Aerobic Training Program Research Articles

Work Of Breathing Changes After Aerobic Exercise Training In Pulmonary Hypertension Or Interstitial Lung Disease

People with pulmonary hypertension (PH) or interstitial lung disease (ILD) typically display blunted ventilatory function that include gas-exchange abnormalities, restrictive lung disorders and decreased lung compliance. With the common experience of dyspnea, exercise capacity is often severely limited in people with either PH or ILD, which may lead to physical activity avoidance and progressive deconditioning. This further exacerbates their functional capacity and decreases their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). PURPOSE: To determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on the work of breathing (Wb) in subjects with either PH or ILD. METHODS: Twenty-two subjects with PH (54.5±11 yrs., 22 females) and 14 subjects with ILD (57±9 yrs., 9 females and 5 males) enrolled in this study. All were participants in the National Institutes of Health Exercise Therapy for Advanced Lung Disease Trials [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00678821]. Subjects completed 10-weeks of supervised vigorous aerobic exercise training (AET) with the target intensity of 70-80% of heart rate reserve, which consisted of walking on the treadmill for 30 to 45 minutes per session, 3 times per week. All subjects also performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on the treadmill, before and after the AET program. Wb was calculated by established algorithms [Men: Wb =2.007×102 ×VE2; Women: Wb=2.007×10-2 ×VE + 5.355×10 -5×VE3] using ventilatory parameters obtained during the CPET, and compared before and after AET using paired t-tests (2-tailed). Significance was determined using p<0.05. RESULTS: After AET, peak workload and test duration (time to exhaustion) increased significantly in both groups (PH: p=0.0013, p=0.0003, respectively; ILD: p=0.0014, p<0.0001, respectively). Wb also declined after AET in both the PH (before 417.2±274.5 J/min vs after 322.0±179.4 J/min, p=0.016) and ILD groups (before 675.7±350.9 J/min vs after 476.8±266.4 J/min, p<0.001) during the last completed stage of the pre-AET CPET. A significant difference in the pre- to post-AET change in Wb was not observed between PH and ILD groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that decrease Wb may be one of the mechanisms underlying improved exercise and physical activity tolerance following aerobic exercise training in these subjects with either PH or ILD.

Effects Of A 4-week Supplemental Breathwork Program On Aerobic Performance Of Recreational Runners

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of a novel supplementary functional breathing program (FBP) on the aerobic performance of recreational runners. METHODS: Two groups of recreational runners participated in a 4-week aerobic endurance training program. One group supplemented the aerobic endurance training program with FBP (FBP; n=8, 34.8±5.1yrs, 25.3±2.5kg/m2), and one completed the same aerobic endurance program, but not the FBP (CON, n=8, 28.8±5.4yrs, 22.7±2.3kg/m2). The 4-week running program consisted of 3 days of low intensity running (i.e. below aerobic threshold heart rate), and 1 day of high intensity interval running (i.e. above ventilatory threshold heart rate) per week. FBP consisted of daily breathing exercises completed at rest, and nasal breathing completed during low intensity running sessions. Subjects were tested before (PRE) and after (POST) 4-weeks of training. Testing included a breath holding test (BOLT) followed by a treadmill VO2max test using a progressive workload. During the VO2max test subjects wore a secure piece of tape covering their mouth under a face mask and were instructed to perform the VO2max test to the best of their abilities using this induced nasal breathing condition. When they felt that they could no longer run with nasal breathing, the tape was removed, and the test continued under normal breathing conditions until VO2max was reached. The maximal running time using nasal breathing only (MNRT) and maximal nasal breathing oxygen uptake (MNBVO2) were recorded and data were assessed using a two-way ANOVA (p <0.05). RESULTS: No significant groupXtime interactions were found in MNRT, MNBVO2, or VO2max. There was a significant groupXtime interaction in BOLT times [∆ from PRE: +1.9 sec (CON), +11.7 sec (FBP); p = 0.04]. There were significant time effects in MNRT (+58.7 sec, p=0.038), MNBVO2 (+2.34 ml/kg/min, p=0.007), and VO2max (+1.26 ml/kg/min, p=0.028), suggesting the training stimulus was adequate for the relatively short training program. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the 4-week supplementary functional breathing protocol was effective in increasing breath hold time at rest, but not MNRT, MNBVO2, and VO2max, in recreational runners.

