Aerobic Rice Research Articles

Optimizing Growth and Yield in Aerobic Rice through IoT-based Drip Irrigation and Fertigation

Aim: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different IoT based drip irrigation and fertigation management practices on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with 4 main plots (Horizontal) and 3 sub-plots (Vertical) that are allocated randomly and replicated thrice. Place and Duration of Study: kharif and rabi seasons of 2022-23 & 2023-24 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad. Methodology: The horizontal plot treatments were Nitrogen management practices (4) i.e., Control (N1), 100 % RDN (100% inorganic) (N2), 100 % RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) (N3) and 125 % RDN (100 % inorganic) (N4). Vertical plots treatments were Irrigation management practices (3) which include Saturation (I1), 10 % DASM (I2) and 20 % DASM (I3). Organic nutrient sources were given as soil application and the inorganic sources were applied through fertigation. Sensor based (IoT) irrigation scheduling was done. Results: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic consistently resulted in higher growth parameters (plant height (110.4 cm and 93.9 cm), number of tillers m-2 (392.2 and 291.8) and plant dry weight (11814.8 kg ha-1 and 9557.0 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) followed by 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) in pooled data. Saturation irrigation resulted in taller plants with greater growth parameters (plant height (109.8 cm and 91.0 cm), number of tillers m-2 (412.3 and 283.6) and plant dry weight (10916.0 kg ha-1 and 9463.4 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) compared to deficit irrigation treatments. Treatment of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic resulted in the higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (154.3 and 141.1), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (142.3 and 124.0), panicle weight (3.1 g and 3.3 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4790.2 kg ha-1 and 4583.8 kg ha-1) which was statistically similar with 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic). Saturation expressed higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (149.5 and 139.2), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (135.0 and 121.6), panicle weight (3.0 g and 3.2 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4554.0 kg ha-1 and 4425.5 kg ha-1) which was on par with 10% DASM. The interaction was found to be non-significant. Conclusion: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN and 100% RDN through fertigation were found to have statistically similar growth, yield parameters and yield. IoT based irrigation at 10% DASM was found to be on par with saturation treatment among all the growth, yield parameters and yield of aerobic rice.

Mitigation of Iron Deficiency in Aerobic Rice with Biological Interventions in Inceptisol

Mitigation of Iron Deficiency in Aerobic Rice with Biological Interventions in Inceptisol

Water use efficiency and water productivity of aerobic rice under drip irrigation and fertigation system by using daily soil water balance

Water use efficiency and water productivity of aerobic rice under drip irrigation and fertigation system by using daily soil water balance

Residual Effect of Organic Waste Mulching and Intercropping Aerobic Rice with Peanut on Yield Performance of Mungbean Direct-seeded Following Rice on Raised-beds in Lombok, Indonesia

In Indonesia, in the paddy fields, mungbean is generally planted in the dry season as a rotation crop for rice when irrigation water is insufficient for growing rice, so the productivity of mungbean is generally very low. This research aims to determine the impact of cultivation techniques of aerobic-irrigated red rice grown on permanent raised-beds applied with various organic wastes on growth and yield of mungbean direct-seeded following harvest of red rice. The experiment carried out in June-August 2020, was arranged according to Split Plot design, with two treatment factors: techniques of cultivating aerobic-irrigated red rice, as main plots (T1: monocrop; T2: intercropping with peanuts), and application of various organic wastes to the red rice, as subplots (L0: no waste, L1: rice husks, L2: rice husk ash , L3: rice husk ash + cattle manure). The results indicated that techniques of red rice cultivation and application of various wastes to the red rice showed significant interaction effect on pod number and dry filled-pod weight of mungbean direct-seeded following the red rice, in which dry filled-pod weight was highest (14.44 g/clump) in mungbean direct seeded following aerobic-irrigated red rice intercropped with peanuts receiving rice husk ash (T2L2), and lowest (6.74 g/clump) in mungbean direct-seeded following monocropped red rice without organic wastes (T1L0). Both intercropping with peanuts and application of organic wastes to the red rice preceding mungbean, in general, resulted in higher grain yields of mungbean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the aerobic-irrigated red rice grown on raised-beds.

