Aqueous Extract Of Aerial Parts Research Articles

In vivo anti‑inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part extract of Dicliptera laxata

Introduction: Dicliptera laxata (Acanthaceae) is a perennial herb with stems creeping and rooting and its aerial parts are used for the treatment of headache, by using the nasal route of administration. A blood red decoction of the aerial part of D. laxata is taken for orofacial inflammation. Aims: In the present study, the in vivo anti‑inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the aqueous aerial part extract of D. laxata were investigated. Materials and Methods: The anti‑inflammatory effect was evaluated using the carrageenan‑induced mouse pedal (paw) edema model, while the formalin test in mice was employed to study the antinociceptive activity. Results: Administration of 400 mg/kg p.o. of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of D. laxata produced significant (P < 0.05 − 0.01) anti‑inflammatory effects against carrageenan‑induced acute inflammation and formalin‑induced nociceptive pain stimulus in mice. Bioassay‑guided fractionation of the total extract indicated that the water fraction was by far the most potent in both models. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that D. laxata possesses genuine anti‑inflammatory and antinociceptive properties, lending pharmacological support to the folkloric or anecdotal use of the plant in the treatment and/or management of painful inflammatory conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the extracts and isolated compound (DL-1) of D. laxata. Key words: Anti‑inflammatory, antinociceptive, Dicliptera laxata

The antiurolithiasic and hepatocurative activities of aqueous extracts of Petroselinum sativum on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats

Forty-eight (48) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups and treated for 30 days. Group A served as normal control and group B ethylene glycol (EG) control received 1% EG in drinking water. Groups C, D, E and F received 1% EG from day 0 and were used as the treatment subjects. Rats in groups C and D received 200 and 600 mg/kg body weight (BW) of aerial parts aqueous extract, respectively and those in groups E and F received 200 and 600 mg/kg BW of root aqueous extract in drinking water, respectively from day 14 of the experiment. The blood samples were collected on days 0 and 30, and serum level of creatinine, uric acid, urea, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were evaluated. In day 31, the kidneys were removed and prepared for histologic evaluation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposits. The concentrations of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine were increased (P<0.05) in group B compared with control group and were decreased (P<0.05) in treatment groups (C, D, E and F) compared with group B. The values of ALT was decreased (P<0.05) in groups C, D and E and the values of AST was decreased (P<0.05) just in groups C and E compared with group B. The number of CaOx deposits in group B was higher (P<0.05) than that in group A and in treatment groups C, D, E and F were decreased (P<0.05 compared with group B. The presented data indicate that the aqueous extract of Petroselinum sativumreduced the growth of urinary stones and hepatotxicity induction by EG in rats. We suggest further studies to establish the mechanism of toxicity or pharmacological effects of P. sativum in human. Key words: Petroselinum sativum, kidney stone, alanine aminotransferase, calcium oxalate, aspartate aminotransferase.

Nephroprotective effect of aqueous extract of aerial parts of Hypericum scabrum L.

Numerous studies show that hydrogen peroxide has an important role in the initiation or progression of gentamicin-induced renal injury. This natural product with hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability can be beneficial in renal injury treatments. Therefore, this work was conducted to evaluate a possible nephroprotective effect of an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum scabrum L. against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. The rutin content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection. Renal injury was elicited by eight consecutive daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of gentamicin at 100 mg kg−1 per day. The i.p. application of an aqueous extract of H. scabrum at doses of 25 and 50 mg kg−1 for 10 consecutive days offered nephroprotection by changing blood urea nitrogen, serum urea, and creatinine levels. The results exhibit that application of the extract at the higher dose exhibits better activity than the low dose.

Neuropharmacological study of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (Lamiaceae) in mice: Sedative effect and chemical analysis of an aqueous extract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDracocephalum moldavica is used as a tranquilizer and as remedy for nervous conditions relief in the Mexican traditional medicine. Despite its intensive use no literature reported neuropharmacological studies on Dracocephalum moldavica as yet. Aim of the studyThe sedative, anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of the aqueous extract of aerial parts of Dracocephalum moldavica (Lamiaceae) (DM) were evaluated in behavioral models in mice. The general toxic effects of DM were evaluated as well as their chemical analysis was performed. Materials and methodsDM effects were evaluated on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time (SPT), the hole-board (HBT), and the avoidance exploratory behavior (AEBT) tests and on the forced swimming test (FST). General activity and motor coordination were evaluated in the open field (OFT) and Rota-rod tests, respectively. The acute toxicity of DM was determinate by its LD50 dose. The chemical analyses DM were performed by chromatographic and HPLC–ESI-MS techniques. ResultsDM prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, induced sedation in the HBT, decreased spontaneous activity and produced motor coordination impairment in mice. However, DM did not show anxiolytic effects in the AEBT or HBT and it was not effective in FST. The DM-treatment produced mortalities with LD50=470mg/kg body weight.The HPLC–ESI-MS analysis of DM revealed that (acacetin, apigenin and luteolin)-7-O-β-d-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside derivates are the main compounds of DM. ConclusionsDM induced sedative actions and a general inhibition of CNS activity observed by the decrease of animals’ general activity, motor coordination and exploration.

