Aerobic Bacterial Flora Research Articles

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Preputial Bacterial Flora from apparently Healthy Bulls, Rams, and Bucks in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

The aim of this study was to identify the preputial aerobic bacterial flora from bulls, rams and bucks and to determine their antimicrobial sensitivities. Preputial swabs were collected randomly from twenty each of clinically healthy post pubertal bulls, rams and bucks. Using standard bacteriological techniques, the following bacteria were identified; Escherichia coli (bulls 26.5%, rams 19.2% and buck 22.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (bulls 25.0 %, rams 26.0 % and bucks 24.2 %), Streptococcus (bulls 20.6%, rams 26.0 % and bucks 25.8%), Salmonella (bulls 14.7%), Shigella (rams 15.1% and bucks 15.2%) and Klebsiella (bulls 13.2%, rams 13.7 % and bucks 12.1%) species. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the proportions of bacterial species and different animal species. In bulls, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Levofloxacin (100%) while 60% of the bacterial isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin, ampiclox and streptomycin. In rams, all the bacterial isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 40% of bacterial isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. In bucks, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin (100%), ampiclox (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 20% bacterial isolates were resistant to streptomycin. This study shows that a few bacteria colonize the prepuce of ruminants in Maiduguri and there is need for preputial washing prior to breeding to reduce contamination of semen during natural mating or collection. Amoxiciillin, ampiclox, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin could be used as therapeutic agents to diseases that could be caused by the bacteria in prepuce of these animal species.

Aerobic Vaginal Microflora in Gestational and Non-Gestational Bitches (Canis lupus familiaris).

The vaginal tract comprises commensal microorganisms, which play an essential role in the health of the reproductive tract. Any dysbiosis in the vaginal microenvironment may lead to severe urinary tract infections or even infertility. This study aimed to evaluate the aerobic bacterial flora isolated from vaginal samples from 100 lactating bitches in the antepartum period (n = 3), postpartum period (n = 80), and with Lactatio sine graviditate (n = 17). Before vaginal swabs, all the bitches went through a gynecology consult, along with milk and blood sampling. Standard microbiological techniques were used for bacterial isolation. Among the 100 vaginal samples analyzed, 82% had a positive microbiological outcome, while 18% were negative. The microbiologic profile listed 17 different genera. The main isolated bacterial families were Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Morganellaceae, Bacillaceae, and Rhizobiaceae. At the same time, strains like Agrobacterium radiobacter, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus pumllus, or Staphylococcus xylosus were isolated for the first time from the vaginal secretion of lactating bitches. The microbiological data demonstrates that lactating bitches' vaginal discharge is heterogeneous and may be affected by coitus, sampling season, age, and reproductive status.

Water physicochemical quality as driver of spatial and temporal patterns of microbial community composition in lake ecosystems

This study aimed at monitoring and management of the surface water and potentially pathogenic microbes of Lake Tonga (Algeria) with respect to. It characterized the main bacterial diversity patterns of Lake Tonga and predicted from water physicochemical parameters and water quality index (WQI) the distribution of bacterial species and the main indicator groups of faecal water contamination. Water samples were taken monthly at three sampling sites of different water depths. Several physicochemical parameters were measured; of which some were included in computing WQI to characterize the water quality of the lake. Counting, isolation and bacterial identification methods were used to characterize the existing aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The composition of the microbial community of the waterbody of Lake Tonga included an abundant culturable bacterial flora belonging to several bacterial families and whose specific richness varied between water depths of the sites sampled. Species richness of the bacteria identified phenotypically varied between 7 and 11 per sample. The site with shallow water was the richest in bacterial species, compared to moderate and deep waters. The redundancy analysis showed the main physicochemical drivers of the microbial community composition. Our findings showed that high WQI scores indicated the water quality deterioration which triggered the increase in total load of faecal indicator bacterial groups. This study identified in Lake Tonga an important culturable aerobic bacterial flora whose specific richness and distribution varied spatially following the effects of water physicochemical parameters. Lake Tonga needs an integrated management plan to mitigate human disturbances declining water quality.