Effect Of Exercise Training On Calprotectin Levels In Adults With And Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes systemic inflammation which may contribute to the progression of cardiovascular pathology. Exercise training reduces chronic inflammation in obese individuals and is recommended as a behavioral treatment of OSA. Calprotectin is a useful marker of inflammation that has been associated with OSA severity. Yet, the extent to which OSA predicts a change in systemic inflammation with exercise training is not clear. PURPOSE: Examine the effect of 6 weeks of exercise training on plasma calprotectin in obese adults with and without OSA. METHODS: At baseline, participants underwent overnight polysomnography to determine the presence and severity of OSA, as defined by apnea hypopnea index (AHI). Body fat was analyzed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood specimens were collected and plasma calprotectin levels were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Body fat and blood collections were repeated upon completion of a 6 week (3 sessions/wk; 1 hr/session) moderate intensity aerobic exercise training program. RESULTS: Seventeen (age: 52+7years; BMI: 34.0+4.1 kg/m2; 9 men: 8 women) adults completed the study. By design, the AHI of adults with moderate to severe OSA (n=7) was higher compared to those without or with mild OSA (n=10) (37+13 events/hour vs. 8+4 events/hour; p<0.001), yet no differences in BMI, total body fat percentage or calprotectin levels were observed between the groups at baseline. While no significant change in calprotectin levels (Baseline: 74+16 ng/ml vs. 6 weeks: 76+19 ng/ml; p=0.540) were observed following the exercise intervention, total body fat percentage was significantly reduced (Baseline: 44+7%, vs. 6 weeks: 43+7%; p=0.003). Baseline AHI was not associated with the change in plasma calprotectin [beta coefficient = -0.11, (95% CI -0.61 - 0.39), p=0.646)] or total body fat percentage [beta coefficient = 0.00017, (95% CI -0.00005 - 0.00038), p=0.120)]. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous findings, we found no association between OSA severity and levels of plasma calprotectin at baseline. Furthermore, a six week moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention failed to alter calprotectin levels despite decreasing total body fat. Research funded by R15HL133884

Impact of Whole Body Electromyostimulation on Velocity, Power and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Menopause is associated with losses in strength and power along with weight and fat mass gains, which may result from menopause-related hormonal changes, aging-associated diseases, and decreased physical activity time. The objective of this study is to analyze if whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is suitable for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal physical deterioration. Thirty-four healthy sedentary women between 55 and 69 years followed an experimental design pre-post test. Both groups conducted 10 weeks of aerobic and strength training program. The experimental group conducted the training with superimposed WB-EMS during exercise. At the end of the intervention, the experimental group obtained better power (Squat: mean difference (MD) = 38.69 W [1.75,75.62], d = 0.81; Bench press: MD = 25.64 W [17.48, 33.82], d = 2.39) and velocity (Squat: MD = 0.04 m·s−1 [0.01, 0.08], d = 0.98; Bench press: MD = 0.10 m·s−1 [0.06, 0.14], d = 1.90) score improvements than the other group (pBonferroni < 0.05). Furthermore, trivial to small effects were found in the body composition of the participants of both groups (p > 0.050). WB-EMS showed a favorable isolated effect on the development of power and velocity, but it induced negligible effects on the body composition of postmenopausal women.