Therapeutic effects of aqueous extracts of Petroselinum sativum on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats.

To investigate the therapeutic effects of the aqueous extract of Petroselinum Sativum aerial parts and roots on kidney calculi. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups and treated for 30 days. Group A served as normal control and group B received 1% ethylene glycol in drinking water. Groups C, D, E, and F received 1% ethylene glycol from day 0 and were used as the treatment subjects. Rats in groups C and D received 200 and 600 mg/kg body weight of aerial parts aqueous extract, respectively, and those in groups E and F received 200 and 600 mg/kg body weight of root aqueous extract in drinking water, respectively, from the 14th day of the experiment. On the 14th and 30th days of the experiment, serum level of magnesium (1.71 ± 0.12 and 3.81 ± 0.25, respectively) decreased significantly while serum level of calcium (10.45 ± 0.26 and 11.33 ± 0.18, respectively) increased significantly in group B compared with the control group (14th day: magnesium = 2.87 ± 0.17 and calcium = 8.80 ± 0.00 and 30th day: magnesium = 6.01 ± 0.00 and calcium = 8.30 ± 0.22; P < .001). In the treatment groups of C, D, E, and F, the number of deposits decreased significantly compared with group B on the 30th day (P < .001). The weight of the kidneys increased significantly in group B (2.01 ± 0.17) compared with the control group (1.52 ± 0.07) and decreased significantly in treatment groups (P < .05). Petroselinum Sativum has a therapeutic effect on calcium oxalate stones in rats with nephrolithiasis and reduces the number of calcium oxalate deposits.

Evaluation of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn. for anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities

Objective:To evaluate the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw. for anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities.Materials and Methods:Anti-inflammatory action of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. pulcherrima (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) (CPE and CPA) were evaluated by cotton pellet granuloma models. Pylorus ligation and aspirin induced ulcer models were employed for evaluating antiulcer activity for both the extracts. Ulcerogenic potential of CP was also evaluated.Result:The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. pulcherrima significantly decreased (P<0.01) the granuloma tissue development. CPE and CPA at both the doses exhibited significant (P<0.01) antiulcer activity by decreasing the ulcer score in both the ulcer models and it was not ulcerogenic.Conclusion:The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of C. pulcherrima (CPE and CPA) possess significant anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cistus ladaniferus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; aqueous extract

AIM: Cistus ladaniferus L. (Cistaceae) is a plant which is traditionally used for the treatment of intestinal pain and diarrhea in Morocco. The aim of this study is to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of this plant. METHODS: Aqueous extract of aerial part (stems and leaves) of Cistus ladaniferus was decocted and evaporated to give a crude residue (yield: 18%). It is bioassayed for their antidiarrhoeal effect by the two standard methods of bioassay of the antidiarrheal activity: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea and Gastrointestinal transit test. RESULTS: The aqueous extract of Cistus ladaniferus L. given orally at the dose 300 and 600 mg/kg, showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in castor oil induced diarrhoea and reduced the frequency of diarrhoeal episodes in rat. At 600 mg/kg it decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract in mice by 30.71%. COCLUSION: These results suggested that the extract may contain biologically active components that may be useful against diarrhoea, thereby justifying its use in ethnomedical practice.

Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activity of Aerial Parts and Roots of Turkish Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.)

We investigated antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of lyophilized aqueous extract and ethanol extract of roots and barks of Turkish liquorices (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) by employing various in vitro antioxidant assays such as DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, DMPD•+ scavenging activity, O2 •− scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, Fe3+-Fe2+ and Cu2+-Cu+ reducing abilities H2O2 scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activities. Aqueous extract of aerial parts (AE-AP), ethanol extract of aerial parts (EE-AP), aqueous extract of root parts (AE-RP) and ethanol extract of root parts (EE-RP) of Turkish liquorices inhibited 87.9, 83.6, 88.6 and 80.1% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 30 μg/mL concentration, respectively. On the other hand, α-tocopherol and trolox indicated inhibition of 68.1 and 81.3%, respectively.

