Aerobic Stability Research Articles

Effects of Condensed Tannins on Bacterial and Fungal Communities during Aerobic Exposure of Sainfoin Silage.

Sainfoin is a forage legume that is widely distributed around the world and is beneficial for animals owing to the characteristics of its condensed tannins (CTs), which, from certain plants, can prolong the aerobic stability of silage. The present study investigated whether sainfoin CTs can prolong aerobic stability by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to inactivate CT activity in the silage system. The results showed that aerobic stability increased under the PEG treatment (p < 0.05). Ammonia nitrogen (0.71 g/kg DM vs. 0.94 g/kg DM; p < 0.05) was higher in the PEG-treated group compared with the control after 3 d of aerobic exposure. BA was detected only in the PEG-treated group upon aerobic exposure. Yeasts were more abundant in the control compared with the PEG-treated group after 7 d of aerobic exposure, after which the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was lower in the PEG-treated group (65.01% vs. 75.01% in the control; p < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Pediococcus was higher in the PEG-treated group compared with the control (10.9% vs. 4.49%, respectively; p < 0.05).The relative abundances of Apiotrichum and Aspergillus were lower in the control than in the PEG-treated group after 7 d of aerobic exposure. The results suggested that sainfoin CTs decreased aerobic stability, but could inhibit certain bacteria and fungi, such as Pediococcus and Apiotrichum, and preserve the protein content during the aerobic exposure of silage.

A powerful strategy to improve aerobic granular sludge stability towards organic shock loadings with varying carbon/nitrogen ratios: Weak magnetic field

The organic shock loadings with varying ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) caused by fluctuations of wastewater flowrate and concentration inflict a great threat on the stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in practical applications. Herein, the present work proposed an enhanced shock-loading-tolerance strategy for AGS by applying a weak magnetic field (WMF). Results indicated that aerobic granules exposed in WMF kept a significant propagation regardless of the various influent organic concentrations, while those in the control reactor exhibited inadaptability with decreasing biomass concentration and bioactivity at lean substrate conditions. The enhanced extracellular polymeric substances regulating process might be one of the inducement mechanisms to cope with organic shock loadings of WMF. In addition, the AGS system in WMF showed its strong resilience in terms of the ammonia and phosphate removal. Magnetic field could inhibit the overgrowth of filamentous bacteria, and the enhanced tolerance for organic shock loadings might attribute to the enrichment of functional microbes related to structural stability such as Firmicutes and Candidatus_Competibacter. Therefore, this work revealed the enhanced mechanisms of magnetic field for improving the AGS stability towards organic shock loadings, promoting the full-scale engineering applications of both AGS and magnetization technologies in wastewater treatment.

Effects of Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and microbial community of triticale silage

BackgroundDue to its hollow stem, ensiling triticale presents a challenge as it may cause an overabundance of oxygen during the fermentation process. This study investigated the effects of Bacillus coagulans (BC) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on the fermentation characteristics, microbial community, and aerobic stability of ensiled triticale. Fresh triticale was wilted at a dry matter content of 350 g/kg. The experiment was arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with both BC and commercial LP added at 0 or 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh weight (FW) of chopped triticale.ResultsAfter 60 days of ensiling, the pH, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) of inoculated groups were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), especially in the LP + BC treatment (P < 0.05). The lactic acid (LA) concentration, lactic acid/acetic acid (LA/AA), and aerobic stability were also higher (P < 0.05) in the LP + BC treatment than in other treatments. The bacterial diversity was reduced, and the richness was increased by the application of LP and BC individually (P < 0.05). Compared with the control silage, LP-treated silage had higher Lactobacillus (P < 0.05), while BC-treated silage had higher Bacillus and Pediococcus (P < 0.05). The LP + BC-treated silage had higher Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Serratia (P < 0.05). Bacillus was negatively correlated with NDF (P < 0.05) and AA (P < 0.05). Lactobacillus was positively correlated with LA (P < 0.05) and LA/AA but negatively with pH and NH3-N (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe combination of BC and LP may lead to improved ensiled triticale fermentation quality and aerobic stability by inducing alterations in the composition of bacterial communities, which is crucial for the efficient utilization of triticale resources.Graphical

Feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and carcass traits of lambs fed corn silage treated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri and stored for different times

