Aerobic Zone Research Articles

Effect of thermite on the infrared radiation performance of Mg4Al3/PTFE/Viton agents

ABSTRACT To improve the infrared radiation performance of the Mg4Al3/PTFE/Viton agents (MATV), three higher energy magnesium thermite, Mg-Fe2O3, Mg-MnO2 and Mg-MoO3, were selected and added to the MATV. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were used to explore the agents’ reaction processes, and infrared thermography was used to examine their combustion radiation characteristics. The results demonstrate that the thermite reaction starts after the MATV reaction and the reaction region is in the aerobic zone. All three thermites can accelerate the burning rate of MATV, and the effect is Mg-Fe2O3> Mg-MoO3> Mg-MnO2. Mg-Fe2O3 increased the infrared radiation intensity of MATV agents by 43.5% in the 2 ~ 5.5 μm band and 45.1% in the 8 ~ 14 μm band at 40% content. The effect of Mg-MoO3 on radiation area enhancement is significant, with a 107% expansion of radiation area at 70% content. The addition of thermite improves the combustion performance and radiation performance of MATV, which offers good application prospects.

Start-up phase optimization of pyrite-intensified hybrid sequencing batch biofilm reactor (PIHSBBR): Mixotrophic denitrification performance and mechanism

Pyrite-based autotrophic denitrification (PAD) is an emerging biological process to diminish nitrate pollution, but the relatively low NO3−-N removal rate limits its practical application. In this research, a pyrite-intensified hybrid sequencing batch biofilm reactor (PIHSBBR) was designed to treat low C/N ratio domestic wastewater. The results showed that PIHSBBR could achieve optimal removal of COD, NH4+-N, and TN under the aeration rate of 1.0 L/L∙min and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h, with removal rates of 69.67 ± 4.37%, 77.04 ± 4.84%, and 63.92 ± 6.66%, respectively. The PAD efficiency in PIHSBBR during the stable operation was not high (13.05–31.01%), and the main nitrogen removal pathway in PIHSBBR, especially in the aerobic zone, was simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). High-throughput sequencing analysis unraveled that Planctomycetota (3.65%) had a high abundance in the anoxic zone of PIHSBBR, implying that anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) might have occurred in the anoxic zone. In addition, the nitrogen cycle function gene with the highest abundance was nirBD, indicating the possible presence of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) within the system (aerobic and anoxic zones). Our research can provide useful information for the improvement and future application of PIHSBBR.

Design of Experimental Lab Scale Vertical Mass Flow Type Bioreactor for Bioethanol Production by Co-Culture Strategy from Cassava Waste

Due to a surge in demand and cost, there is a requirement for alternative energy sources by devising strategies for the efficient production of biofuels. Immobilized microbial systems for the conversion of biomass to fuels have become progressively important. Cassava (Manihot esculentum) processing waste, a massive byproduct of starch processing is utilized in this work for bioethanol production. This study was an attempt to design and develop an experimental lab-scale Vertical Mass-Flow type Bioreactor (VMFB) demarcated into aerobic and anaerobic zones to produce bioethanol. The upper aerobic zone was meant for saccharification and the lower anaerobic zone for fermentation, the technique is called Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). The feasibility of co-immobilizing saccharification strains (A. awamori and D. bruxellensis) and fermentation strains (Z. mobilis) for bioethanol production through SSF from cassava agro-waste were tested. Polyurethane foam was used in the aerobic reaction zone and calcium-alginate beads immobilized microorganisms in the anaerobic reaction zone were employed as carriers for the immobilization. The main objective of this study was to understand the usability of agricultural waste, especially cassava processing waste as raw material for bioethanol production, using SSF technology a concentration of 8 % w/w ethanol was obtained.

