximately 90 kDa.

Isolation, Identification, and Antibiotics Resistance of Aeromonas spp. from Lakes of Udaipur (Rajasthan), India

Aim: Aeromonas spp. are commonly found in freshwater ecosystems. Aeromonas is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes which causes aeromonasis in humans and are also pathogenic for aquatic and terrestrial animals. In this study, an attempt has been made to isolate Aeromonas spp. from lakes of Udaipur, namely, Fateh Sagar and Pichhola and to test their antibiotic resistance. Materials and Methods: The isolates were recovered on nutrient agar medium and screened for their growth on Aeromonas selective agar medium. Selected isolates were subjected to biochemical characterization. For molecular characterization, genomic DNA of all the isolates was amplified using universal primers 27 F and 1492 R, and amplified products were subjected for sequencing to confirm their identification. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against 15 commonly used antibiotics, i.e., gentamycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, penicillin, polymyxin B, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, cefixime, and trimethoprim by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: Out of 116 isolates, a total of 14 strains able to grow on Aeromonas selective agar medium were selected. They were identified and grouped into 2 species as Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas hydrophila according to their biochemical and molecular characteristics. All the strains, which were identified as A. veronii, were found resistant to 8 antibiotics, namely, AMP, penicillin, VA, kanamycin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, erythromycin, and streptomycin. All the strains, which were identified as A. hydrophila, were found resistant to 10 antibiotics, namely, ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, erythromycin, streptomycin amikacin, and trimethoprim out of 15 antibiotics used in the study. Conclusion: The results indicated that the water of both the lakes was contaminated with multi-antibiotic-resistant enteric pathogenic bacteria. This study thus provides valuable information for making policy decisions aimed at reducing microbial contamination of lake water and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Intestinal microbiota composition with probiotic potential of three species of the genus Chirostoma

The aim of this research was to identify the microbiota that was found in C, jordani, C. humboldtianum and C. estor to obtain those strains with probiotic capacity and can be used in Chirostoma sp. culture. Pre-adult stages were obtained for dissection and gain an intestinal tissue portion and get pure strains throughout consecutive reseeding in NHI and TSA agar plates. Then proceeded to the molecular identification with RNAr 16S sequencing gen and establish their probiotic capacity growing them in acid pH, bile salts, pathogen inhibition to Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio fluvialisin vitro and with antibiotics according to FAO (2006) and Balcazar et al . (2006) techniques. Results shown that analyzed Chirostoma sp. from intestinal tract were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes identifying 60 strains, 40% of them were from C. jordani ; 30% from C. humboldtianum and 20% of strains were from C. estor . The three analyzed species share some bacterial groups even if they were grown in different environmental conditions. The common species strains were Lactobacillus sp., L.crispatus , Bacillus subtilis , B. sp., Aeromonashydrophila, A. hydrophila caviae, Vibrio fluvialis and Pseudomonaluteola . The only bacterial species that resisted stress experiments, correspond to Bacillus sp. genus represented by Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus sp. and Bacillus laterodporus , so they are good probiotics candidates for culture of Chirostoma sp. genus.

Analysis of the bacteria spectrum and clinical treatment of topical skin infection during soft tissue expander implantation

To analyze the identification and antibiotics susceptibility of infectious bacteria obtained from the topic skin infection during soft tissue expander implantation. A retrospective analysis of 121 cases with local infections during soft tissue expander implantation between 2003 to 2012 in Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital was performed. The efficacy of clinical management of local infection was evaluated. Laboratory examination on exudates bacterial pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility were performed. . Based on the severity of wound infection, change of dressings, wound debridement, exudates drainage and intravenous antibiotics administration were applied. All infections were successfully controlled although the expanders were removed in 16 cases with severe infections. Total success rate of expansion in this cohort was 89.33％.Twenty-nine exudates samples collected from either skin rupture wounds or skin outlets of connector tubes of externally placed infusion ports in 29 patients underwent bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility test. The 23 samples showed positive while the rest 6 samples showed negative on bacterial identification in the bacterial culture test.Staphylococcus aureus strain was found in 20 samples (86.96％),Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1 sample, Klinefelter Citrobacter in 1 sample, and Aeromonas hydrophila in 1 sample. More than 80％ of the pathogens were susceptive to cefazolin, oxacillin, and levofloxacin. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen of infection at expander implantation site. The local dressing change,surgical debridement, continuous infusion drainage, and the use intravenous antibiotics are the effective managements

Aeromonas hydrophila and Campylobacter jejuni isolated in fresh tuna (Thunnus spp.) sold in São Paulo, Brazil

Aeromonas hydrophila e Campylobacter jejuni são bactérias de importância emergente em saúde pública, porém com escassos trabalhos publicados na área de pescado. O presente estudo investigou a presença de Aeromonas hydrophila e Campylobacter jejuni em amostras de atum (Thunnus spp.) fresco, capturados no litoral de Santa Catarina e distribuídos no comércio atacadista de São Paulo, SP. Foram colhidas 85 amostras de filé de atum e processadas por análises bacteriológicas e PCR. Do total, 11/85 (13%) amostras foram positivas para Aeromonas spp., sendo 10/11 (90,9%) confirmadas como Aeromonas hydrophila pela PCR. Para Campylobacter spp., 10/85 (11,7%) foram positivas, sendo 10/10 (100%) identificadas como Campylobacter jejuni pelas provas bioquímicas tradicionais e PCR ressaltando-se que duas (2/85 - 2,3%) amostras de atum albergavam ambos os patógenos. Trata-se do primeiro relato no Brasil de contaminação de atum fresco por Campylobacter jejuni e Aeromonas hydrophila, indicando que este alimento ingerido in natura pode ser um veículo de transmissão de agentes patogênicos, ressaltando-se a importância de estudos adicionais que deem suporte ao controle desses microrganismos em pescado consumido cru.