Our objective was to investigate the impact of inoculation and storage length of flint corn silage on the metabolic and production responses of lambs. A flint corn hybrid was harvested with 315 g dry matter (DM)/kg and ensiled in concrete pipe silos without (control) or with Lentilactobacillus buchneri CNCM I-4323 at 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage for 120, 240 and 360 d (n = 2 for each treatment). Such silages were used to formulate six different diets. Sixty non-castrated male Dorper × Santa Inês lambs were used in the feeding program (n = 10). Additionally, eight ruminally cannulated Dorper × Santa Inês crossbred lambs were used to measure the ruminal fermentation (n = 4). Extending the storage of corn silage from 120 to 360 d increased the contents of soluble protein (P = 0.030; 415–490 g/kg CP) and ammonia-N (P = 0.047; 82.5–114 g/kg total N). Compared to the control, inoculation resulted in higher (P < 0.05) concentration of lactic (+19.9 %) and acetic acid (+38.6 %), and lower butyric acid (–25.3 %), ammonia-N (–23.5 %), and DM loss (–36.2 %). The aerobic stability of corn silage was also improved by inoculation (P = 0.002; +160 h compared to the control). An interaction between storage length and inoculation was reported for feed intake, and lambs had increased DMI (P < 0.001) by feeding the inoculated silage stored for 120 d. Overall, the total-tract starch digestibility increased (P = 0.041) with longer storage (120 d = 94.4 %; 240 d = 95.7 %; 360 d = 96.5 %). However, the total VFA was unchanged (P > 0.05) while the ruminal molar proportion of propionate decreased from 22.8 to 20.7 mM/100 mM in lambs fed corn silage stored for 120 and 360 d (P = 0.004). Lengthening silage storage from 120 to 240 and 360 d tended (P = 0.06) to increase the ADG of lambs by 4.6 % and 10.2 %, respectively (120 d = 0.216 kg/d; 240 d = 0.226 kg/d; 360 d = 0.238 kg/d). Moreover, the feed efficiency was substantially improved (P = 0.008) by 5 % and 14 % when the silages were stored for 240 and 360 d compared to 120 d. In opposite, inoculation had no effect (P > 0.05) on ADG and feed efficiency of lambs. Final hot carcass weight (data ranged from 16.8 to 17.2 kg) and 12th rib longissimus muscle area (data ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 cm2) were not affected by treatments (P > 0.05). Overall, only few parameters of carcass and meat traits of lambs were altered by storage length and inoculation, but it were of minor biological importance. In conclusion, the productivity responses of lambs were enhanced by increasing the storage length of flint corn silage, but inoculation with L. buchneri did not contribute to improve animal performance.

An investigation on the cyclic temperature-dependent performance behaviors of ultrabright air-stable QLEDs

The aerobic and thermal stability of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) is an important factor for the practical applications of these devices under harsh environmental conditions. We demonstrate all-solution-processed amber QLEDs with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of > 14% with almost negligible efficiency roll-off (droop) and a peak brightness of > 600,000 cd/m2, unprecedented for QLEDs fabricated under ambient air conditions. We investigate the device efficiency and brightness level at a temperature range between − 10 and 85 °C in a 5-step cooling/heating cycle. We conducted the experiments at brightness levels higher than 10,000 cd/m2, required for outdoor lighting applications. Our device performance proves thermal stability, with minimal standard deviation in the performance parameters. Interestingly, the device efficiency parameters recover to the initial values upon returning to room temperature. The variations in the performance are correlated with the modification of charge transport characteristics and induced radiative/non-radiative exciton relaxation dynamics at different temperatures. Being complementary to previous studies on the subject, the present work is expected to shed light on the potential feasibility of realizing aerobic-stable ultrabright droop-free QLEDs and encourage further research for solid-state lighting applications.

Investigation on the microbial community of an accelerating stabilization landfill by aeration engineering.

The microbial community of the landfill undergoing aerobic stabilization process by aeration engineering was investigated. The municipal solid wastes (MSWs) were sampled from two aeration well sites with different landfill temperatures (65.5°C and 41.7°C) under higher and lower stabilization level. The physical component, chemical property, and microbial population of MSWs were analyzed and compared. The result showed that the phylum Firmicutes was dominant in the aerobic landfill; and the genus Weissella and Syntrophaceticus were more abundant in high, and low temperature site, respectively. The bacterial distribution showed difference on two temperature sites and four landfill depths, mainly affected by the ammonia-nitrogen and moisture content of MSWs. The ecological profiles of the microorganisms responded the aeration engineering were predicted. The anaerobic hydrolytic and acetogenic microorganisms were decreased in abundance, while the facultative Lactobacillus increased when the landfill under a higher stabilization level. The function abundances of methane oxidation, sulfide oxidation, and aerobic chemoheterotrophy were enriched by aeration engineering, which was the microbial mechanism for accelerating the stabilization process of landfill.