ASSESSMENT OF SHIFT IN THE ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF AEROBIC BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM MICROBIAL BIOFILMS IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a concerning global health problem in reference to cancer patients as they are more susceptible to drug-resistant microorganisms because of their immunocompromised states. Aim: The aim of this study was to study the changes in the pattern of aerobic bacterial flora in the patients of oral cancer and precancerous lesions and to identify the susceptibility to commonly used Antibiotics in clinical practice. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in a randomly selected cohort of oral cancer and precancerous patients being treated at tertiary care centre in Rajasthan, for a period of 1 year. Oral swabs were collected from patients presenting with oral cancer and precancerous lesions and subjected to microbiological examination for their colony characters, morphology on Gram stain as well for Antibiotic sensitivity patterns for commonly used drugs. Results: Of the 100 oral cancer patients, isolated bacterial colonies showed a mixture of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative organisms. Staphylococcus species (n = 15) were seen in high numbers in the case of Gram-positive organisms, while in Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas species (n = 45) increased in number. Among the precancerous patient group normal commensal (Micrococci, n= 24) was the predominant species. In Gram-negative bacteria, all were susceptible to Piperacillin Tazobactam and Imipenem while in Gram-positive bacteria all were susceptible to Linezolid, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin. Conclusion: This study showed 90% susceptibility to every class of commonly used antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was seen in 9.52% of the bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial resistance is emerging among cancer patients. Studies on cultural sensitivity patterns will help clinicians to prescribe antibiotics judiciously and will further decrease the chances of antimicrobial resistance in these patients.

Preputial bacterial flora and antibacterial susceptibility in Camels in Maiduguri, North-eastern, Nigeria

This study aimed to investigate preputial aerobic bacterial flora from Camels in the arid zone of Northern Nigeria. Preputial swabs were randomly collected from twenty (20) clinically healthy adult Camels (Camelus dromedarius). Using standard bacteriological techniques, the following bacteria were identified; Escherichia coli (22.9%), Streptococcus species (22.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.4%), Klebsiella Species (17.1%) and Shigella (15.7%). These isolated bacteria were found to be susceptible to Amoxicillin, Ampiclox, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Levofloxacin. However, Klebsiella and Shigella species showed intermediate susceptibility to streptomycin and Shigella further showed resistance to chloramphenicol. The results of this study showed that some bacteria colonized the prepuce of camel and there is a need for preputial washing before breeding to reduce the transmission of venereal disease. Amoxicillin, Ampiclox, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Levofloxacin could be used as therapeutic agents for venereal diseases that could be caused by the aforementioned bacteria in Camelids.

Is there evidence demonstrating venereal transmission of clitoral Pseudomonas aeruginosa in horses?

