Aerial Habitats Research Articles

Molecular Screening for Cyanobacteria and Their Cyanotoxin Potential in Diverse Habitats.

Cyanobacteria are adaptable and dominant organisms that exist in many harsh and extreme environments due to their great ecological tolerance. They produce various secondary metabolites, including cyanotoxins. While cyanobacteria are well studied in surface waters and some aerial habitats, numerous other habitats and niches remain underexplored. We collected 61 samples of: (i) biofilms from springs, (ii) aerial microbial mats from buildings and subaerial mats from caves, and (iii) water from borehole wells, caves, alkaline, saline, sulphidic, thermal, and iron springs, rivers, seas, and melted cave ice from five countries (Croatia, Georgia, Italy, Serbia, and Slovenia). We used (q)PCR to detect cyanobacteria (phycocyanin intergenic spacer-PC-IGS and cyanobacteria-specific 16S rRNA gene) and cyanotoxin genes (microcystins-mcyE, saxitoxins-sxtA, cylindrospermopsins-cyrJ), as well as amplicon sequencing and morphological observations for taxonomic identification. Cyanobacteria were detected in samples from caves, a saline spring, and an alkaline spring. While mcyE or sxtA genes were not observed in any sample, cyrJ results showed the presence of a potential cylindrospermopsin producer in a biofilm from a sulphidic spring in Slovenia. This study contributes to our understanding of cyanobacteria occurrence in diverse habitats, including rare and extreme ones, and provides relevant methodological considerations for future research in such environments.

Adlafia kociolekii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae): a new naviculoid diatom from the Eastern Himalayas, India

We describe Adlafia kociolekii sp. nov. from aerial habitats in Sikkim, India, a part of the Eastern Himalayas. The species is described based on light and scanning electron microscopic observations. The main diagnostic features include valves are clear elliptical, a narrow axial area at the centre, radiate to convergent striation, and distinctive Voigt discontinuity at both apices. In terms of ultrastructure, the features that identify this species as new are the internally presence of raphe on the elevated sternum, with distal raphe ends distinctly deflected to opposite sides of proximal ends, and distal ends terminating in long and thickened helictoglossae. The species was also recorded from wet walls and freshwater habitats of north-east India, in the present study. The morphological features of the species are compared with other closely similar taxa of Adalfia and other naviculoid genera.

High-quality genome of the basidiomycete yeast Dioszegia hungarica PDD-24b-2 isolated from cloud water.

The genome of the basidiomycete yeast Dioszegia hungarica strain PDD-24b-2 isolated from cloud water at the summit of puy de Dôme (France) was sequenced using a hybrid PacBio and Illumina sequencing strategy. The obtained assembled genome of 20.98 Mb and a GC content of 57% is structured in 16 large-scale contigs ranging from 90 kb to 5.56 Mb, and another 27.2 kb contig representing the complete circular mitochondrial genome. In total, 8,234 proteins were predicted from the genome sequence. The mitochondrial genome shows 16.2% cgu codon usage for arginine but has no canonical cognate tRNA to translate this codon. Detected transposable element (TE)-related sequences account for about 0.63% of the assembled genome. A dataset of 2,068 hand-picked public environmental metagenomes, representing over 20 Tbp of raw reads, was probed for D. hungarica related ITS sequences, and revealed worldwide distribution of this species, particularly in aerial habitats. Growth experiments suggested a psychrophilic phenotype and the ability to disperse by producing ballistospores. The high-quality assembled genome obtained for this D. hungarica strain will help investigate the behavior and ecological functions of this species in the environment.

Life in 2.5D: Animal Movement in the Trees

The complex, interconnected, and non-contiguous nature of canopy environments present unique cognitive, locomotor, and sensory challenges to their animal inhabitants. Animal movement through forest canopies is constrained; unlike most aquatic or aerial habitats, the three-dimensional space of a forest canopy is not fully realized or available to the animals within it. Determining how the unique constraints of arboreal habitats shape the ecology and evolution of canopy-dwelling animals is key to fully understanding forest ecosystems. With emerging technologies, there is now the opportunity to quantify and map tree connectivity, and to embed the fine-scale horizontal and vertical position of moving animals into these networks of branching pathways. Integrating detailed multi-dimensional habitat structure and animal movement data will enable us to see the world from the perspective of an arboreal animal. This synthesis will shed light on fundamental aspects of arboreal animals’ cognition and ecology, including how they navigate landscapes of risk and reward and weigh energetic trade-offs, as well as how their environment shapes their spatial cognition and their social dynamics.