Effect of different conditions to forage before ensiling and use of a lactic acid bacteria-based additive on the fermentation and aerobic stability of maize silage

Effect of different conditions to forage before ensiling and use of a lactic acid bacteria-based additive on the fermentation and aerobic stability of maize silage

Efficacy of six lactic acid bacteria strains as silage inoculants in forages with different dry matter and water‐soluble carbohydrate content

AbstractThe dry matter (DM), water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, and epiphytic microbiota of forage during ensiling are critical for the production of high‐quality preserved forage. This study tested the efficacy of six additive treatments (106 CFU/g FM Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IMI 507023, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum [IMI 507026, IMI 507027, and IMI 507028] or Pediococcus pentosaceus [IMI 507024 and IMI 507025]) as ensiling agents for grass‐clover preservation. Treated and untreated forages were ensiled in 1.75 L glass jars and stored for 90 days at 20 ± 2°C. The effects of treatments on silage fermentation and aerobic stability were tested using grass‐clover forage at low and high levels of DM (24.0%–40.1%) and WSC (1.78%–5.27%). Data analysis using a mixed‐effects model and principal component analysis revealed improved silage fermentation in treated forages compared to that in the control. The fermentation‐related analytes in the treated silages (low pH, ethanol, acetic acid, and high lactic acid) represented a typical homofermentative metabolic pathway. The silage inoculants significantly lowered DM losses and ammonia‐N, % of total nitrogen content, ranging between 30.4%–52.5% and 30.5%–63.1% respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, forage type interacted with treatment, indicating that forage management is vital for ensiling and should be considered alongside inoculant use. The improvement in aerobic stability by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was inconsistent. The principal component analysis of all analytes showed that aerobic stability was most closely correlated with acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations. In conclusion, all LAB strains successfully improved the preservation of forage materials.

Effects of Additives on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and Wheat Bran Mixed Silage

This experiment investigated the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of amaranth and wheat bran (AWB) mixed silage. In this experiment, a two-factor (moisture content × additive) completely randomized experimental design was used, with amaranth as the raw silage material, and the moisture content was adjusted to 60%, 65%, and 70% using wheat bran. At each moisture content condition, the silage treatments included groups without any additives (control), with lactic acid bacteria (L), with cellulase (E), and with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase (M). Six replicates of each treatment were analyzed for fermentation quality, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of AWB mixed silage after 60 days of ensiling. The results showed that in the same L group, the pH and the lactic acid (LA) in the 60% moisture content (MC) group were lower and higher, respectively, than in the 70% MC group (p &lt; 0.05). In the same E and M groups, the ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen (AN/TN) in the 60% MC group was lower than that in the 70% MC group, and the in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) was higher than that in the 70% MC group (p &lt; 0.05). At the same time, the aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage gradually decreased as the MC of the raw material increased (p &lt; 0.05). Under 60% MC, the IVCPD and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) in AWB mixed silage from the E and M groups were higher than those in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Under 60% MC, the pH and AN/TN in AWB mixed silage from the M group were lower than those in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with the control under 60% MC, the aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage inoculated with L, E, and M increased by 33 h, 42 h, and 57 h, respectively. It was shown that the addition of M resulted in the best fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage when the amaranth MC was 60%.

Flint corn silage management: influence of maturity stage, inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and storage time on fermentation pattern, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics.

High quality corn silage depends on factors such as corn type, stage of crop development at harvest time, fermentation time, in addition to use or not of inoculants. This study aimed to investigate the impact of maturity stage, bacterial inoculation, and storage time on fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics of flint corn silage and their implications for corn silage management. A flint corn hybrid was harvested very early, early, and medium (at 250, 300 and 350 g dry matter (DM)/kg as fed, respectively) and ensiled in mini-silos without (control) or with Lentilactobacillus buchneri CNCM I-4323 at 1 × 105 cfu/g for 120, 240 and 360 d to investigate how these factors interact with each other. There was only a small increase (7 g/kg starch; p = 0.003) in starch digestibility (starch-D) in the silages stored for 360 d when compared to that stored for 240 d, but with no difference for 120 d. Despite the reduced starch-D (526 vs. 694 g/kg starch; p < 0.001), silages produced from medium harvest had higher (p < 0.001) starch content (317 vs. 137 g/kg DM) and higher amount of digestible starch (169 vs. 98.5 g/kg DM; p < 0.001) compared to very early harvest. The 2-way interactions (inoculation × storage time and maturity × storage time) showed that inoculation of corn silage with L. buchneri increased (p < 0.001) the aerobic stability, and that more mature crop silage had higher aerobic stability (140 h; p = 0.036) than the others (118 and 48.5 h for those silages from very early and early harvest). The storage for a longer time (>120 d) with the goal of increasing silage digestibility did not occur. Harvesting whole-crop flint corn with 300 to 350 g/kg DM is desirable to have higher DM yield and starch accumulation. Inoculation with L. buchneri is recommended to preserve the silage against aerobic deterioration. This study has shown the importance of harvesting flint corn at the right time, and the need for inoculation with L. buchneri to ensure greater yield, starch accumulation, and silage preservation, if 120 days of storage are not exceeded.