Veterinary RecordVolume 192, Issue 11 p. 444-446 Evaluating the evidence Is there evidence demonstrating venereal transmission of clitoral Pseudomonas aeruginosa in horses? Julie Storme, Corresponding Author Julie Storme [email protected] School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorVictoria J Brookes, Victoria J Brookes Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorAllan Gunn, Allan Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Julie Storme, Corresponding Author Julie Storme [email protected] School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorVictoria J Brookes, Victoria J Brookes Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorAllan Gunn, Allan Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.3140Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Horserace Betting Levy Board. International Codes of Practice 2023. https://codes.hblb.org.uk (accessed 20 March 2023) 2Atherton JG, Pitt TL. Types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from horses. Equine Vet J 1982; 14: 329– 32 3Kidd TJ, Gibson JS, Moss S, et al. Clonal complex Pseudomonas aeruginosa in horses. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149: 508– 12 4Allen JL, Begg AP, Browning GF. Outbreak of equine endometritis caused by a genotypically identical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23: 1236– 9 5Tiago G, Júlio C, António R. Conception rate, uterine infection and embryo quality after artificial insemination and natural breeding with a stallion carrier of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 2012; doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-20 6Hughes JP, Loy RG, Asbury AC, et al. The occurrence of Pseudomonas in the reproductive tract of mares and its effect on fertility. Cornell Vet 1966; 56: 595– 610 7Hughes JP, Asbury AC, Loy RG, et al. The occurrence of Pseudomonas in the genital tract of stallions and its effects on fertility. Cornell Vet 1967; 57: 53– 69 8Christoffersen M, Troedsson MHT. Inflammation and fertility in the mare. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52: 14– 20 9Kenney RM, Cummings MR, Zierdt CH, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - somatic typing of genitaltract isolates and colonization of the stallion penis significance, diagnosis, and treatment. Proc 38th Ann Con am Ass Equine Pract 1992: 601– 8 10Blanchard TL, Kenney RM, Timoney PJ. Venereal disease. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 1992; 8: 191– 203 11Johnson TL, Kenney RM, McGee WR, et al. Pseudomonas infection in a stallion: a case report. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1980; 26: 111– 6 12Pickett BW, Voss JL, Jones RL. Control of bacteria in stallions and their semen. J Equine Vet Sci 1999; 19: 424– 41 13Malmgren L, Olsson Engvall E, Engvall A, et al. Aerobic bacterial flora of semen and stallion reproductive tract and its relation to fertility under field conditions. Acta Vet Scand 1998; 39: 173– 82 14Klug E, Sieme H. Infectious agents in equine semen. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1992; 88: 73– 81 15Kenney RM, Bergman RV, Cooper WL, et al. Minimal contamination techniques for breeding mares: technique and preliminary findings. Proc 21st Ann Con am Ass Equine Pract 1976: 327– 36 16Hinrichs K, Cummings MR, Sertich PL, et al. Clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193: 72– 5 17Lee S, Lee I. PCR-based determination of the prevalence of common venereal bacterial pathogens in breeding Thoroughbreds of South Korea. J Vet Clinics 2019; 36: 245– 7 18Albihn A, Båverud V, Magnusson U. Uterine microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility in isolated bacteria from mares with fertility problems. Acta Vet Scand 2003; 44: 121– 9 19Ricketts SW. Uterine and clitoral cultures. In: AO MCKinnon, EL Squires, WE Vaala, et al, eds. Equine Reproduction, Volume 2. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: 1963– 78 20LeBlanc MM, Causey RC. Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44: 10– 22 21LeBlanc MM. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infectious and postmating-induced endometritis in the mare. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45: 21– 7 Volume192, Issue113/10 June 2023Pages 444-446 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Incidence and Susceptibility Patterns of Urine Bacterial Flora in Young Saudi Females

It has been established that the urinary tract is not sterile; however, research related to the study of urinary bacteria is limited. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and patterns of resistance of normal urinary aerobic bacterial flora and clean catch midstream urine specimens collected from 120 young healthy females and cultured. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using the Biomérieux VITEK® 2 automated system. Participants who had undergone antimicrobial treatment within one month were not included. The incidence of positive bacterial cultures was 54.2%, of which 21.5% were polymicrobial. Approximately 107 bacterial isolates that encompass 12 genera and 27 species that were predominated by gram-positive bacteria (72%) were cultivated. Staphylococcaceae (46.1%) and Enterobacteriaceae (17.8%) were the most frequent isolates among gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, of which 36 species have been identified as β-lactamase producers. The top four frequently isolated bacteria were Micrococcus spp. (16%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%). Twenty-two bacterial species were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics and antimicrobials, which showed the lowest susceptibility rate against gram-positive bacteria, followed by erythromycin and azithromycin. A lower antimicrobial susceptibility potential among gram-negative bacteria was observed against ampicillin, followed by piperacillin and cefotaxime. Our findings emphasize the importance of highlighting urine bacterial flora in studies, especially those related to susceptibility patterns, by employing more advanced culture methods as multiple drug-resistant bacteria were isolated.