Optimizing Agronomic Practices for Aerobic Rice under Calcareous Soil in Bihar

Three experiments were conducted during 2014-19 at Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar, to develop agronomic practices for aerobic rice with respect to the performance of varieties at different dates of sowing, optimizing seed rate and spacing, and nitrogen requirement and its scheduling under the calcareous soil of North Bihar plains. Sowing during the first week of June resulted in significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield. Among varieties, Abhishek recorded significantly higher grain yield except for the hybrid. Weather variables during different growth phases significantly influenced the yield. The hybrid outyielded all the test varieties. Maximum grain and straw yields were recorded with 20 cm spacing and a 35 kg/ha seed rate. Also, the minimum dry weight of weeds was recorded with this spacing and seed rate. Nitrogen at 140 kg/ha in three or four splits along with brown manuring resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yields. Also, the maximum uptake of NPK and B:C ratio was recorded with this treatment.

Zinc uptake in rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under the influence of microbial consortia (Pusa decomposer) mediatedin situ rice straw management options

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of various crop establishment methods and microbial consortia (Pusa decomposer) mediated in situ rice straw management options on zinc (Zn) concentration and uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (cv. Pusa Basmati 1509) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (cv. HD 2967). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design (SPD) with 3 replications having 2 main plot (main factor) treatments, viz. aerobic rice (AR); and conventional transplanted (CT) rice in wet season; and 7 sub- plot (sub-factor) treatments, viz. Clean cultivation (removal of paddy straw); Paddy straw incorporation (PSI); Paddy straw mulching (PSM); PSI + Pusa decomposer (PD); PSM + PD; PSI + urea @20 kg/ha; and PSI + PD + urea @10 kg/ha in dry season. Findings showed that, in rice the zinc concentration (18.51 and 20.30 mg/kg in grain; 57.02 and 57.81 mg/kg in straw) and uptake (78.38 and 89.81 g/ha in grain; 427.1 and 434.6 g/ha in straw) were significantly superior in CT rice than AR in main plots during both the years of experiments. However, sub-plot treatments were non-significant in the zinc concentration and uptake. In wheat, among in situ rice straw management options (sub- plots), paddy straw incorporation + Pusa decomposer + Urea @10 kg/ha treatment significantly resulted in higher Zn concentration (38.08 and 39.03 mg/kg in grain; 28.24 and 29.01 mg/kg in straw) and uptake (185.0 and 191.9 g/ha in grain; 234.2 and 242.6 g/ha in straw) compared to other treatments and control (clean cultivation). The principal component analysis revealed that Zn uptake positively correlated with straw and grain yields in rice and wheat. Thus, the same treatment was found to be a better option for higher Zn concentration and uptake in the rice-wheat cropping system.

Influence of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution with different irrigation regimes of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation under trickle irrigation system

An experiment was conducted during the summers of 2019 and 2020 at the AICRP Water Management field, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different irrigation regimes. Treatment consisted of 3 irrigation regimes, viz. I1 , Trickle irrigation at 120% Pan Evaporation (PE); I2 , 100% PE, and I3 , 80% PE. Experiment separately, maintained the surface irrigation of IW: CPE 1.20 as control. The well-composed coir pith @375 kg/ha was spread over the raised beds and leveled well with surface soil. Soil samples were collected in vertical and horizontal directions for determining soil moisture by gravimetric method. Soil moisture appropriation was plotted graphically as contour maps used by the surfer. Results revealed that trickle irrigation at 120% PE with coir pith application improved the yield attributes of aerobic rice compared to surface irrigation (IW: CPE 1.20) owing to coir pith’s favourable hydrological and physical properties to hold and spread the water in the raised bed area.

Ecological dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in wetland and aerobic rice ecosystem under subtropical humid climatic conditions in Eastern India

Ecological dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in wetland and aerobic rice ecosystem under subtropical humid climatic conditions in Eastern India

Comparative analysis of nutrient absorption in rice cultivation: Aerobic versus anaerobic conditions in furrow‐irrigated rice