Dry Matter Content and Additives with Different Modes of Action Modify the Preservation Characteristics of Grass Silage

Two experiments evaluated how grass silage quality can be manipulated by various management options. In Experiment 1, silage characteristics were evaluated at two dry matter (DM) contents and treated with additives presenting different modes of action. Timothy grass was ensiled at low (224 g/kg) and high (534 g/kg) DM contents and five additives were applied: 1. control (C), 2. homofermentative lactic acid bacteria inoculant (HO), 3. heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria inoculant (HE), 4. salt-based additive (SA) and 5. Formic- and propionic-acid-based additive (FPA). A higher DM content and FPA restricted silage fermentation, and additive effects were generally greater in low rather than high DM silages. The chemical additives SA and FPA resulted in the highest aerobic stability, while the HE improved it at a high DM content. In Experiment 2, the low DM content grass was ensiled utilizing resin acids, as follows: 1. C, 2. FPA, 3. Resin acid oil (FOR) at 13 L/t, 4. FOR at 26 L/t, 5. Resin acid soluble in water (ROS) at 13 L/t and 6. ROS at 26 L/t. Wilting combined with additives improved the preservation characteristics of grass silages (Experiment 1), but resin acid products failed to modify silage fermentation compared to the control (Experiment 2).

Effects of Cellulase and Xylanase Addition on Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Bacteria Composition of Low Water-Soluble Carbohydrates Oat Silage

Most oat forage has low water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), which may be the main limited factor for silage fermentation safely, but oat is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose; therefore, we assume that xylanase and cellulase as additives can reduce the content of cellulose and xylan in oat silage, increase the microbial fermentable sugar content, and improve the fermentation quality of the silage. After wilting, oats were treated as follows: (i) distributed water (CK); (ii) silages inoculated with xylanase (X); (iii) silages inoculated with cellulase (C), ensiling for 3 days (early stage of silage) and 60 days (late stage of silage), respectively, after ensiling 60 days for a 5-day aerobic exposure study. The pH, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly reduced by xylanase and cellulase treatment during the late stage of silage, and the concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen increased remarkably. The WSC content reached its peak with xylanase treatment during the late stage of silage. The content of crude protein (CP) was not affected by additives but by the silage period; CP and ether extract (EE) significantly increased during the late stage of silage compared to the early stage. After ensiling, the bacterial community showed that xylanase and cellulase treatment increased the relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus has a higher relative abundance with cellulase treatment after 60 days of ensiling; this can effectively reduce the pH of silage and ensure long-term, stable storage of silage. Cellulase and xylanase increased bacterial diversity during aerobic exposure and improved the aerobic stability of silage significantly. This study indicated that different additives and silage periods had significant effects on chemical compositions, fermentation quality, and bacterial community; meanwhile, both additives improved the aerobic stability of silage. In summary, when the WSC of oat is low, cellulase and xylanase have good effects as silage additives, and the comprehensive effect of cellulase is more prominent.

Infrared Thermography Assessment of Aerobic Stability of a Total Mixed Ration: An Innovative Approach to Evaluating Dairy Cow Feed.