Urbanization and artificial light at night reduce the functional connectivity of migratory aerial habitat

Flying animals use aerial habitats to forage, communicate and travel. However, human activities that fragment aerial habitat with built structures, noise, and chemical or light pollution, may limit the ability of wildlife to use airspace efficiently. Applying landscape connectivity theory to aerial habitats could reveal how long‐distance migrants respond to sources of aerial habitat fragmentation along their migratory routes. Artificial light at night is a major component of urbanization that fragments dark skies across North America. Attraction of nocturnal migrants to urban light is well documented, but species‐specific responses, especially throughout a full migration from breeding to wintering grounds, are not. We tested hypotheses about long‐distance migratory movements in relation to artificial light using a highly nocturnal, Nearctic‐Neotropical avian migrant (Eastern whip‐poor‐will Antrostomus vociferus). We applied a resource selection framework at multiple spatial scales to explore whether GPS‐tracked birds (n = 10) responded to urbanization in general, or artificial light specifically, during migratory flights. We found little evidence of attraction to artificial light during nocturnal flights. Artificial light and urbanization were highly correlated and difficult to disentangle, but the birds generally avoided urban areas and selected dark‐connected skies for travel. Migratory stopovers (locations where GPS‐tracked birds (n = 20) paused for at least one night), were located almost exclusively in dark, rural areas. Our results illustrate that considering how nocturnal aerial migrants respond to both aerial and terrestrial habitat elements can improve our understanding of what may facilitate their long‐distance movements.

Flying wildlife may mask the loss of ecological functions due to terrestrial habitat fragmentation

Land use change alters wildlife critical animal behaviours such as movement, becoming the main driver threatening wildlife ecological functions (WEF) and nature's contribution to people (NCP) provided by terrestrial species. Despite the negative impacts of current rates of terrestrial fragmentation on WEF, many ecological processes can be still occurring through aerial habitats. Here, we propose and discuss that the movement capabilities of aerial species, as well their functional redundancy with non-flying wildlife, are the mechanisms by which some ecological processes can be still occurring. We show examples of how the movements of aerial wildlife may be masking the loss of important functions and contributions by compensating for the lost ecosystem functions previously provided by terrestrial wildlife. We also highlight the implications of losing aerial wildlife in areas where that functional redundancy was already lost due to the impacts of land use change on terrestrial wildlife. We suggest to consider flying wildlife as a biological insurance against the loss of WEF and NCP due to terrestrial fragmentation and proposed some aeroconservation measures.

Climate and Reckoning Covid-19 Transmission Aspects

The rapidly increasing Covid-19 infection and unavailability of potential drug for the treatment of this novel infection demands multi dimensional research especially for those aspects of disease that highly affect its transmission. Climate is one of the main factors regulating the transmission of viral infections since long.The role of climate in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was not expected similar like its predecessor ,SARS-CoV-1.The various studies in different countries like China, America, Indonesia and Turkey published in reputed journals have advocated that temperature and air humidity has significant role in regulation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The environment variables determining the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 through the aerial habitats are still poorly understood. Besides emphasizing on epidemiological, biological and medical research of SARS-CoV-2, there are many underlying factors discussed in the letter which need to consider strongly for development of more accurate preventive policies by the authorities especially World Health Organization to control the spread of Covid-19 globally.

A Survey of Weaver-birds’ Crop-raiding Behavioral Activity in Buea Municipality, Southwest Region, Cameroon