Assessment of Alteration in Aerobic Conjunctival and Meibomian Gland Microbial Flora after Cataract Surgery and its Association with Postoperative Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Introduction: Combination of various commensal microorganism species is capable of protecting the ocular surface from colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes. These homeostatic microorganisms can be easily altered by environmental factors like cataract surgery. These may play a role in the development of postcataract surgery Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) whose exact pathogenesis is still unknown. Aim: To assess the change in aerobic bacterial flora of meibomian glands and conjunctiva and its association with the development of MGD after cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology at BPS Government Medical College for Women, Sonepat, Haryana, India, from June 2021 to February 2022. A total of 60 eyes of 60 patients who had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implantation were selected. Conjunctival and Meibomian Gland (MG) secretions samples were collected preoperatively before starting antibiotics and at 6 weeks postoperatively. Aerobic bacteria isolated from the culture samples of patients before and after surgery were analysed for microbial flora change (MFC). At 6 weeks postoperative follow-up visit, the diagnosis of the MGD was made on slit lamp examination of lid margin and meibomian glands. Chi-square test was applied to assess the association between patients with MFC and patients with MGD. Results: There were 33 males and 27 females, with a mean age of 62.41 years. Preoperative conjunctival samples of 20 patients (33.33%) and MG samples of 27 patients (45%) were culture positive for aerobic bacteria. Most common microorganism isolated from preoperative samples was Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS). Isolation rate of Staphyloccus aureus increased postoperatively in both conjunctival and MG culture samples. Postoperative aerobic Microbial Flora Change (MFC) in culture samples of either conjunctival or MG or both was present in 30 patients (50%). Total 16 patients (26.6%) developed MGD out of which 13 patients (81.25%) had MFC. The association between MFC and MGD was statistically significant (p-value=0.004). Conclusion: There is alteration of ocular aerobic bacterial flora after cataract surgery and it has a statistically significant association with postcataract surgery MGD. Replenishment of ocular surface microflora can play a preventive and therapeutic role in the management of postcataract surgery MGD.

Role of Ayurvedic protocol in successful improvement of post-operative Fournier’s Gangrene- A case study.

Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a mixed infection caused by both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora. The development and progression of the gangrene is often fulminating and can rapidly cause multiple organ failure and death. Because of potential complications, it is important to diagnose the disease process as early as possible Although antibiotics and aggressive debridement have been broadly accepted as the standard treatment, the death rate remains high. Post-operative management remains another major concern as it takes a lot of duration for complete healing. This paper highlights the role of Ayurvedic protocol in a complicated case whereas complete results were achieved in a less time span.

Aerobic Isolates from Gestational and Non-Gestational Lactating Bitches (Canis lupus familiaris).

Simple SummaryMastitis represents the inflammation of the mammary gland, and it affects all mammals. It is usually caused by bacterial agents, but other organisms such as fungi or parasites can be responsible for the onset of mastitis. In bitches, mastitis is considered a genuine emergency, since it can affect both the mother and the pups. Left untreated, it can lead to the loss of the bitch and the entire litter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial load from the milk of healthy bitches and from bitches with mastitis. The main isolated bacterial families were the Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. The bacterial load from bitches’ overt pseudopregnancy seems to have a lower bacteriological burden than periparturient females. Some of the isolated milk strains of lactating bitches are also responsible for nosocomial infection. The transmission of such strains from humans to animals or vice versa is possible. Environmental hygiene needs to be adequately addressed, alongside a minimum manipulation of the lactating mammary glands where possible.Mastitis is a complex and well-defined mammary gland pathology, and an emergency in bitches. In dogs, its prevalence is about 1% of all reported diseases and about 5.3% of all reproductive pathologies. Lactating bitches are naturally prone to developing mastitis since puppies can easily overstimulate the epidermal layer of nipples during feeding, facilitating bacterial colonization of the glands. This study aimed to describe the aerobic bacterial flora isolated from milk samples derived from a cohort of patients (n = 87) diagnosed with clinical mastitis (n = 29), subclinical mastitis (n = 17) and healthy mammary glands (n = 46). All of the patients underwent a gynecology consultation to diagnose mammary gland afflictions; physical examination results were coupled with traditional hematological findings. The milk samples were plated on specific microbiological media for bacterial isolation. Among the 162 milk samples analyzed, 93.2% (151/162) had a positive microbiological result, while 6.8% (11/162) were sterile. The bacteriological profile of the milk samples showed 47 different species. The most common bacterial families detected in healthy bitches and bitches with subclinical and clinical mastitis were the Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. The results indicated that half of the isolated bacteria are novel findings in dogs and that some of them are normal components of human milk.