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the Mid‐Southern United States has traditionally been under conventional flood (CF) production, namely, direct‐seeded and delayed‐flood production. However, furrow‐irrigated rice (FIR) has grown to comprise over 15% of Arkansas’ and 30% of Missouri's rice hectarage. The uptake of several nutrients, including phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), has been shown to differ between aerobic and flooded rice production. Hence, a nutrient uptake survey was conducted from 2018 to 2020 in FIR fields to determine the difference in nutrient uptake (macro‐ and micronutrients) between the upper generally aerobic environment at the top of the field and the bottom of the field, where a generally anaerobic or flooded environment existed from R1 to maturity. Aboveground biomass samples were taken at R3 from four nitrogen (N) treatments at the top and bottom of five sites on a clayey soil texture and four sites on a loamy soil texture. Results suggest that there is significantly lower P, K, sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn) uptake at the top of the field compared to the bottom of the field on both soil textures. Additionally, the N treatments that yielded the highest biomass generally led to the greatest uptake of all nutrients examined. The decrease in P and K uptake in the aerobic portion of an FIR field suggests that they may require altered fertilizer recommendations compared to the traditional CF rice system.

Interactions of Microbial Inoculations with Fertilization Options and Crop Establishment Methods on Modulation of Soil Microbial Properties and Productivity of Rice

A field investigation was undertaken to assess the interactive effects of different crop establishment methods (CEMs) and microbial formulations in field conditions. The two year experiment was carried out in kharif season (June to October) of both 2013–14 and 2014–15 at Research Farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi India. The CEMs studied consist of puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice system (ARS); while microbial formulations consist of Anabaena sp. (CR1)+Providencia sp. (PR3) consortium (MC1) and Anabaena–Pseudomonas biofilm formulation (MC2). The microbial inoculation was applied with 75% recommended dose of nutrients (RDN) (90 kg nitrogen ha-1 and 19.35 kg phosphorus ha-1) and compared with 100% RDN. Soil microbiological properties showed significantly higher values in SRI in the first year; while in the second year, SRI and PTR remained on par and superior to ARS. Among the combinations of nutrient supplements, application of Anabaena–Pseudomonas biofilm formulation (MC2) with 75% RDN was superior in terms of all microbiological attributes studied [acetylene reduction activity (ARA), soil chlorophyll, soil dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass carbon and alkaline phosphatase activity]. Application of microbial inoculation led to an increase in milled rice yield from 230 to 240 kg ha-1. Among the different combinations of CEMs and inputs investigated the application of 75% RDN+MC2+zinc (Zn) (soil applied 5 kg Zn ha-1 through zinc sulphate heptahydrate) in SRI can be a judicious option to maximize rice yield and soil health.

The effect of white grub (Maladera Verticalis) larvae feeding on rhizosphere microbial characterization of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Puer City, Yunnan Province, China

BackgroundRhizosphere microorganisms are vital in plants’ growth and development and these beneficial microbes are recruited to the root-zone soil when experiencing various environmental stresses. However, the effect of white grub (Maladera verticalis) larvae feeding on the structure and function of rhizosphere microbial communities of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) is unclear.ResultsIn this study, we compared physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial communities using 18 samples under healthy and M. verticalis larvae-feeding aerobic rice rhizosphere soils at the Yunnan of China. 16 S rRNA and ITS amplicons were sequenced using Illumina high throughput sequencing. M. verticalis larvae feeding on aerobic rice can influence rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, which also change rhizosphere microbial communities. The healthy and M. verticalis larvae-feeding aerobic rice rhizosphere soil microorganisms had distinct genus signatures, such as possible_genus_04 and Knoellia genera in healthy aerobic rice rhizosphere soils and norank_f__SC − I−84 and norank_f__Roseiflexaceae genera in M. verticalis larvae-feeding aerobic rice rhizosphere soils. The pathway of the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides and carbohydrate metabolism in rhizosphere bacteria were significantly decreased after M. verticalis larvae feeding. Fungal parasite–wood saprotroph and fungal parasites were significantly decreased after M. verticalis larvae feeding, and plant pathogen–wood saprotroph and animal pathogen–undefined saprotroph were increased after larvae feeding. Additionally, the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium and Talaromyces genera gradually increased with the elevation of the larvae density. Bacterial and fungal communities significantly correlated with soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, respectively.ConclusionsBased on the results we provide new insight for understanding the adaptation of aerobic rice to M. verticalis larvae feeding via regulating the rhizosphere environment, which would allow us to facilitate translation to more effective measures.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Early Vigour-Related Traits for a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) japonica Diversity Set Grown in Aerobic Conditions.