Exercise Suppresses The Ubiquitin-proteasome System In The Skeletal Muscle Of Obese Women Following Bariatric Surgery

Muscle wasting observed in obese women undergoing bariatric surgery is likely related to altered abnormal intramyocellular signaling. Exercise may reestablish the anabolic capacity in this condition. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of exercise training on the main pathways related to skeletal muscle plasticity in obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS: Women with severe obesity were randomly allocated to either bariatric surgery (RYGB) or bariatric surgery followed by exercise (RYGB+ET). A 6-month, three-times-a-week, supervised, combined aerobic and resistance training program started 3 months after surgery for RYGB+ET, while RYGB followed standard of care. We assessed the transcriptome (RNA-seq) from skeletal muscle samples obtained by muscle biopsies (n = 6 per group) at baseline (PRE) and 9 months after surgery (POST9). We tested whether a set of genes defined a priori were differentially expressed utilizing the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Significance was assumed at a fold change > 1.5, P-value < 0.05, and FDR (false discovery rate) < 0.1. To validate the RNA-seq findings, we performed real time-polymerase chain reaction assays (n = 15 per group) for targeted genes. RESULTS: Pathway-level analysis showed that exercise significantly suppressed ubiquitin mediated proteolysis pathway (normalized enrichment scores [NES]: 1.7, P=0.01, FDR=0.09). Atrogin-1 gene expression was suppressed in the exercised group at POST9 in comparison to PRE, and POST3, and also when compared with the non-exercised group at POST9 (estimated mean difference [RYGB vs. RYGB+ET at POST9]: -1.97, CI95%=-3.0 to -0.8, P=0.01). MuRF-1 gene expression decreased after surgery and kept reduced after the intervention for both groups (main time effect: P<0.01 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a 6-month, exercise training program suppresses the ubiquitin-proteasome system via the downregulation of Atrogin-1 in obese woman undergoing bariatric surgery. This may elucidate a molecular mechanism that partially explains muscle wasting following bariatric surgery and the exercise-induced hypertrophic effect in this condition.Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02441361

Physical Demands Of Professional Golf Caddy: A Case Study

Few studies have investigated the physical demands of golf caddying during high-level golf competitions, yet recent fatalities have raised questions regarding demands relative to physical fitness. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the physical demands of a professional golf caddy during a single round of a European Tour Tournament. METHODS: A professional male golf caddy with 27 years of caddying experience (age=47 yrs, HRmax=161 bpm, VO2max=29 ml/kg/min) volunteered for this study. During the first round of 2018 Irish Open, the caddy wore a global positioning system (GPS) device and a heart rate (HR) monitor continuously throughout the round of golf for the recording of displacement and HR responses, respectively. RESULTS: The total time (TT) of the round was 226 min with 53.5% walking and 46.5% standing, and the total distance covered by the caddy was 8.63 km, with mean and peak traveling speeds by of 2.3 km/h and 9.7 km/h respectively. The mean HR was 110 bpm (68.3% HRmax), with a peak of 136 bpm (84.5% HRmax). The caddy spent most (62.3%) of the TT at moderate intensity (64-<77% HRmax; ACSM’s guidelines, 2013), 27.5% of the TT at light intensity (50-<64% HRmax), and only 10.2% of the TT at high intensity (77-<94% HRmax). In general, uphill movements elicited a higher HR response. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cardiovascular demands of golf caddying were primarily moderate intensity activity during the round of elite golf. However, high intensity activity was also observed when the caddy climbed hills continuously. These findings may provide useful information for justifying the need for aerobic training programs for a professional golf caddy, relative to a low current cardiovascular fitness level.

Exercise Benefits and Recommendations for the 6-Week Postpartum Period

ABSTRACT The postpartum period is the stage after childbirth and is associated with many physical and psychological changes. Exercise has been shown to be beneficial for both the physical and psychological health of a new mother. Previous literature has examined the effect of both aerobic and resistance training in this period; however, there have been no clear guidelines and recommendations provided. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the benefits of exercise in the postpartum period, and to provide guidelines and a sample 6-week aerobic and resistance training program after exercise initiation after delivery and medical clearance. A video abstract describing this article can be found in Supplemental Digital Content 1 (see video, http://links.lww.com/SCJ/A295).