The entire surface of the earth is visited by the birds in view of their aerial flights and variable habitats in search of suitable breeding and feeding grounds. Flight, intelligence, adaptability and sight are some of the attributes that add to the diversity in the life of birds, consequently there is complexity in their overall behavioral pattern. The key objective of this study was to assess the weaver-bird crop-raiding activity in Buea municipality on different environmental parameters. The study was undertaken for three months, six days in a week, from 7:00am to 6:00pm. Scan observations were made on birds’ activity on a five-minute interval period across the entire study area. Simultaneously, data was collected on the environmental conditions. The study recorded a significant association between weaver-bird activity on crop-land, X2 = 11.653 df=14, P < 0.005 and X2 = 3.441 df=4, P<0.05 respectively. There was weaver-bird activity frequency of 51.63%, 45.35%, and 3.02% for Ploceus luteolus, Ploceus cuculatus, and Ploceus melanocephalus respectively. Moreover, a week association between bird activity and weather, X2 = 3.125 df=3, P<0.05 was recorded. The sunny and cloudy weather conditions recorded 53.26%, and 42.09% respectively, while the windy and rainy weather conditions were significantly low (3.26%). An association was recored between atmospheric conditions and weaver-birds’ activity on crops, X2 = 23.249 df=21, P<0.05. In addition, the most destroyed farms were Elaeis guineensis (32.33%), Saccharum officinarum (19.77%), Zea mays (17.44%), and Mangifera indica (15.58%) respectively, and the scale of destruction was very prominent on the foliage used by the birds for nest-building. Maize crops and oil-palms were among the crop species most subjected to destruction by birds. These crops were observed with poor foliage formation and fruits, consequently they withered, and since the local farming population in this municipality predominantly cultivate these crops most, a heavy toll is often taken on the annual farmers’ income.

Integrated modelling of the life cycle and aeroecology of wind-borne pests in temporally-variable spatially-heterogeneous environment

Integrating population ecology and aeroecology is important for understanding dispersal dynamics of pest insects that depend on aerial habitats. Sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) is an economic pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America and recently invaded North America, affecting over 90% of the continent’s sorghum production. Long-distance, wind-aided dispersal together with the ability to overwinter in the southernmost sorghum-producing areas appear responsible for their geographic spread in North America. We developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based, stochastic model that integrates the life cycle and aeroecology of sugarcane aphids to forecast regional infestations of sorghum fields. We parameterized and calibrated the model to represent environmental conditions and sorghum phenologies of the southern to central Great Plains of the USA where sorghum is cultivated. We validated the model by comparing simulated spatial-temporal patterns of aphid infestations to georeferenced field data on infestations collected as part of an extensive field project. We assessed potential usefulness of the model by analysing regional patterns of aphid infestations on sorghum simulated under climatic conditions recorded in the southern to central Great Plains in 2017.On a regional scale, the simulated northward advance of aphid infestations generally followed the seasonal development of sorghum, with the main invasion front moving northward from southern to central Texas, then northwest towards the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma (northernmost and westernmost regions, respectively, of these states), and then northward again into central and western Kansas. Within this general regional trend, the stochastic nature of simulated infestations resulted in wide variation within each region with regard to time lags between the appearance of sorghum and initial infestation, which led to wide variation in infestation levels. The geographical distribution of simulated aphid infestation probabilities approximately mirrored the proportion of land cover in sorghum production, with a prominent infestation “hot spot” covering west-central Kansas and the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. Models capable of simulating both local population dynamics as well as long-range, multi-generational dispersal of wind-borne pests show promise as a component of adaptive areawide pest management programs.

Common noctules exploit low levels of the aerosphere.

Aerial habitats present a challenge to find food across a large potential search volume, particularly for insectivorous bats that rely on echolocation calls with limited detection range and may forage at heights over 1000 m. To understand how bats use vertical space, we tracked one to five foraging flights of eight common noctules (Nyctalus noctula). Bats were tracked for their full foraging session (87.27 ± 24 min) using high-resolution atmospheric pressure radio transmitters that allowed us to calculate height and wingbeat frequency. Bats used diverse flight strategies, but generally flew lower than 40 m, with scouting flights to 100 m and a maximum of 300 m. We found no influence of weather on height, and high-altitude ascents were not preceded by an increase in foraging effort. Wingbeat frequency was independent from climbing or descending flight, and bats skipped wingbeats or glided in 10% of all observations. Wingbeat frequency was positively related to capture mass, and wingbeat frequency was positively related to time of night, indicating an effect of load increase over a foraging bout. Overall, individuals used a wide range of airspace including altitudes that put them at increased risk from human-made structures. Further work is needed to test the context of these flight decisions, particularly as individuals migrate throughout Europe.