Influence of Potent Antioxidant Leguminosae Family Plant Extracts on Growth and Antioxidant Defense System of Hep2 Cancer Cell Line

Legumes are considered to be a very good source of polyphenolic compounds that may act as chemopreventive agents, especially by their antioxidant properties. However, many of the chemopreventive properties may depend on the concentrations of the phytochemical compounds because potent antioxidant polyphenolic compounds may have pro-oxidant properties and negatively affect cell growth and viability. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the possible effect of two potent antioxidant Greek Leguminosae family plant extracts on the growth of a specific cancer cell line and its antioxidant defense cell system. Aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Lathyrus laxiflorus and Phaseolus vulgaris plants were initially examined for their cytotoxicity on the Hep2 cancer cell line at concentrations that possess potent antioxidant properties (100, 400, and 800 microg/mL). After a 24-hour incubation with the extracts, only L. laxiflorus plant extract exhibited the ability to inhibit the cell growth at 400 and 800 microg/mL by 57% and 74%, respectively, whereas P. vulgaris extract had no effect on cell growth at any of the tested concentrations. Noncytotoxic concentrations, 100 microg/mL L. laxiflorus and 800 microg/mL P. vulgaris extract, were used for 2-, 12-, and 24-hour incubation of the cells. The influence of the extracts on the antioxidant defense system of the cells was assessed by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the cells, the catalase (CAT) activity, and the concentrations of reduced glutathione, the oxidized form of glutathione, and thiobarbituric-reactive substances (TBARS) in all times of incubation with the cells. From the results obtained, it seems that only L. laxiflorus extract induces oxidative stress in the cells by reducing TAC and CAT activity and by inducing TBARS, especially with 2 and 12 hours of incubation. P. vulgaris extract reduced only TAC at 2 hours of incubation, indicating also a mild induction of oxidative stress. These results imply that potent antioxidant extracts, beyond a critical concentration, may induce oxidative stress even with no apparent cytotoxicity in cells.

Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. from Turkey

The crude methanol and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Althaea officinalis. L. and Althaea cannabina. L. (Malvaceae) have been investigated for their antibacterial activity by using disk diffusion assays against 137 strains belonging to 52 bacteria species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of single compounds were determined by the microbroth dilution method. The results showed that the aqueous extracts from aerial parts of both species had no antibacterial effects against the test microorganisms, whereas the methanol extracts of both species tested exhibited significant antibacterial activity, especially against Acidovorax facilis., Bacillus. sp., Enterobacter hormachei., and Kocuria rosea.. In comparison with each other, Althaea officinalis. was the most effective against the bacteria used in this study. This is the first report of the antibacterial potency of Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. on a range of food-borne bacteria. The results provide evidence that Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. might indeed be potential sources of new antibacterial agents.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of &lt;I&gt;Laportea ovalifolia&lt;/I&gt; (Urticaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Laportea ovalifolia (Scham and Thonn) is widly use in Cameroon for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous extract of Laportea ovalifolia aerial part in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg kg –1 body weight). The treatment was given for 2 weeks. After the treatment a significant reduction was observed in fasting serum glucose levels in the treated diabetics rats. L. ovalifolia treatment showed considerable lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, T.C/HDL.C and an increase in HDL cholesterol in the treated diabetic group. These results suggest that the Laportea ovalifolia aqueous extract of the aerial part possesses antidiabetic and hypolipideamic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Keywords: Laportea ovalifolia, alloxan, antidiabetic, hypolipidemicAfrican Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol. 3(1) 2006: 36-43

Isolation and on-line identification of anti-oxidant compounds from threeBaccharis species by HPLC-UV-MS/MS with post-column derivatisation

The aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., B. crispa Spreng. and B. usterii Heering (Asteraceae) displayed significant radical scavenging activity in a diphenylpicrylhydrazole (DPPH)/TLC assay. In order to rapidly identify the active principles, the crude extracts were analysed by HPLC-UV, and an HPLC-micro-fractionation of the extract of B. usterii was performed. Six quinic acids derivatives (1-6) were isolated from B. usterii by MPLC. The fractions were monitored by DPPH/TLC assay and a series of radical-scavenging quinic acid derivatives could be identified. The comparison of the HPLC profiles of the extracts of B. usterii, B. trimera and B. crispa was performed. In order to obtain complementary on-line structural information for all peaks of interest, HPLC-MS/MS together with HPLC-UV involving post-column addition of UV shift reagents was undertaken on the crude extract. The interpretation of these data permitted the on-line identification of known compounds, some of which are reported for the first time in this plant.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Rumex japonicus HOUTT. Aerial Parts