Aerobic rice production is a relatively new system in which rice is direct-seeded and grown in non-flooded but well-watered conditions to improve water productivity. Early vigour-related traits are likely to be important in aerobic conditions. This study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes associated with early vigour-related traits in aerobic conditions using a japonica rice diversity set. Field experiments and glasshouse experiments conducted under aerobic conditions revealed significant genotypic variation in early vigour-related traits. Genome-wide association analysis identified 32 QTL associated with early vigour-related traits. Notably, two QTL, qAEV1.5 and qAEV8, associated with both early vigour score and mesocotyl length, explained up to 22.1% of the phenotypic variance. In total, 23 candidate genes related to plant growth development and abiotic stress response were identified in the two regions. This study provides novel insights into the genetic basis of early vigour under aerobic conditions. Validation of identified QTL and candidate genes in different genetic backgrounds is crucial for future studies. Moreover, testing the effect of QTL on yield under different environments would be valuable. After validation, these QTL and genes can be considered for developing markers in marker-assisted selection for aerobic rice production.

Genetic variability, correlation and path-coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genetic variability, correlation and path-coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of sprinkler-irrigated aerobic rice in southern Brazil using the SIMDualKc water balance model

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of sprinkler-irrigated aerobic rice in southern Brazil using the SIMDualKc water balance model

Physiological, Agronomic, and Grain Quality Responses of Diverse Rice Genotypes to Various Irrigation Regimes under Aerobic Cultivation Conditions.

Aerobic rice cultivation represents an innovative approach to reduce water consumption and enhance water use efficiency compared to traditional transplanting methods. Simultaneously, cultivating drought-tolerant rice genotypes becomes crucial to ensure their sustainable production under abrupt climate fluctuations. Hence, this study aimed to explore the physiological, agronomic, and grain quality responses of ten diverse rice genotypes to various irrigation levels under aerobic cultivation conditions. A field experiment was performed for two summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 in an arid Mediterranean climate. The irrigation regimes were well watered (13,998 m3/ha), mild drought (10,446 m3/ha), moderate drought (7125 m3/ha), and severe drought (5657 m3/ha). The results revealed considerable variations among rice genotypes under tested irrigation regimes in all physiological, agronomic, and quality traits. According to drought response indices, rice genotypes were classified into three groups (A-C), varying from tolerant to sensitive genotypes. The identified drought-tolerant genotypes (Giza-179, Hybrid-1, Giza-178, and Line-9399) recorded higher yields and crop water productivity with reduced water usage compared to drought-sensitive genotypes. Thus, these genotypes are highly recommended for cultivation in water-scarce environments. Furthermore, their characteristics could be valuable in breeding programs to improve drought tolerance in rice, particularly under aerobic cultivation conditions. The PCA biplot, heatmap, and hierarchical clustering highlighted specific physiological parameters such as relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline content, peroxidase content, and catalase content exhibited robust associations with yield traits under water deficit conditions. These parameters offer valuable insights and could serve as rapid indicators for assessing drought tolerance in rice breeding programs in arid environments.

Comparative potential of different Fe sources for seed priming to enhance yield and iron content in direct seeded aerobic rice

Comparative potential of different Fe sources for seed priming to enhance yield and iron content in direct seeded aerobic rice

Water productivity and yield characteristics of transplanted rice in puddled soil under drip tape irrigation

Lowland rice flooding, while consuming considerable water, has adverse environmental effects, including releasing methane into the atmosphere, aggravating climate change. Several drawbacks can be attributed to water-saving alternatives, such as aerobic rice, whereas rice drip irrigation techniques have been evaluated primarily under aerobic conditions. This study investigated drip tape irrigation technique with different lateral spacings for transplanted rice in puddled paddy soil at the Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht over two years (2020 and 2021), compared to intermittent irrigation. In twelve isolated concrete basins, three treatments with lateral spacings of 40 (T40), 60 (T60), and 80 cm (T80), were compared with a fixed five-day period intermittent irrigation (INT). In 2020 and 2021, the INT treatment produced the highest grain yield (3814 and 4758 kg ha−1, respectively) and among drip tape treatments, T40 demonstrated the highest grain yield (3613 and 4020 kg ha−1, respectively), comparable with INT’s yield but with the highest sterile spikelets ratio. In contrast, T80 resulted in the lowest grain weight (2892 and 3653 kg ha−1, respectively) and yield characteristics values, while producing the highest weeds population. Drip tape irrigation significantly reduced water application by 27% and 36% in 2020 and 2021, respectively and T40 achieved the highest water productivity, at 0.68 kg m−3. The economic water productivity estimation of drip tape irrigation can range from 0.11 to 0.51 US$ m−3 in various scenarios, while that of intermittent irrigation remains at 0.25 US$ m−3.