Case 2: Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in a Term Neonate

Case 2: Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in a Term Neonate

Isolation and antibiogram of aerobic nasal bacterial flora of apparently healthy West African dwarf goats and sheep in Abeokuta Area, Ogun State

Studies conducted on the bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in goats or sheep focused on the clinically ill, with fewer studies on the apparently healthy goats and sheep and the antibiogram of isolated organisms. This study was carried out on apparently healthy 54 goats and 43 sheep. A total of seven different bacterial species were isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of the apparently healthy small ruminants using colonial morphology, gram staining and biochemical characterization.Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was performed against 10 commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotics was conducted. The overall occurrence rate of bacteria isolated are Pseudomonas spp (42.0% in caprine and 27.3% in ovine); Bacillus spp (36.9%, caprine; 40%, ovine); Mannheima spp, (9.2%, caprine; 23.6%, ovine); Escherichia coli (7.6%, caprine; 9.1%, ovine); Staphylococcus spp (2.5%, caprine); Pasteurellaspp(0.8%, caprine) and Streptococcus spp (0.8%, caprine). The isolation of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica from the nasal cavity of apparently healthy goats and sheep in this study reflects their possible role in most common respiratory diseases encountered in these small ruminants. All the 174 (100%) isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and 161 (92.5%) were resistant to Ceftriaxone. One hundred and sixty-eight (96.6%) isolates were sensitive to Ofloxacin and 140 (80.5%) were sensitive to both Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin and 135 (77.6%) were sensitive to Perfloxin. Staphaureus was resistant to all the antibiotics used except Amoxicillin hence only Amoxicillin can be used for its treatment, while most isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested, as demonstrated by higher MIC value. The emergence of antibiotic resistance to these pathogens may increase infectious disease burdens and make the rapeutic treatment more expensive.

A comparative study of aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in type II diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic individuals who attends to department of ophthalmology at a teaching institute

Normal conjunctival flora have important role in the healthy functioning of eye like maintenance of surface homeostasis and prevention and/or causation of ocular infection. Objective of this study is to investigate the conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora in diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects with regard to the management of diabetes which is assessed by glycated hemoglobin levels. A prospective study carried out to compare the conjunctiva microflora in 50 diabetes mellitus type II and age matched 50 non-diabetic healthy individuals. Swab was taken from all the participants by rubbing sterile cotton swab to inferior palpebral conjunctiva. Bacterial culture processed using blood agar, chocolate agar, eosin methylene-blue lactose sucrose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar. The bacterial flora identified using microbiology procedure. The rate of bacterial isolate determined as 40% and 34% in diabetes mellitus type II and non-diabetic healthy subjects. In these diabetic group, 30% positive for , 20% for , 10% for , 10% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and 30% for more than one bacteria. In non-diabetic group, 52.9% positive for 23.5% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), 5.8% for and 17.6% for more than one bacteria. There was no statistical significant difference observed in isolated bacteria in diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Gram negative bacterial colonization observed high in diabetic individuals (diabetic group, χ2= 0.156, p = 0.815 and in healthy non-diabetic group, χ2= 4.95, p = 0.035). Bacterial isolates were lower in diabetics younger than 40 years of age compared with older than 60 years of age. The conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetics differ from non-diabetic subjects. This should be considered preoperatively and postoperatively, for prophylactic and postoperative treatment should be administered accordingly to the diabetic patients.

The incidence of anaerobic bacteria in adult patients with chronic sinusitis: A prospective, single-centre microbiological study.