Comparative effects of water- and land-based combined exercise training in hypertensive older adults

ObjectivesA randomized controlled trial was designed to compare water- and land-based combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise training programs on cardiometabolic parameters, functional fitness, and quality-of-life (QoL) in hypertensive older adults. MethodsFifty-three participants were divided into three groups: 1) land-based exercise group (LET, n=17), 2) water-based exercise group (WET, n=16), and 3) control group (CON, n=20). All programs comprised of a 12-week supervised training program (three 1-hr sessions per week), followed by a 12-week self-supervised training program. Blood pressure (BP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx-), malondialdehyde (MDA), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood lipids, functional fitness, and QoL were assessed before and after each period. ResultsFollowing the supervised period, systolic BP, rate-pressure product, GPx, NOx-, MDA, hs-CRP concentrations, physical and psychological domains, and overall QoL significantly improved in both training groups. Only the WET improved LDL-C and lipoprotein combine index. Meanwhile, the 30s chair-stand test and 2-min step test improved only in the LET. Succeeding the self-supervised period, systolic BP and NOx- concentration significantly improved in both training groups. Notwithstanding, the 30s chair-standing and arm curl tests improved only in the LET. ConclusionsBoth training programs rendered ameliorated systolic BP, antioxidant capacity and inflammation, muscular strength, aerobic endurance and QoL with a higher progression in the LET. Nevertheless, metabolic variables were greater improved in the WET. Additionally, due to greater exercise participation, the WET program may be a useful tool in motivating hypertensive older adults to continuously exercise on their own.

Effect of various exercises on frailty among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns: a randomised controlled trial.

Physical exercise has been linked to reduced frailty, but there is insufficient evidence of beneficial effects in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. This study aimed to clarify the effects of physical exercise in this population. Single-blind randomised controlled trial. Community sports centres. Residents aged 65-85years were screened using the Kihon checklist; those with subjective cognitive concerns were invited for eligibility assessment. In total, 415 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled and randomised. This trial investigated the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT) and combined training (AT+RT) programs on reducing frailty. All participants were randomised into one of the three intervention groups or the control group. Participants in the intervention groups underwent a group training program and self-paced home training for 26weeks. The control group received lectures about health promotion. A 95-item frailty index (FI) was utilised to determine the effects of training. Participants were followed up at weeks 26 and 52. At baseline, mean age of all participants (47% women) was 72.3 ± 4.6years, with a mean FI score of 0.3 ± 0.1. Compared with control group, AT improved total FI by 0.020 (CI -0.039 to -0.001, effect size -0.275) and the depression and anxiety component of FI by 0.051 (CI -0.084 to -0.018, effect size -0.469) at week 26, but the effects waned at week 52. No significant differences in FI were found in RT and AT+RT groups at weeks 26 and 52. A 26-week AT reduced frailty modestly, especially in the depression and anxiety component, in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns.

The effects of an aerobic training intervention on cognition, grey matter volumes and white matter microstructure

While there is strong evidence from observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia, the extent to which aerobic training interventions impact on cognitive health and brain structure remains subject to debate. In a pilot study of 46 healthy older adults (66.6 years ± 5.2 years, 63% female), we compared the effects of a twelve-week aerobic training programme to a waitlist control condition on cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by VO2 max testing. Cognitive assessments spanned executive function, memory and processing speed. Structural MRI analysis included examination of hippocampal volume, and voxel-wise assessment of grey matter volumes using voxel-based morphometry. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity was performed using tract-based spatial statistics. While the intervention successfully increased cardiorespiratory fitness, there was no evidence that the aerobic training programme led to changes in cognitive functioning or measures of brain structure in older adults. Interventions that are longer lasting, multi-factorial, or targeted at specific high-risk populations, may yield more encouraging results.