Biological treatment of cadmium (Cd2+)-containing wastewater with sulfate as the electron acceptor and its microbial community

The pollution of cadmium (Cd) to environment is becoming increasingly serious. In this study, the ability of the continuous flow bioreactor with sulfate as the electron acceptor to remove pollutants from Cd-containing wastewater was investigated. The results show that Cd2+ could be effectively removed and the concentration of Cd2+ in the anaerobic effluent is less than 0.01 ​mg/L. Cd can affect the decomposition of urea by anaerobic sludge. In addition, ammonia nitrogen could be also effectively removed with the removal rate was approximately 72.4%. The activated sludge mainly removed Cd through the precipitation of cadmium sulfide outside the bacteria after sulfide was generated by bacterial sulfate metabolism, facilitated continuous biological removal of Cd from wastewater. Microbial community structure analysis revealed Trichococcus and Hyphomicrobium mainly occurred in anaerobic and anoxic reaction, and Sulfurovum was unique to the sulfur oxidation reaction, with a content of 10.20% and the ability to oxidize sulfide. The content of Nitrosomonas in aerobic reaction zone reached 36.75%, but no nitrifying bacteria were detected. The technology in this study, which used sulfate as the electron acceptor for the continuous biological removal of Cd2+, has future engineering application value for the treatment of wastewater containing low concentrations of Cd.

Biosolids amendment effects on nitrogen cycling gene expression by the soil prokaryotic community as revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis

Context Large quantities of treated sewage sludge (biosolids) are produced and beneficially applied to agricultural fields to improve soil fertility in many countries. Biosolids have extremely high concentrations of ammonium and organic matter that can be beneficial but also detrimental to the environment by promoting microbially-mediated reactions that contribute to eutrophication and greenhouse gas emission. Aims The hypothesis of the study was that high concentrations of ammonium and labile organic matter in biosolids would significantly affect nitrogen transformations and nitrogen-cycling gene expression by different members of the prokaryotic community in a biosolids-amended agricultural soil. Methods An organically-managed agricultural soil was amended with biosolids and monitored for changes in carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen species for 3 weeks under laboratory conditions. Then, RNA was extracted and compared for nitrogen-cycling gene expression levels in biosolids-amended and unamended soil. Key results Biosolids amendment significantly increased ammonium concentration and decreased oxygen and nitrate concentrations in soil zones near biosolid particles, which coincided with significant changes in expression levels of genes for catabolic glutamate dehydrogenase, nitrification enzymes, denitrifying enzymes, and numerous other enzymes by different members of the prokaryotic community. Conclusions The application of biosolids to soil set in motion a dynamic organic nitrogen mineralisation–nitrification–denitrification cycle between the anaerobic biosolids zone and aerobic soil zone. Implications Biosolids-induced changes in nitrogen transformations by different members of the microbial community have implications on nitrogen availability/toxicity to nitrifying populations and plants, ammonium and nitrate in surface runoff, and nitrous oxide greenhouse gas emission from biosolids-amended soil.

A Human Model of the Effects of an Instant Sheer Weight Loss on Cardiopulmonary Parameters during a Treadmill Run.

Exercise tolerance is limited in obesity and improves after weight reduction; therefore, we mutually compared the relative changes in exercise capacity variables during cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) in a 12 kg sheer weight reduction model. Twenty healthy male runners underwent two CPETs: CPET1 with the actual body weight, which determined the anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP); and CPET2 during which the participants wore a +12 kg vest and ran at the AT speed set during the CPET1. Running after body weight reduction shifted the CPET parameters from the high-mixed aerobic-anaerobic (RCP) to the aerobic zone (AT), but these relative changes were not mutually similar. The most beneficial changes were found for breathing mechanics parameters (range 12-28%), followed by cardiovascular function (6-7%), gas exchange (5-6%), and the smallest for the respiratory exchange ratio (5%) representing the energy metabolism during exercise. There was no correlation between the extent of the relative body weight change (median value ~15%) and the changes in CPET parameters. Weight reduction improves exercise capacity and tolerance. However, the observed relative changes are not related to the magnitude of the body change nor comparable between various parameters characterizing the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems and energy metabolism.