IntroductionChronic sinusitis caused by anaerobes is a particular concern clinically, because many of the complications are associated with infections caused by these organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of anaerobic bacteria in chronic sinusitis in adults as a part of a prospective microbiological study.Materials and methodsOver a one-year period, aspirations of maxillary sinus secretions and/or ethmoid cavities were derived in n = 79 adult patients with chronic sinusitis by endoscopy in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Hungary. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the total cultivable aerobic and anaerobic bacterial and fungal flora cultured on the samples were compared. Correct anaerobic species level identifications were carried out according to standard methods.ResultsBacteria were recovered for all of the 79 aspirates and the numbers of the significant cultured isolates (with colony forming units ≥103) were between 1 and 10. A total of 206 isolates, 106 anaerobic and 100 aerobic or facultative-anaerobic strains were isolated. The most common aerobic bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 40), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 29), Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 6), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7) and Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 6). The anaerobic bacteria included black-pigmented Prevotella spp. and Porphyromonas spp. (n = 27), Actinomyces spp. (n = 13), Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (n = 16), Fusobacterium spp. (n = 19) and Cutibacterium acnes (n = 8).ConclusionsThis study illustrates the microbial dynamics in which anaerobic and aerobic bacteria prevail and highlights the importance of obtaining cultures from patients with chronic sinusitis for guidance in selection of proper antimicrobial therapy.

Fournier Gangrene: A Review for Emergency Clinicians.

Fournier gangrene (FG) is a rare, life-threatening infection that can result in significant morbidity and mortality, with many patients requiring emergency department (ED) management for complications and stabilization. This narrative review provides an evidence-based summary of the current data for the emergency medicine evaluation and management of FG. Although originally thought to be an idiopathic process, FG has been shown to have a strong association for male patients with advanced age and comorbidities affecting microvascular circulation and immune system function, most commonly those with diabetes or alcohol use disorder. However, it can also affect patients without risk factors. The initial infectious nidus is usually located in the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or perineum. FG is a mixed infection of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora. The development and progression of gangrene is often fulminant and can rapidly cause multiple organ failure and death, although patients may present subacutely with findings similar to cellulitis. Laboratory studies, as well as imaging including point-of-care ultrasound, conventional radiography, and computed tomography are important diagnostic adjuncts, though negative results cannot exclude diagnosis. Treatment includes emergent surgical debridement of all necrotic tissue, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and resuscitation with intravenous fluids and vasoactive medications. FG requires a high clinical level of suspicion, combined with knowledge of anatomy, risk factors, and etiology for an accurate diagnosis. Although FG remains a clinical diagnosis, relevant laboratory and radiography investigations can serve as useful adjuncts to expedite surgical management, hemodynamic resuscitation, and antibiotic administration.

The prevalence of the culturable human skin aerobic bacteria in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

BackgroundHuman skin is an appropriate environment for the growth of different types of microbes that may inhabit the skin as commensal flora. This study aims at identifying the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy Saudi population. In this study, 80 Saudi subjects of both males and females, from different habitat, and different ages (elderly and young), were recruited to determine the aerobic bacterial flora from their three skin sites; hand, scalp and foot. A single colony obtained from aerobic culture was identified using Biomérieux VITEK® 2 system. For those not being identified by VITEK® 2 system, the identification was conducted using 16 s rRNA sequence.ResultsThirty-three bacterial species were isolated from males, whilst 24 species were isolated from females. Micrococci are the predominant organisms, followed by Staphylococci, Pantoea species, and lastly Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were only found in elder subjects, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the young only. The number of bacterial isolates in the elders was higher that of the young. The average number of flora was larger in foot, then hand and lastly scalp.ConclusionHere we show the difference in the number of cultivable bacteria across age and gender that may result in the variety of local skin infection. This study paves the way to further investigation in the aspect of in-depth metagenomics analysis and host-pathogen interaction.