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Psychological Functioning in Family Caregivers: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The responsibility and stress of being a family caregiver are associated with reduced physical and mental health. To examine whether a 24-week aerobic exercise program improves multiple aspects of psychological functioning in family caregivers. Family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (n = 68) were recruited and randomized into either an aerobic exercise group (n = 34) or a waitlist control group (n = 34). The exercise group was assigned a 24-week aerobic training program that incrementally increased the intensity, duration, and frequency of the exercise program until 150 min of moderate to vigorous activity were completed per week by the ninth week. Twelve measures of psychological functioning were administered at baseline and compared with responses completed following the intervention. Multilevel modeling revealed significant decreases in caregiver burden (β = -4.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-8.82, -0.38], RLMM2 = 0.11) and depression (β = -2.59, 95% CI = [-4.79, -0.38], RLMM2 = 0.13), as well as increases in mastery (β = 1.78, 95% CI = [0.09, 3.46], RLMM2 = .04) in the exercise intervention group compared to the control group. Family caregivers report high levels of depression and caregiver burden. Engagement in a 24-week exercise intervention can ameliorate the perceived burden of caregiving, symptoms of depression, and their sense of mastery.

AMPD1 C34T Polymorphism (rs17602729) Is Not Associated with Post-Exercise Changes of Body Weight, Body Composition, and Biochemical Parameters in Caucasian Females.

Background: The C34T polymorphism (rs 17602729) in adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 gene (AMPD1) is associated with muscular energy metabolism in exercise. However, the role of its potential modifying impact on exercise-induced changes in obesity related parameters is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine if the C34T polymorphism influences the effects of an exercise training. Methods: This study examines a group of one hundred and sixty-eight, young, non-obese Caucasian women in Poland who took part in a 12-week aerobic training program to determine the impact of allele and genotype distribution on training outcomes. Results: A two-way analysis of variance ANOVA was conducted assuming a dominant model by pooling rare homozygotes and heterozygotes (TT + CT, n = 79) and comparing against common homozygotes (CC, n = 89). Our results showed that the AMPD1 C34T polymorphism was not related with selected parameters in study group. After completing the 12-week training program, a wide array of parameters (body mass, body mass index, fat mass, free fat mass, total body water) were significantly changed in the study participants with the exception of AMPD1 genotypes, among whom no significant changes were observed. Conclusions: The results did not confirm that harboring the rs 17602729 T allele influences the effects of the training program.

Exercise-Induced Increases in Insulin Sensitivity After Bariatric Surgery Are Mediated By Muscle Extracellular Matrix Remodeling.

Exercise seems to enhance the beneficial effect of bariatric (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB]) surgery on insulin resistance. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling may underlie these benefits. Women were randomized to either a combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program following RYGB (RYGB + ET) or standard of care (RYGB). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by oral glucose tolerance test. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained at baseline and 3 and 9 months after surgery and subjected to comprehensive phenotyping, transcriptome profiling, molecular pathway identification, and validation in vitro. Exercise training improved insulin sensitivity beyond surgery alone (e.g., Matsuda index: RYGB 123% vs. RYGB + ET 325%; P ≤ 0.0001). ECM remodeling was reduced by surgery alone, with an additive benefit of surgery and exercise training (e.g., collagen I: RYGB -41% vs. RYGB + ET -76%; P ≤ 0.0001). Exercise and RYGB had an additive effect on enhancing insulin sensitivity, but surgery alone did not resolve insulin resistance and ECM remodeling. We identified candidates modulated by exercise training that may become therapeutic targets for treating insulin resistance, in particular, the transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD 2/3 pathway and its antagonist follistatin. Exercise-induced increases in insulin sensitivity after bariatric surgery are at least partially mediated by muscle ECM remodeling.