A major objective of this study is to identify factors influencing the quality of high-moisture total mixed rations (TMRs) for livestock feed and explore possible manipulations that can enhance their fermentation characteristics and stability in order to address the problem of poor aerobic stability. Therefore, the current study utilized infrared thermography (IRT) to assess the aerobic stability of water-added TMRs in the feed bunker. By manipulating the moisture content of freshly prepared TMRs at four different levels through water addition and subjecting it to storage at two consistent temperatures, significant correlations between IRT values (center temperature (CT) and maximum temperature difference (MTD)) and key parameters such as lactic acid bacteria, water-soluble carbohydrates, and TMR pH were established. The first and second principal components together accounted for 44.3% of the variation, with the first component's load influenced by IRT parameters, fermentation characteristics, and air exposure times, while the second component's load was influenced by dry matter content and lactic acid concentration. The results of these studies indicate the possibility that feeding methods can be optimized by identifying portions with higher CT or MTD data using IRT measurements just before feeding dairy cows in the field. As a result, increasing the use of IRT in feed management and preservation processes is projected to have a positive impact on animal productivity in the future.

The Effect of Microbial Inoculum and Urea Supplements on Nutritive Value, Amino Acids Profile, Aerobic Stability and Digestibility of Wheat and Corn Silages.

Wheat and corn silages are widely used as ruminant feed in Israel due to their availability and cost-effectiveness. To ensure long-term preservation without compromising nutritional quality, effective methods must be employed. The inclusion of additives during harvest and ensiling can enhance efficiency and address preservation challenges. In the current study, the effects of microbial inoculum (MI) and urea on the chemical composition, amino acid profiles, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages were investigated. Samples of wheat and corn were subjected to four treatments: control, MI, urea and a combination of MI + urea. The treatments were ensiled in anaerobic conditions and opened after 1, 7, 14 or 28 days. The results showed that additives improved the quality parameters of wheat and corn silages. The inclusion of MI produced the most aerobically stable silages. The inclusion of urea in silages decreased aerobic stability. Additives improved in vitro cell wall carbohydrates' digestibility in both silages and was the best when MI was combined with urea. These results imply that additives could be incorporated in silages to enhance their nutritional value, aerobic stability and digestibility. Nonetheless, increased CP content with additives was not accompanied with a parallel increase in amino acids' content in corn silage.

Assessment of Maize Silage Quality under Different Pre-Ensiling Conditions

Maize silage suffers from several factors that affect the final quality and, to some extent, pre-ensiled conditions that can be potentially tuned during harvesting. After assessing new indices for silage quality under lab-scale conditions, several trials have been conducted to find associations between fresh maize characteristics and silage features. Among the first, we included field input levels, FAO class, maturity stage, use of bacterial inoculants, sealing delay and chemical traits, whereas, among the latter, we assessed density and porosity, pH, fermentative profile, dry matter loss and aerobic stability. The trials were conducted using vacuum bags or mini silo buckets. More than 1500 maize samples harvested in Northeast Italy were analysed during the 2016–2022 period. Moreover, to evaluate silage aerobic stability, the fermentative profile and temperature were measured 14 days after the opening of the silo. The association between silage quality and aerobic stability was assessed, and a prognostic risk score was used to calculate the probability of aerobic instability. The dataset could provide baseline information to promote the continuous improvement of maize silage management from different botanical and crop fields, thus improving agronomic and animal farm resource allocation from a precision agriculture perspective.

In vitro and in vivo investigation of Persian manna plant silage as an alternative forage for fattening lambs

The Persian manna plant (Alhagi maurorum, PMP) is a species with drought-resistant characteristics and distribution from Asia to America which is widely used in traditional medicine. As a result of recent droughts, many ranchers have become interested in using this plant for feeding their livestock. According to our knowledge, no scientific study has been done regarding the silage quality of PMP with natural-microbial additives. Rumen fluid may also be used as a low-cost and novel-natural microbial additive for improvement in silage quality. Therefore, we planned two in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate PMP silage. In the first experiment, we ensiled PMP with molasses (M: molasses, 3%, 6%, and 9% of DM) plus rumen fluid (RF: rumen fluid, 3%, 6%, and 9% of DM) for 60 days with the aim of investigation of nutritional characteristics and its silage potential by in vitro methods. In the second experiment, we investigated the nutritional value of the selected superior silage from the in vitro section for animal experiments. The growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters of forty male lambs were evaluated for substitution of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% forage with M6 +RF6 silage in a completely randomized design. Some mineral-chemical composition and digestive-fermentative parameters changed with ensiling PMP. The lowest NDF and ADF were observed in M6 +RF6 (P < 0.0001). Higher lactic acid production, total volatile fatty acids, aerobic stability, acid-base buffering capacity, metabolizable energy, Flieg point, and lower butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen, and pH were observed in M6 +RF6 compared to the control. Among the treatments, the highest dry matter intake, average daily gain, final weight, nutrient digestibility, and total volatile fatty acids were observed in lambs fed on the control diet. In total, PMP can be ensiled with molasses and rumen fluid well. As a result of the in vitro tests, a better nutritional value was relatively observed in M6 +RF6. The in vivo test also showed that M6 +RF6 can be substituted up to about 26% of the dietary DM without adverse effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters.