Development of microalgal-bacterial aerobic granules for ammonium removal from wastewater in a photo sequencing batch reactor

Aerobic granular sludge was applied in a method with photo sequencing batch reactor (PSBR) under a constant light/dark cycle (18/6 h). Rapid aggregation of microalgae and bacterial biomass with the increasing production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was recorded. EPS induced microalgal-bacterial growth led to the formation of microalgal-bacterial aerobic granules. Microalgal-bacterial aerobic granules showed maximum ammonium removal of 3.3 mg NH4+-N/L/h, equal to 333 mg NH4+-N/m2/h or 637 mg NH4+-N/mol photon or 0.05 mol NH4+-N/mol photon. Ammonium-nitrogen oxidation was carried out by oxygen produced from the microalgal photosynthesis, with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively. From this study it was observed that the microalgal-bacterial aerobic granules developed in a stirred PSBR and can treat domestic wastewater without external air supply, although the process of granules formation discontinued over time.

The Effect of Aerobic Heart Rate Zone Physical Activities on the Body's Systole Diastol System on the Students of FIK UNM

This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on the systolic and diastolic systems. This type of research is quantitative with an experimental approach (Pretest-posttest one group design). The sample in this study amounted to 10 samples selected through the purposive sampling technique: data collection techniques using systolic and diastolic measurement tests. At the same time, the treatment given is in the form of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity. Hypothesis testing using paired T-test or influence test. The results of the hypothesis testing the effect of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on systole obtained a significant value of 0.023, which is smaller than 0.05. Furthermore, the average value before treatment was 128.4000, and after treatment was 125.0000. So it can be concluded that aerobic heart rate zone physical activity has a significant effect on systole. The results of the hypothesis testing the impact of aerobic heart rate zone physical activity on diastole obtained a substantial value of 0.004, which is smaller than 0.05. Furthermore, the average value before treatment was 82,5000, and after treatment was 79.5000. So it can be concluded that aerobic heart rate zone physical activity has a significant effect on diastole.

Biological processes of nitrogen removal and modeling oxygen diffusion in flocculent sludge and in granular sequencing batch reactors

AbstractBACKGROUNDSimultaneous nitrification‐denitrification (SND) in biological wastewater treatment occurs under aerobic conditions in flocs and granules, exhibiting aerobic and internal anoxic zones; SND depends on dissolved oxygen concentration. Aerobic denitrification (AD) is an advantageous process because control of aeration is not required. In the present study, the effects of anoxic/aerobic conditions and size of microbial aggregates on the AD process were evaluated using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with activated sludge (anoxic/aerobic SBRAS) or aerobic granules (SBRAG).RESULTSNitrogen mass balances were used to estimate nitrogen assimilation, nitrification and denitrification. An oxygen diffusion model was proposed to evaluate oxygen profiles in the microbial aggregates determining the contribution of AD on nitrogen removal. At COD:N ratio = 100:10, fully aerobic biomass was predicted for all flocs in SBRAS and for 82% of the granules in SBRAG. In SBRAS, intracellular carbon storage was favored in the anoxic phase; nitrification was followed by AD, achieving 67% inorganic nitrogen (Ni) removal. In SBRAG, SND was 55% and Ni removal 51%. For SBRAG, genomic analysis described microbial community and nitrogen metabolic pathways were proposed. Heterotrophic nitrification‐aerobic denitrification (HNAD) was proposed as the main nitrogen removal process. At COD:N = 100:15, 80% of the granules developed internal anoxic zones; anoxic denitrification predominated, allowing treatment of a higher nitrogen load with similar Ni removal.CONCLUSIONSBiological processes without oxygen control are simpler to operate. For anoxic/aerobic SBR, high Ni removal efficiency was achieved even with 3.5–5.4 mg O2 L−1 at the center of the flocs, as predicted by the diffusion model. In aerobic granular systems, SND carried out by HNAD bacteria constitutes a promising approach for nitrogen removal. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Anammox bacterium ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’: a review

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process is a type of biological nitrogen removal technology which is known to directly convert ammonium and nitrite to nitrogen gas. The freshwater ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’ anammox under the phylum of Planctomycetes is used to study the parameters that affect the anammox development and the metabolic pathways alongside the associated enzymes. These observations were made using state-of-the art techniques for detecting anammox bacteria based on their small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes, functional genes and unique reaction pathways. This review systematically summarizes up-to-date studies on the parameters affecting the growth of the anammox bacteria and metabolic networks driving anammox bacterial anabolism and mixotrophy beyond genome-based predictions. The K. stuttgartiensis survives in summer and winter conditions besides in the aerobic zones (dissolved oxygen >2 mg/L), which consequently contribute to better nitrogen removal in the wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the K. stuttgartiensis utilizes the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway to directly assimilate extracellular formation instead of oxidising it completely to CO2 prior reassimilation.