Pro12Ala Polymorphism on the PPARγ2 Gene and Weight Loss After Aerobic Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARγ2 gene in response of a training program on the body composition. Sixty-nine previously inactive men and women (32.8 ± 8.2 years) were genotyped and underwent a 12-week aerobic (running/walking) training program (3–5 sessions, 40 – 60 min per session, and intensity between the aerobic and anaerobic threshold) (experimental group n = 53) or were part of the control group (n = 16). They were tested for aerobic capacity (ergospirometry), body composition (DXA), abdomen, waist and hip circumferences and nutritional assessment before and 48 h after the experimental protocol. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA test was used to verify possible differences in variables between the experimental vs. control groups or Pro/Pro vs. Pro/Ala groups, and the Chi-squared test was used to verify the distribution of responders and non-responders according to genotype (p < 0.05). Frequencies of 75.5% Pro/Pro (n = 40) and 24.5% Pro/Ala (n = 13) were found, without any occurrence of the recessive homozygote. Body fat reduction was initially confirmed compared to a control group which did not exercise (n = 16; 29.1 ± 8.8 years), so that the exercise group obtained a reduction of −1.3 kg vs. −0.3 kg in the control group (p = 0.03). When they were divided by genotype, there were significant changes in fat mass (−1.3 ± 2.1 kg; p = 0.00), lean mass (0.6 ± 1.5 kg; p = 0.02), fat percentage (−1.3 ± 1.6; p = 0.00), waist circumference (−2.2 ± 2.9 cm; p = 0.00), abdomen circumference (−3.3 ± 3.6 cm; p = 0.00) and hip circumference (−2.7 ± 2.7 cm; p = 0.00) for Pro/Pro genotypes; and fat mass (−1.1 ± 1.7 kg; p = 0.04), fat percentage (−0.9 ± 1.5; p = 0.04), abdomen circumference (−3.9 ± 3.5 cm; p = 0.00) and hip circumference (−1.8 ± 1.8 cm; p = 0.00) for Pro/Ala genotypes, without any group interaction differences. The Chi squared test revealed no differences in the distribution of responders or non-responders according to genotype. It is concluded that an aerobic training program promotes weight loss, but the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARγ2 gene does not influence the variability of aerobic-induced exercise weight loss.

MON-042 The Effect of Exercise Training on Reproductive and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Exercise may improve cardiometabolic, reproductive and psychological outcomes in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend exercise to treat PCOS, but the most effective exercise prescription is unclear. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of six months of thrice weekly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise training (CAET) programs compared with no exercise in previously-inactive women aged 18–40 years with PCOS. The primary outcome was change in ovulation rate. Ovulation was assessed with daily at home ovulation prediction kits, and confirmed with serum progesterone levels. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare groups. Secondary outcomes included change in BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, A1C, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and lipids and were analyzed using repeated measures mixed models. 47 women were randomly assigned to no exercise control (n=17), HIIT (n=16), or CAET (n=14). 22/33 (66.7%) women ovulated during the intervention period: no exercise: 8/12 (66.7%), HIIT: 8/11 (72.7%), and CAET: 6/10 (60%); NS between groups. BMI decreased significantly in the CAET group compared with control (-1 kg/m2, p=0.01) and compared with HIIT (-0.9 kg/m2, p=0.04). Mean waist circumference decreased significantly in all groups with no significant difference between groups. There were no significant within- or between- group changes for body weight. No within- or between group differences were identified for mean blood pressure, A1C, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or triglycerides. Mean LDL-C was significantly different between the HIIT and CAET groups (-0.33 mmol/L, p=0.03), as LDL-C decreased in the HIIT group but not in the CAET group. HDL-C increased in the HIIT group compared with the no exercise group (0.18 mmol/L, p=0.04), with no significant difference between the CAET and no exercise groups (p=0.47). In conclusion, CAET and HIIT interventions in women with PCOS did not affect ovulation rates. CAET and HIIT both were effective at improving anthropometrics and some cardiometabolic health markers in women with PCOS. Further studies are needed to determine optimal exercise prescriptions for reproductive, anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes in women with PCOS.