Bacterial flora on hands of nursing staff as a source of health care associated infections at a tertiary care centre

Introduction: Healthcare associated infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Bacterial flora on hands of nursing staff act as a potential source for health care associated infections. Study of bacterial flora on hands of HCWs and knowing the importance of hand hygiene will play important role in preventing health care associated infections. Present study was undertaken to isolate aerobic bacterial flora on the hands of nursing staff, to study the antibiogram of isolates and to create awareness among the health care provider regarding hand hygiene. Materials and Methods: Present study was done over a period of three months. After obtaining informed consent, swabs collected from the hands of nurses working in critical areas of hospital and subjected to bacterial culture. Organisms were identified by standard conventional methods. The antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates was done by Kirby Bauer’s Disk Diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Result: Of 100 samples studied, 73(73%) samples showed the growth. Among them 36(49.31%) samples grown pathogenic bacteria, 27(36.98%) samples grown pathogenic bacteria along with probable contaminant non-pathogenic bacteria, 10(13.68%) samples showed only contaminant non-pathogenic bacteria. Among 63 pathogenic bacteria Gram positive bacteria predominate over Gram negative bacteria. Gram positive isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 20(31.7%), CONS 27(42.8%) and Gram negative isolates Klebsiella spp. 6(9.5%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. 4(6.3%) were predominated. Among Staphylococcus aureus 10(50%) isolates were found to be Methicillin resistant. Conclusion: Awareness should be created among HCWs about significance of hand hygiene to prevent HCAIs. Keywords: Bacterial flora, Hand hygiene, Healthcare associated infections, Healthcare worker, Pathogenic bacteria.

Prevalence of Aerobic bacterial flora in normal and inflamed conjunctiva

Prevalence of Aerobic bacterial flora in normal and inflamed conjunctiva

Seasonal Effects on the Corneoconjunctival Microflora in a Population of Persian Cats in Iran

This study was performed to determine the normal seasonal aerobic and an-aerobic corneoconjunctival bacterial flora in cats. Thirty eyes of 15 clinically normal client-owned Persian cats were evaluated. All cats lived in a similar indoor/outdoor home environment being fed the same diet for the entire year. The cats did not receive any medications and were found to be clinically healthy 1 week prior to each microbial sampling. The cats were not exposed to other cats during the study period. Microbial samples were collected at the same time of day on the first day of the second month of each of the four seasons. During sample collection, a sterile swab was rolled over the corneoconjunctival surface avoiding contact with surrounding skin or hair. Immediately after sample collection, microbiologic aerobic and anaerobic cultures were initiated. Gram-positive bacteria were the most prevalent isolates. The most commonly isolated bacterial organisms across all seasons were Staphylococcus epidermidis (41/95; 43.2%), β-hemolytic streptococcus (18/95; 18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (17/95; 17.9%), and Escherichia coli (11/95; 11.5%). Twenty-five cultures of a total of 120 (20.8%) were negative. One negative culture was collected in the summer, while 21 cultures were negative in fall and winter. Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant micro-organisms of the normal ocular surface of healthy cats in all seasons in this study. This result is in agreement with previous publications.

Conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora in healthy Silesian foals and adult horses in Poland

BackgroundCommensal bacterial and fungal flora of the conjunctival sac has been described in horses and other animals. The identification of commensal flora of the conjunctival sac may aid in the diagnosis of ocular inflammatory diseases, such as conjunctivitis or more severe ulcerative keratitis, common in horses. Moreover, damage of ocular protective barriers may lead to an opportunistic infection. The study was carried out in Silesian horses kept at a single breeding center in South-western Poland, in order to limit any breed-dependant and climate-dependant variables affecting the results. Following an ophthalmic examination that revealed no abnormalities, sterile swabs were collected from conjunctival sac in 26 adult horses and 11 foals. The obtained swabs were subjected to bacterial culture testing. In case of Staphylococcus spp. isolation, susceptibility to methicillin was evaluated.ResultsForty- three bacterial isolates, representing eleven genera of bacteria were cultured from 30 (81%) horses. Gram-positive bacteria were the dominant isolates (72%) (p < 0.001). The most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus spp., while Moraxella spp. were the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria. There was no significant influence of sex and age on the frequency and type of microbial isolates.ConclusionsCommensal flora is present in the conjunctival sac of healthy horses in Poland. Age does not affect the abundance and type of microbial isolates.