Assessing aerobic rice systems for saving irrigation water and paddy yield at regional scale

Assessing aerobic rice systems for saving irrigation water and paddy yield at regional scale

Influence of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels on Physiological Characters and Yield of Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Water shortage is becoming severe in many rice growing areas in the world. Conventional method of irrigation, which not only consumes huge water, but also causes severe water and nutrient losses under anaerobic condition. Introduction of aerobic rice, growing high yielding rice in non-puddled and non-flooded aerobic soil with the support of external inputs like supplementary irrigation, manures and fertilizers can reduced water use and increase rice production. Methods: Study on different levels of drip irrigation and fertigation on physiological characters and yield of aerobic rice was conducted during summer 2022 and 2023 at research farm of wetland in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with thirteen treatments, replicated thrice. Result: The findings revealed that drip fertigation @ 100% PE up to 30 DAS+150% PE up to 60 DAS+200% PE up to 90 DAS with 125% RDF (25% through NF+75% through WSF) resulted significantly higher leaf area index (5.84 and 5.95), chlorophyll index (SPAD) (41.5 and 42.3) and grain yield (4315.9 and 4446.1 kg ha-1) respectively than all other treatments during both summer 2022 and 2023. However, significantly lower leaf area index (2.70 and 2.91), chlorophyll content (31.9 and 32.2) and yield (2301.0 and 2364.8 kg ha-1) observed with fertigation at 50% PE up to 30 DAS+100% PE up to 60 DAS+150% PE up to 90 DAS with 75% RDF (75% through NF+25% through WSF), respectively in summer 2022 and 2023.

Strigolactone GR24-mediated mitigation of phosphorus deficiency through mycorrhization in aerobic rice

Strigolactones (SLs) are a new class of plant hormones that play a significant role in regulating various aspects of plant growth promotion, stress tolerance and influence the rhizospheric microbiome. GR24 is a synthetic SL analog used in scientific research to understand the effects of SL on plants and to act as a plant growth promoter. This study aimed to conduct hormonal seed priming at different concentrations of GR24 (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 µM with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation in selected aerobic rice varieties (CR Dhan 201, CR Dhan 204, CR Dhan 205, and CR Dhan 207), Kasalath-IC459373 (P-tolerant check), and IR-36 (P-susceptible check) under phosphorus (P)-deficient conditions to understand the enhancement of growth and priming effects in mycorrhization. Our findings showed that seed priming with 5.0 µM SL GR24 enhanced the performance of mycorrhization in CR Dhan 205 (88.91 %), followed by CR Dhan 204 and 207, and AMF sporulation in CR Dhan 201 (31.98 spores / 10 gm soil) and CR Dhan 207 (30.29 spores / 10 g soil), as well as rice growth. The study showed that the highly responsive variety CR Dhan 207 followed by CR Dhan 204, 205, 201, and Kasalath IC459373 showed higher P uptake than the control, and AMF treated with 5.0 µM SL GR24 varieties CR Dhan 205 followed by CR Dhan 207 and 204 showed the best performance in plant growth, chlorophyll content, and soil functional properties, such as acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and fluorescein diacetate activity (FDA). Overall, AMF intervention with SL GR24 significantly increased plant growth, soil enzyme activity, and uptake of P compared to the control. Under P-deficient conditions, seed priming with 5.0 µM strigolactone GR24 and AMF inoculum significantly increased selected aerobic rice growth, P uptake, and soil enzyme activities. Application of SLs formulations with AMF inoculum in selected aerobic rice varieties, CR Dhan 207, CR Dhan 204, and CR Dhan 205, will play an important role in mycorrhization, growth, and enhancement of P utilization under P- nutrient deficient conditions.