Mayamaea petersenii sp. nov., a new diatom from European aerial habitats and a brief appraisal on the morphological diversity of the genus

With 44 figures and 2 tables Abstract: The analysis of samples taken in different aerial microhabitats in Europe (Germany and Luxembourg) revealed the presence of a new and interesting small-celled naviculoid diatom species. Based on detailed light and scanning electron microscopy, one taxon previously misidentified as Sellaphora saugerresii is here described as Mayamaea petersenii sp. nov. The ecological preferences and a detailed analysis of its frustule ultrastructure lead to propose its generic placement in Mayamaea, followed by a discussion concerning key characters of the genera Sellaphora, Eolimna and Chamaepinnularia.

Aeroconservation for the Fragmented Skies

AbstractFrom birds to bacteria, airborne organisms face substantial anthropogenic impacts. The airspace provides essential habitat for thousands of species, some of which spend most of their lives airborne. Despite recent calls to protect the airspace, it continues to be treated as secondary to terrestrial and aquatic habitats in policy and research. Aeroconservation integrates recent advances in aeroecology and habitat connectivity, and recognizes aerial habitats and threats as analogous to their terrestrial and aquatic counterparts. Aerial habitats are poorly represented in the ecological literature and are largely absent from environmental policy, hindering protection of aerial biodiversity. Here, we provide a framework for defining aerial habitats to advance the study of aeroconservation and the protection of the airspace in environmental policy. We illustrate how current habitat definitions explicitly disadvantage aerial species relative to non‐aerial species, and review key areas of conflict between aeroconservation and human use of the airspace. Finally, we identify opportunities for research to fill critical knowledge gaps for aeroconservation. For example, aerial habitat fragmentation may impact biodiversity and ecosystem function similarly to terrestrial habitat fragmentation, and we illustrate how this can be investigated by extending existing methods and paradigms from terrestrial conservation biology up into the airspace.

Study of the type material of Navicula egregia Hustedt and descriptions of two new aerial Microcostatus (Bacillariophyta) species from Central Europe

The genus Microcostatus was described for the first time by Johansen &amp; Sray in 1998. They established a new genus in the family Naviculaceae for Navicula krasskei. Subsequently, Lange-Bertalot proposed the transfer of further species from the genus Navicula to the Microcostatus. Species determination is very difficult using light microscopy since species are small and very similar to each other, and only ultrastructural features allow their placement in the genus. The aim of this paper was to describe morphologically and ecologically two new species of the genus Microcostatus from aerial habitats in Germany and Poland and compare their morphologies with the original gathering of Navicula egregia. Polish material was collected once a month from April to November 2013 at two sampling sites located in cultivated fields. For comparison, German original material from the Hustedt Collection was also observed. During this study, Microcostatus aerophilus sp. nov. and M. edaphicus sp. nov. were described, and M. egregius was also illustrated and discussed in detail. The species mentioned are very similar to each other under light microscopy. They differ slightly in dimension and number of striae. Only SEM observations showed morphological differences, such as the presence of conopeum or pseudoconopeum.

Morphology, typification and critical analysis of some ecologically important small naviculoid species (Bacillariophyta)

The identity and nomenclatural history of several small-celled naviculoid taxa are revisited. The species discussed here are important from the ecological point of view since they are often dominant in benthic freshwater communities. The original concepts of several species that have suffered major taxonomic drift due to their entangled nomenclatural history are discussed, and forgotten epithets are resurrected. We examined the original material of Navicula aggerica E. Reichardt, Navicula atomoides Grunow, N. crassulexigua E. Reichardt, N. minima Grunow, N. minima var. typica R. Ross, N. minutissima (Kutz.) Grunow, N. saugerresii Desm., N. seminulum Grunow, N. seminulum var. intermedia Hust., N. seminulum var. radiosa Hust., N. stroemii Hust., N. subbacillum Hust., N. subseminulum Hust., N. tantula Hust., N. vasta Hust., N. ventraloides Hust., Stauroneis fonticola Hust., and Synedra minutissima Kutz. Several of these names were regarded as synonyms in many floristic works and, as such, remained forgotten or ignored. Analyses using light and scanning electron microscopy indicate conspecificity of Navicula minima (= Sellaphora seminulum sensu auct. nonnull.) with Sellaphora saugerresii (Desm.) C.E. Wetzel et D.G. Mann comb. nov., which has priority against N. minima. Synedra minutissima is lectotypified and transferred to Halamphora minutissima (Kutz.) C.E. Wetzel et Compere comb. nov. Navicula minutissima (Kutz.) Grunow 1860, nom. illeg. and Navicula minima Grunow pro parte, typo excl. designate one and the same species (valid and legitimate), currently known as Sellaphora aggerica (E. Reichardt) Falasco et Ector. We consider Sellaphora atomoides (Grunow) C.E. Wetzel et Van de Vijver comb. nov. (= Eolimna tantula sensu auct. nonnull.) and Sellaphora nigri (De Not.) C.E. Wetzel et Ector comb. nov. (= Eolimna minima sensu auct. nonnull.) to be separate species, although morphologically very similar. Sellaphora crassulexigua (E. Reichardt) C.E. Wetzel et Ector comb. nov. and Sellaphora subseminulum (Hust.) C.E. Wetzel comb. nov. are rarely encountered, but usually found in calcareous springs and aerial habitats, respectively. All species are transferred to the genus Sellaphora on the basis of their valve morphology, pending molecular studies confirming the monophyly of the group once living material of each can be located and brought into clonal culture. Additionally, 64 established taxa from Navicula s.l., Eolimna or Naviculadicta are formally transferred to Sellaphora. Navicula subminuscula Manguin is formally transferred to the genus Craticula Grunow.