Performance assessment of a modified trickling filter and conventional activated sludge process along with tertiary treatment in removing emerging pollutants from urban sewage

The absence of effective wastewater treatment technology to eliminate emerging pollutants from municipal sewage has become a pressing issue. In this study, the efficacy of a novel modified trickling filter (MTF), conventional activated sludge process (ASP) and two tertiary systems (UV and ozonation) were compared in eliminating antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from urban sewage. MTF and ASP resulted in >1 log unit reduction in the abundance of ARB, while for ARGs, the removal was observed in the range of 0.1 to 1.7 log units. In MTF, ARGs were substantially removed in the aerobic zone compared to the anoxic zone. The relative abundance of most of the ARGs either decreased or remained unchanged during MTF and ASP operations. However, the relative abundance of most of the ARGs increased in the secondary sludge generated from ASP. The concentration of PPCPs such as atenolol, sulfamethazine, triclosan, and ranitidine was reduced by MTF by >80 %. Overall, the results indicated that MTF followed by ozonation is the most effective combination for removing emerging contaminants from municipal sewage.

Prescribing and Self-Regulating Heated Water-Based Exercise by Rating of Perceived Exertion in Older Individuals With Hypertension.

We aimed to analyze the usefulness of the 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for prescribing and self-regulating high-intensity interval (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous (MICE) aerobic exercise performed in a heated swimming pool (32°C). Fifteen older individuals (65 ± 3years) treated for hypertension underwent a symptom-limited maximal graded exercise test to determine their heart rate at anaerobic threshold, and respiratory compensation point. On different days, participants were randomized to HIIE (walking/jogging between 11 and 17 of RPE; 25min) and MICE (walking at 11-13 of RPE; 30min). Heart rate during the low-intensity intervals of HIIE and MICE remained below the graded exercise test's heart rate at anaerobic threshold (-7 ± 18bpm/-16 ± 15bpm) and respiratory compensation point (-18 ± 18bpm/-30 ± 16bpm), respectively, and maintained in the aerobic training zone during the high-intensity intervals of HIIE (+8 ± 18bpm/-4 ± 19bpm). The RPE scale at 15-17 is a useful tool for prescribing and self-regulating heated water-based HIIE and may have important implications for water-based exercise in older individuals with hypertension.

The Multi Soil layering Method for Wastewater Treatment: Review

Liquid waste is the main source of contamination of water bodies, especially river water. This pollution causes decreased water quality in water bodies. One of the wastewater treatment treatments is the Multi Soil Layering (MSL) method. Some of the advantages of using the MSL method are that it is known to be cheap in terms of cost, easy to implement, does not require complicated maintenance so that it can be used continuously, and is also environmentally friendly. One of the constituent materials of the MSL reactor is andesol soil, gravel, and pearlite. MSL has two wastewater treatment zones, the aerobic zone, and the anaerobic zone. The article review aims to compare the efficiency of reducing the levels of pollutant parameters from aerobic and anaerobic processes in MSLmethod in wastewater.

A steady-state analytical model for coupled methane transport and oxidation in vegetated landfill cover soil

The biologically active soils covered by plants are widely applied in landfill final covers for controlling the emission of methane from municipal solid waste. The current study focuses on developing alternative formulations of steady-state analytical modeling for coupled methane transport and oxidation in vegetated landfill cover systems considering the effect of mass exchange via plants’ roots. The proposed analytical frameworks are validated by a set of experimental data. The varied examples of coupled methane transport and oxidation are evaluated by the proposed solution to discuss the effects of the properties of roots and soils on the overall performance of vegetated landfill covers. It was shown that the increment of the root depth or root density can effectively contribute to the reduction of CH4 emission from landfill cover systems while coupled effects of advection/diffusion and oxidation rate may influence the overall performance of CH4 transport. For example, increasing root density from 100 m/m3 to 3 × 103 m/m3 can lead to a reduction of CH4 emission rate by a factor of 1.3. This is mainly attributed to the increase of aerobic zone with the root density growing. It is found that the methane removal efficiency is more sensitive to variations of the saturation outside the root zone (S2) than that in the root zone (S1) as gases inlet fluxes are largely reduced and the role of the plant is weakened for a larger S2. The present analytical models may provide an easy-to-use tool for performance evaluation of cover systems, benchmark studies, parameter identification and sensitivity analysis.