Association between Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variants and V˙O2 max Trainability.

We designed the study to determine whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup, sequence, and heteroplasmy differed between individuals previously characterized as low (LR) or high responders (HR) as defined by their maximal oxygen uptake response to a standardized aerobic exercise training program. DNA was isolated from whole blood in subjects from the HERITAGE Family Study that were determined to be either HR (n = 15) or LR (n = 15). mtDNA was amplified by long-range polymerase chain reaction, then tagged with Nextera libraries and sequenced on a MiSeq instrument. Different mtDNA haplogroup subtypes were found in HR and LR individuals. Compared with HR subjects, significantly more LR subjects had variants in 13 sites, including 7 in hypervariable (HV) regions: HV2 (G185A: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02; G228A: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; C295T: 0 vs 6; P = 0.04), HV3 (C462T: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; T489C: 0 vs 5; P = 0.04), and HV1 (C16068T: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02; T16125C: 0 vs 6, P = 0.02). Remaining variants were in protein coding genes, mtND1 (1 vs 8, P = 0.02), mtND3 (A10397G: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04), mtND4 (A11250G: 1 vs 8, P = 0.02), mtND5 (G13707A: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04), and mtCYTB (T14797C: 0 vs 5, P = 0.04; C15451A: 1 vs 8, P = 0.02). Average total numbers of heteroplasmies (P = 0.83) and frequency of heteroplasmies (P = 0.05) were similar between the groups. Our findings provide specific sites across the mitochondrial genome that may be related to maximal oxygen uptake trainability.

Effect of a combined exercise program on physical fitness, lung function, and quality of life in patients with controlled asthma and exercise symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

Asthmatic patients may benefit from exercise training, although the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance training program are still poorly investigated in children and adolescents. To analyze the effects of a combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) program on aerobic fitness, lung function, asthma control and quality of life in a group of mild-moderate asthmatic children with exercise symptoms. This was a 12-week randomized controlled trial including children and adolescents diagnosed with mild-moderate asthma and presenting exercise-induced symptoms. The intervention group (IG) performed the exercise training (resistance and aerobic) 3 days/week, for 60 minutes. The control group (CG) followed routine clinical orientations. The main outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, lung function, quality of life, asthma control, and functional tests after 3 months of the intervention. Fifty-three patients (IG = 25 and CG = 28) with a mean age of 11.5 ± 2.6 years were included. No significant differences were found between groups regarding lung function, asthma control, quality of life, and functional tests. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold (P = .025; = 0.083), peak oxygen consumption (P = .008; = 0.116) and test duration (P = .014; = 0.1) presented greater improvements in the IG. In addition, improvements were observed in leg press (P < .001; = 0.36), hamstring curl (P = .001; = 0.217), high row (P = .003; = .167), low row (P = .009; = 0.128) and quadriceps leg extension (P = .015; = 0.108) in the IG. Combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) improved cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in children and adolescents with controlled asthma and exercise symptoms.