Ecological Energetics of an Abundant Aerial Insectivore, the Purple Martin

The atmospheric boundary layer and lower free atmosphere, or aerosphere, is increasingly important for human transportation, communication, environmental monitoring, and energy production. The impacts of anthropogenic encroachment into aerial habitats are not well understood. Insectivorous birds and bats are inherently valuable components of biodiversity and play an integral role in aerial trophic dynamics. Many of these insectivores are experiencing range-wide population declines. As a first step toward gaging the potential impacts of these declines on the aerosphere’s trophic system, estimates of the biomass and energy consumed by aerial insectivores are needed. We developed a suite of energetics models for one of the largest and most common avian aerial insectivores in North America, the Purple Martin ( Progne subis ). The base model estimated that Purple Martins consumed 412 (± 104) billion insects*y-1 with a biomass of 115,860 (± 29,192) metric tonnes*y-1. During the breeding season Purple Martins consume 10.3 (+ 3.0) kg of prey biomass per km3 of aerial habitat, equal to about 36,000 individual insects*km-3. Based on these calculations, the cumulative seasonal consumption of insects*km-3 is greater in North America during the breeding season than during other phases of the annual cycle, however the maximum daily insect consumption*km-3 occurs during fall migration. This analysis provides the first range-wide quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the trophic impact of this large and common aerial insectivore. Future studies could use a similar modeling approach to estimate impacts of the entire guild of aerial insectivores at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. These analyses would inform our understanding of the impact of population declines among aerial insectivores on the aerosphere’s trophic dynamics.

Contrast and comparison of aerial algal communities from two distinct regions in the U.S.A., the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (TN) and the Lake Superior region.

The Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) and the land surrounding Lake Superior (LSR) are rich in aerial habitats and support diverse aerial algal communities. Currently, the ecology of aerial algal communities is not well understood. Furthermore, no research has been published directly comparing aerial algal floras between geographic regions. We analyzed the ecology of the aerial habitats within each region and compared the overall algal flora between these two regions. Physical and chemical factors, including aspect, moisture levels, light levels, and pH were measured at each sampling location. Communities from both regions were dominated by cyanobacteria with average relative abundances >50% in both the GSMNP and LSR. The aerial algal flora of the GSMNP as a whole was not distinct from that of the LSR. Taxa unique to each region were found to be present in low abundances, while many taxa present in higher abundance were found in both the LSR and GSMNP communities. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of the community data from both regions identified two distinct communities within the GSMNP. Moisture availability within sites contributed to this separation with higher mean relative of abundances of cyanobacteria in the drier habitats and higher mean relative abundances of chlorophytes and diatoms in the wetter habitats.