Enhanced nitrogen removal at low temperature with mixed anoxic/oxic process

Different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were tested in a mixed anoxic/oxic (A/O) system at 5°C and 10°C to investigate the effects of HRT and carrier on nitrogen removal in wastewater at low temperatures. The results showed that the addition of the fillers improved the treatment effect of each index in the system. With an optimal HRT of 7.5 h at 5°C, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and total nitrogen (TN) reached 91.2% and 75.6%, respectively. With an HRT of 6 h at 10°C, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TN were 96.7% and 82.9%, respectively. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the addition of the suspended carriers in the aerobic zone could improve the treatment efficiency of nitrogen at low temperatures. The microbial analysis indicated that the addition of the suspended carriers enhanced the enrichment of nitrogen removal bacteria. Nitrospira, Nitrotoga, and Nitrosomonas were found to be the bacteria responsible for nitrification, and their relative concentrations on the biofilm at 5°C and 10°C accounted for 98.11%, 92.79%, and 69.98% of all biological samples, respectively.

Effect of FES controlled cycling training on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems in a spinal cord injured patient

Abstract Introduction: The results of two spiroergometric measurements are presented that were taken from a spinal cord injured patient who participated in FES cycling training sessions for 11 months. Methods: The two measurements were taken 4 and 11 months after starting the training program. We investigated the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and ventilation (VE/VO2, VE’/VCO2) ratios and the cycling cadence in the two investigated training sessions. Results: In the first assessment, the RER was below 1, which is the anaerobic training limit. Seven months later, in the second assessment, the RER value exceeded the anaerobic limit a few times and remained above it at the end of the session. The VE /VO2 and VE/VCO2 curves did not intersect during the first assessment. In the second one, the VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 curves intersected several times and the oxygen quotient curve exceeded the carbon dioxide quotient curve. The patient achieved a low but similar cycling speed during the two assessments. Conclusion: Through the activation of paralyzed muscles with FES cycling we are able to train the paraplegic patient in aerobic and anaerobic training zones. This is shown by the value of RER, which reached the anaerobic training limit during the second assessment and remained in the anaerobic range for longer time.

Advanced aromatic organic compounds removal from refractory coking wastewater in a step-feed three-stage integrated A/O bio-filter: Spectrum characterization and biodegradation mechanism

Extensive presence of aromatic organic compounds (AOCs) is a major course for the non-biodegradability of coking wastewater (COW). In-depth understanding of bio-degradation of AOCs is crucial for optimizing the design and operation of COW biological treatment systems in practical applications. Herein, the behavior and fate of AOCs were explored in a lab-scale step-feed three-stage integrated A/O biofilter (SFTIAOB) treating synthetic COW. Long-term operation demonstrated that COD, phenol, indole, quinoline and pyridine could be simultaneously removed. Phenol and indole were chiefly removed by anoxic zones, while quinoline and pyridine removal occurred in both anoxic and aerobic zones. Ultraviolet–visible spectrum observed that initial carboxylation and subsequent ring cracking and mineralization. Infrared spectroscopy also confirmed that key functional groups were cracked and produced during AOCs bio-degradation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum indicated that significant transformation and elimination of tryptophan and humic acid with high molecular weight. Ring cleavage, distinct degradation and even complete mineralization of complex AOCs were further verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, functional degrading bacteria and aromatic ring-cleavage enzymes was successfully identified. Finally, AOCs biodegradation mechanisms by alternating anoxic and aerobic treatment was unraveled. This research provides thorough insights on AOCs biodegradation using a step-feed multi-stage alternating anoxic/oxic COW treatment process.