We evaluated total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, reducing power and antibacterial activity of ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Rumex japonicus HOUTT. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest amount of phenolic compounds. It also exhibited the highest reducing power and antioxidant activity when assayed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching and superoxide radical methods. The ethyl acetate extract possessed the strongest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and E. coli. GC-MS analysis indicated that ethyl acetate extract contained a variety of phenolic compounds. HPLC analysis showed that pyrogallol was the predominant phenolic compound in this extract. Thus, our study verified that the ethyl acetate extract has strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities which are correlated with its high level of phenolic compounds, particularly pyrogallol and pyrocatechin. This extract of R. japonicus aerial parts can be utilized as an effective and safe source of antioxidants.

Anti-nociceptive activity of &lt;i&gt;Hygrophila auriculata&lt;/i&gt; (Schum) Heine

Hygrophila auriculata (Schum) Heine (syn) Asteracantha longifolia Nees, Acanthaceae was described in ayurvedic literature as Ikshura, Ikshugandha, and Kokilasha. The plant was extensively used in traditional system of medicine for various ailments like rheumatism, inflammation, jaundice, hepatic obstruction, pain, etc. The aqueous extract of aerial parts (HAA) and root(HAR) were screened for its anti-nociceptive property using both chemical and thermal methods of nociception in mice. In chemical method acetic acid writhing test and in thermal methods hot plate and tail flick tests were performed. Both the extracts at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg/p.o inhibited the abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid and also increased the pain threshold of mice towards the thermal source in a dose dependent manner. The activity exhibited by the extracts was comparable to that of the standard drug aspirin (100 mg/kg/p.o). From the results it was concluded that both extracts exhibited anti-nociceptive activity by central and peripheral mechanism(s).

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Uraria lagopoides

Anti-inflammatory activity of alcohol and aqueous extract of aerial parts of Uraria lagopoides was determined in the rat paw edema test. At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, oral, the extract inhibited edema significantly (p < 0.01) compared with indomethacin (20 mg/kg). It also showed marked analgesic activity in mice (p < 0.01), compared with acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) in acetic acid-induced writhing test.

Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of a continuous perfusion of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in the rat

This study was performed on anaesthetized male Wistar rats that received a continuous intravenous perfusion during 1.25 h of an aqueous extract of aerial parts of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) at a low dose of 4 mg/kg/h or at a high dose of 24 mg/kg/h, or furosemide (control diuretic) at a dose of 2 mg/kg/h. As compared with a control period in each rat, the arterial blood pressure was reduced proportionally to the dose of the perfusion of the plant extract (15 and 38%, P<0.001, respectively). These effects were accompanied by a correlative increase of diuresis (11 and 84%, P<0.001, respectively) and natriuresis (28 and 143%, P<0.001, respectively). In the rats perfused by furosemide, the arterial blood pressure was reduced by 28% ( P<0.001). The diuresis and natriuresis were also increased proportionally in this case (85 and 155%, P<0.001, respectively). Nevertheless, the hypotensive action of U. dioica was reversible during the recovery periods in about 1 h with the lower dose of the plant extract and furosemide, while the effect of the higher dose was persistent, indicating a possible toxic effect. In conclusion, the results demonstrate an acute hypotensive action of U. dioica that indicates a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. Moreover, diuretic and natriuretic effects were also observed, suggesting an action on the renal function. Finally, the plant extract seems to have a toxic effect at the higher dose.

Post-coital antifertility activity of Ruta graveolens in female rats and hamsters

Different preparations of Ruta graveolens were administered orally to female rats (Days 1–10 post coition) and female hamsters (Days 1–6 post coition). The powdered root (CDR), aerial parts (CDA) and the aerial parts aqueous extract (AEA) all showed potential anticonceptive activity in rats. Limited administration on selected days of CDA showed uniformly lesser activity than with 10-day treatment. Sequentially prepared petroleum ether and methanol extracts of CDA were as active as CDA itself. The benzene and chloroform extracts were toxic and inactive. Rutin, a known chemical constituent of the plant, was found to be inactive. None of the above preparations showed activity in hamsters.

The Allelopathic Potential of Erica australis L. and E. arborea L.

In laboratory tests aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Erica australis L. and E. arborea L. significantly inhibited root and hypocotyl growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) but did not affect germination. Inhibition remained after chromatographic separation of the extracts. Using intact fresh leaves, stems, and flowers of E. australis and E. arborea, we also observed an inhibitory effect on root and hypocotyl growth. Dead leaves and flowers significantly inhibited the growth of red clover grown in soil in the greenhouse.