New Combinations and Type Analysis ofChamaepinnulariaSpecies (Bacillariophyceae) from Aerial Habitats

We detail under light and scanning electron microscopy the type materials of three poorly known diatom species first described by Hustedt from aerial habitats in Germany. Navicula parsura Hustedt (synonym: N. obscura Hustedt), N. obsoleta Hustedt, and N. evanida Hustedt type materials were observed and compared with populations from Luxembourg. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of striae composed by areolae occluded externally by hymenes and a silica line at the valve face-mantle junction along the apical plane. These taxa also present a naviculoid raphe, which besides overall valve outline, conforms to the genus Chamaepinnularia Lange-Bertalot et Krammer. Therefore, we propose two new combinations: Chamaepinnularia obsoleta (Hustedt) C.E. Wetzel et Ector comb. nov. and C. parsura (Hustedt) C.E. Wetzel et Ector comb. nov. Excepting C. evanida (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot, which is often observed in European rivers and already placed in the genus Chamaepinnularia, the remaining two taxa are poorly known and autecological data are scarce. Our results suggest that these species, present in stream drift during flood events, might partially derive from near-stream riparian or upslope terrestrial habitats. In addition, based on literature data, three new combinations are also proposed.

Metabolic Thermal Sensitivity Optimizes Sea Krait Amphibious Physiology

Abstract Yellow-lipped Sea Kraits (Laticauda colubrina) are tropical amphibious snakes that divide their time between land and sea. When moving between habitats, the kraits experience rapid and sometimes extreme shifts in body temperature that can have profound metabolic effects. We quantified cutaneous and pulmonary oxygen uptake in sea kraits from Hoga Island, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, at temperatures commonly encountered in aquatic (27.6°C) and aerial (35.2°C) habitats. Total oxygen uptake rate was 49.14 mL Kg−1 h−1 at 27.6°C and 115.27 mL Kg−1 h−1 at 35.2°C. Pulmonary and cutaneous uptake rates were 44.58 and 104.70, and 4.56 and 10.57 mL Kg−1 h−1, at 27.6 and 35.2°C, respectively. Sea kraits had a temperature coefficient (Q10) of approximately 3, suggesting that metabolic rates triple with every 10°C temperature increase. High Q10 values may minimize time on land by increasing digestion and nutrient absorption rates as well as promoting faster healing and injury recovery times. Cooler reef tempe...

Scytonematopsis contorta sp. nov. (Nostocales), a new species from the Hawaiian Islands.

Scytonematopsis Kiseleva is a poorly known cyanobacterial genus with a widespread, mostly tropical distribution. A new species, S. contorta, is described from the Hawaiian Island of Oahu based on morphological and molecular evidence. The new species was found growing on rock in damp aerial habitats proximal to streams and waterfalls. It differs in several regards to the other 14 species, in particular in its pronounced ability to produce a spirally contorted trichome within a single filament. The phylogenetic placement of the genus is uncertain. It is associated with both Rivularia and Calothrix species in the Rivulariaceae, and is distant from the Scytonemataceae, where it has traditionally been placed. However, the relationship of these taxa is unresolved, as there was very little support for the deeper nodes of the phylogeny.

Bird Assemblages in Second-Growth and Old-Growth Forests, Costa Rica: Perspectives From Mist Nets and Point Counts

AbstractSecond growth has replaced lowland forest in many parts of the Neotropics, providing valuable habitat for many resident and migrant bird species. Given the prevalence of such habitats and the potential benefit for conservation of biodiversity, it is important to understand patterns of diversity in second growth and old growth. Descriptions of species-distribution patterns may depend, however, on method(s) used to sample birds. We used data from mist nets and point counts to (1) describe species diversity and community composition in second-growth (young and old) and old-growth forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica; and (2) to evaluate perspectives on community composition provided by the two methods. We recorded 249 species from 39 families, including 196 species captured in mist nets (10,019 captures) and 215 recorded during point counts (15,577 observations), which represents ∼78% of the terrestrial avifauna known from La Selva (excluding accidentals and birds characteristic of aquatic or aerial habitats). There were 32 threatened species, 22 elevational migrants, and 40 latitudinal migrants. Species richness (based on rarefaction analyses of capture and count data) was greatest in the youngest site. Latitudinal migrants were particularly common in second growth; elevational migrants were present in both young and old forest, but were more important in old-growth forest. Several threatened species common in second growth were not found in old-growth forests. Trophic composition varied less among sites than did species composition. Mist nets and point counts differed in numbers and types of species detected. Counts detected more species than nets in old-growth forest, but not in young second growth. Mist nets detected 62% of the terrestrial avifauna, and point counts detected 68%. Fifty-three species were observed but not captured, and 34 species were captured but not observed. Six families were not represented by mist-net captures. Data from mist nets and point counts both support the conclusion that second-growth vegetation provides habitat for many species.