N2O production and emission pathways in anammox biofilter for treating wastewater with low nitrogen concentrations

Although anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) is a cost-effective nitrogen removal process, nitrous oxide (N2O) production will greatly reduce the advantages of this process. It is important to identify the N2O emission pathways and then reduce the N2O production in anammox system. To date, very limited research has been done to investigate the N2O production and N2O emission pathways in anammox biofilter. In this study, N2O production were investigated under different filtration rates in anammox biofilter for treating wastewater with low nitrogen concentrations, and N2O emission pathways were analyzed with batch tests using N2O microsensor and stable isotope mass spectrometry. The results showed N2O production increased with the increase of filtration rates in anammox biofilter, where the N2O emission factor increased from 0.012 % at 1.0 m/h to 0.496 % at 3.0 m/h. And the optimal operation condition was at filtration rate of 1.5 m/h, where NH4+-N and NO2−-N removal efficiencies reached 99 % and N2O concentration was the lowest. qPCR showed that anammox bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were all present in anammox biofilter, with anammox bacteria in the highest abundance. And nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria provided the possibility of N2O production. The batch tests and stable isotope mass spectrometry analysis indicated that nitrifier denitrification, hydroxylamine oxidation and endogenous heterotrophic denitrification were N2O production pathways in aerobic zone and anoxic zone of anammox biofilter, respectively. In addition, batch tests under different conditions showed no oxygen environment could reduce N2O production. Therefore, the production of N2O in anammox system is a problem that cannot be ignored and should be paid more attention to.

Impact of nitrite on partial nitrification in aerobic sewage treatment reactors under mainstream conditions

Stable partial nitrification is still difficult to achieve under mainstream conditions. High and low nitrite concentrations were established in two identical, completely mixed, continuous aerobic reactors in parallel to determine the effect of nitrite on partial nitrification under mainstream conditions. Influent ammonium (NH4+-N) concentrations of 50 ± 3 and 10 ± 2 mg/L were used to create high and low nitrite concentrations. Partial nitrification in the two reactors was established through an influent NH4+-N loading of 0.12 kg/(m3·d) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 0.1–0.3 mg/L. In a low nitrite-type reactor, the specific activity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was 0.061 ± 0.005 kg/(kg volatile suspended solids [VSS]·d), which was lower than that in the high nitrite reactor (0.085 ± 0.010 kg/(kg VSS·d)). Real-time quantitative PCR showed a significant correlation between the percentage of NOB in the bacterial communities and nitrite levels in the reactor. Compared to the NOB percentage in the high nitrite reactor (0.074 %), a lower percentage (0.049 %) occurred in the low nitrite reactor. A supplementary mathematical simulation indicated that a low nitrite concentration was critical for NOB repression at DO concentrations of 0.2–0.3 mg/L. Finally, the feasibility of the low nitrite strategy was demonstrated in a PN-ANAMMOX reactor with effluent recycling. Ammonium conversion efficiencies > 40.6 % and nitrite accumulation efficiencies > 43.1 % could be achieved at recycling ratios of 250–300 %, which created low nitrite concentrations (below 1.5 mg/L) in the aerobic zone.

An efficient anoxic/aerobic/aerobic/anoxic process for domestic sewage treatment: From feasibility to application.

In this paper, the anoxic/aerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOOA) process was proposed using fixed biofilms in a continuous plug-flow multi-chamber reactor, and no sludge reflux operation was performed during the 190 days of operation. The reactor volume ratio of 1.5:2:1.5:1 (A/O/O/A) with the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2 mg L−1 in the aerobic zone was the optimal condition for reactor operation. According to the results obtained from the treatment of real domestic sewage, when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 6 h, the effluent of the reactor could meet the discharge standard even in cold conditions (13°C). Specifically, the elemental-sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification (ESAD) process contributed the most to the removal of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in the reactor. In addition, the use of vibration method was helpful in removing excess sludge from the biofilms of the reactor. Overall, the AOOA process is an efficient and convenient method for treating domestic sewage.