Does the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and static magnetic fields (sMF) potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease the loss of performance during detraining? A randomised, triple-blinded,\xa0placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundPhotobiomodulation (PBMT) is a therapy that uses non-ionising forms of light, including low-level lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that may be capable of modulating cellular activity. Some biological processes may also interact with static magnetic fields (sMF), leading to modulatory effects on cells. Previous studies have verified that the combination of PBMT and sMF (PBMT/sMF) enhances the performance of individuals during aerobic training programs. The detraining period can cause losses in aerobic capacity. However, there is no evidence of the existence of any recourse that can decrease the effects of detraining. We aimed to investigate the effects of PBMT/sMF application during training and detraining to assess the effectiveness of this treatment in reducing the effects of detraining.MethodsSixty male volunteers were randomly allocated into four groups— participants who received PBMT/sMF during the training and detraining (PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF); participants who received PBMT/sMF during the training and a placebo in the detraining (PBMT/sMF + Placebo); participants who received a placebo during the training and PBMT/sMF in the detraining (Placebo+PBMT/sMF); and participants who received a placebo during the training and detraining (Placebo+Placebo). Participants performed treadmill training over 12 weeks (3 sessions/week), followed by 4 weeks of detraining. PBMT/sMF was applied using a 12-diode emitter (four 905 nm super-pulsed lasers, four 875 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs), four 640 nm LEDs, and a 35 mT magnetic field) at 17 sites on each lower limb (dosage: 30 J per site). The data were analysed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, time vs experimental group) with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.ResultsThe percentage of change in time until exhaustion and in maximum oxygen consumption was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group at all time-points (p < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of decrease in body fat at the 16th week was higher in the PBMT/sMF + PBMT/sMF group than in the Placebo+Placebo group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPBMT/sMF can potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease performance loss after a 4-week detraining period. Thus, it may prove to be an important tool for both amateur and high-performance athletes as well as people undergoing rehabilitation.Trial registrationNCT03879226. Trial registered on 18 March 2019.

The Effect of 8 weeks Aerobic Training and Glycogon Consumption on Serum Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Apelin is a novel adipokine that plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis and improving insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks aerobic interval training and glycogon consumption on serum apelin levels and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Forty diabetic women with mean age (48.08± 6.14) weight (72.61± 11.51) kg, height (156.33± 6.36) cm, body mass index (BMI) (29.73 ± 4.62) kg / m 2 were selected. Samples were randomly divided into four groups: aerobic interval training (n= 10), glycogon consumption (n= 10), combination (n= 10) and control (n= 10). To measure low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, insulin, apelin and insulin resistance were measured. Then the aerobic and combination group participated in an aerobic interval training program (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 1 hour session, 40-60% of maximal beat intensity). Glycogel 3 capsules of 145 mg daily were used. After eight weeks, all variables were measured in four groups. T-test and analysis of variance were used. Results: The findings of this study showed that the level of apelin decreased significantly in all three groups (P-value=0.018). Changes in glucose (P-value=0.16) and insulin (P-value=0.31) in groups were not significant .Insulin resistance was significantly decreased in the combination and glycogel groups (P-value=0.03). Conclusion: Aerobic interval exercises and glycogon consumption can be used to reduce some of the risk factors for diabetes in people with diabetes.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Fitness Intervention in Thrombosis (NASHFit): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a supervised aerobic exercise program to reduce elevated clotting risk in patients with NASH

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide affecting upwards of one third the global population. For reasons not fully understood, individuals with NAFLD and its more severe variant, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism which significantly increases morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle changes centering around exercise training are the mainstay of treatment for NAFLD/NASH. While exercise training can lessen venous thromboembolic risk in healthy persons and those with cardiovascular disease, whether or not this benefit is seen in patients with NAFLD/NASH remains unknown. In order to better understand how exercise training impacts thrombosis risk in NAFLD, we present the design of a thirty-two week randomized controlled clinical trial of 42 sedentary subjects age 18–69 with biopsy proven NASH. The main aim is to determine the impact of an aerobic exercise training program on the abnormal hemostatic system unique to NAFLD/NASH. The main outcome is change in plasminogen activator inhibitor one level, an established marker for venous thromboembolism. Secondary outcomes include body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, control of comorbid metabolic conditions (e.g., obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes), dietary composition, health related quality of life, liver enzymes and histology, NAFLD/NASH disease activity (e.g., biomarkers, clinical decision aids), microbiome, other markers of hemostasis, and PNPLA3 gene expression. The study represents the first clinical trial of an exercise training program to reduce elevated clotting risk in subjects with NAFLD/NASH.