Silage additives improve fermentation quality, aerobic stability and rumen degradation in mixed silage composed of amaranth and corn straw.

The objective of this research was to investigate effects of different additives on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and rumen degradation of mixed silage composed of amaranth and corn straw. The mixture ratio of amaranth to corn straw was 78%: 22%. Three additives were selected in this study and five groups were as follows: control group (CON, without additive), lactic acid bacteria group (LAB, 5 mg/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum ≥ 1.6×1010 CFU/g and L. buchneri ≥ 4.0×109 CFU/g), glucose group (GLU, 30 g/kg), cellulase group (CEL, 2 mg/kg) and lactic acid bacteria, glucose and cellulase group (LGC, added at the same levels as in individual group). The period of ensiling was 60 days. Fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of mixed silage were analyzed. Four cows with permanent ruminal fistula were selected as experimental animals. Nylon bag technique was used to study rumen degradation characteristic of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of mixed silage. Compared with CON group, the addition of different silage additives could improve mixed silage quality of amaranth and corn straw to some extent. Combining three additives significantly increased (P < 0.05) the DM, CP and lactic acid contents, whereas decreased (P < 0.05) the ADF and NDF contents as well as pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen. Moreover, the aerobic stability and rumen degradation of DM, CP and NDF were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in LGC group when compared to other groups. In conclusion, the combined addition of lactic acid bacteria, glucose and cellulase increased DM, CP and lactic acid contents as well as lactic acid bacteria count, decreased NDF and ADF contents and aerobic bacteria and mold counts, improved aerobic stability and rumen degradation of amaranth and corn straw mixed silage.

The Effect of the Addition of Different Rates of Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Powder to Maize on Silage Fermentation and Aerobic Stability

This study aims to determine the effects of adding different rates of sumac powder to maize (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) on fermentation properties, silage quality, and aerobic stability. In the study, 16 silage samples, four repetitions from each group, were placed in 1.5-liter glass jars and compressed. Silages were left to ferment for 60 days. In addition, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for five days immediately after opening. The lowest CO2 value was determined in the 0.5% sumac group (P

Effect of adding lactic acid bacteria to maize silage on nutritive quality, fermentation properties and in vitro digestibility

This study aimed to determine the effects of adding lactic acid bacteria to maize silage on the nutritionalf quality, its fermentation properties and its in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD). In the study, pre-fermented juices (PFJ) prepared from different water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) sources at the rate of 5% and commercial homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were added to silages. Groups were designed as (I) control, (II) Glucose-PFJ, (III) Fructose-PFJ, (IV) Sucrose-PFJ, (V) Molasses-PFJ, (VI) Homofermentative LAB (HoLAB) and (VII) Heterofermentative LAB (HetLAB). When the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), LA/AA ratio, pH and yeast values of the natural fermented lactic acid bacteria liquids prepared by adding 5% different easily soluble carbohydrate sources to meadow grass fermentation values of the groups were examined, the differences between them were statistically significant. &#x0D; The differences between the groups in the CA, ADF, IVOMD and methane (CH4) values of the silage groups prepared by adding PFJ were found to be statistically significant. The differences in the fermentation characteristics of the silages (pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), LA, AA, LA/AA, CO2 and total yeast mold after aerobic stability) were statistically significant. When all parameters were examined, it was concluded that the addition of PFJ, which is prepared by adding 5% fructose to the meadow grass plant, to the maize silage has positive effects on IVOMD, ME, CH4, LA and yeast-mold and can be used instead of commercial inoculants.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Lentilactobacillus buchneriDSM 32650 as a feed additive for all animal species (BioCC OÜ).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 32650 as a technological feed additive (functional group: silage additive) for all animal species. The additive is intended to improve the production of silage at a proposed application rate of 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg fresh material. The bacterial species L. buchneri is considered by the European Food Safety Authority to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach. As the identity of the strain has been established and no antimicrobial resistance determinants of concern were detected, the use of the strain as a silage additive is considered safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be a skin/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser. Given the proteinaceous nature of the active agent, the additive should be considered a respiratory sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 32650 at a minimum concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/kg fresh material may extend the aerobic stability of silage from easy and moderately difficult to ensile fresh material with a dry matter content ranging from 28% to 45%.