Aegle Marmelos Research Articles

Sustainable and efficient energy storage: A sodium ion battery anode from Aegle marmelos shell biowaste

The utilization of bio-degradable wastes for the synthesis of hard carbon anode materials has gained significant interest for application in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their sustainable, low-cost, eco-friendly, and abundant nature. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of hard carbon anode materials from Aegle marmelos (Bael fruit) shells via a hydrothermal carbonization process followed by calcination at varying temperatures (900 °C and 1000 °C). Structural characterizations using XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirm the formation of hard carbon, while FTIR, XPS, BET, SEM, and TEM characterizations reveal the morphology and surface properties of the synthesized materials. The Aegle marmelos Hard Carbon-900 (AMHC-900) and Aegle marmelos Hard Carbon-1000 (AMHC-1000) cells exhibit high specific discharge capacities of ~223 mAh g−1 and ~212 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1, respectively. The cells demonstrate excellent cycling stability, with specific discharge capacities of ~78 mAh g−1 and ~66 mAh g−1 at a high current rate (1000 mA g−1) up to 2500 cycles, respectively, and high coulombic efficiency (~99 %). These findings highlight the potential of utilizing bio-degradable wastes through a hydrothermal carbonization process to produce high-performance hard carbon electrodes for SIBs.

Where Will Threatened Aegle marmelos L., a Tree of the Semi-Arid Region, Go under Climate Change? Implications for the Reintroduction of the Species

The conservation of threatened species and the restoration of ecosystems have emerged as crucial ecological prerequisites in the context of a changing global environment. One such species of significant commercial value is the Bael tree, scientifically known as Aegle marmelos, which is native to semi-arid regions in Pakistan. However, the species faces threats in Pakistan due to overexploitation and changing land use. To support sustainable production practices and agricultural planning, it is important to investigate how climate change has affected the geographic distribution of Aegle marmelos. Additionally, the impact of climate change on its frequency and distribution remains uncertain. To address these concerns, we employed species distribution modeling techniques using MaxEnt and GIS to predict the present and future distribution of favorable habitats for Aegle marmelos. Based on our findings, several key bioclimatic variables were identified as significant influencers of Aegle marmelos distribution. These variables include soil bulk density (bdod), isothermality (bio03), precipitation during the warmest quarter (bio18), and mean temperature during the wettest quarter (bio08). Currently, the potential suitable habitat for Aegle marmelos spans an area of approximately 396,869 square kilometers, primarily concentrated in the regions of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan in Pakistan. The habitats deemed highly suitable for Aegle marmelos are predominantly found in upper and central Punjab. However, if climate change persists, the suitable habitats in Pakistan are likely to become more fragmented, resulting in a significant shift in the overall suitable area. Moreover, the distribution center of the species is expected to relocate towards the southeast, leading to increased spatial separation over time. The results of this research significantly contribute to our understanding of the geo-ecological aspects related to Aegle marmelos. Furthermore, they provide valuable recommendations for the protection, management, monitoring, and sustainable production of this species.

First Report of Erysiphe alphitoides Causing Powdery Mildew of Cocculus orbiculatus in China.

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. (Menispermaceae) is a vine traditionally used as a medicinal herb in Asia and grows primarily in wet tropical biomes (POWO 2022). In late April 2022, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on leaves of C. orbiculatus on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University, China. Approximately 90% of the plants were infected. Superficial mycelia and conidia were amphigenous on the leaves, pale yellow, and severe infections caused necrotic discoloration of the leaves. Infected leaves were collected to identify the pathogen. Hyphae were hyaline and branched. Conidiophores were solidary, unbranched, straight, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, 69.3 ± 11.1 × 7.9 ± 0.6 µm, (n = 50). Foot cells were mostly cylindrical, straight, rarely curved, smooth, hyaline, 53.2 ± 6.2 × 7.5 ± 0.4 µm, (n = 50). Appressoria were lobulate, solitary or in opposite pairs, hyaline to pale yellow. Conidia were single, ellipsoid, oval or doliform, hyaline or pale yellow, 38.6 ± 2.3 × 20.9 ± 0.8 µm, (n = 50). Conidial germ tubes developed at a subterminal position. No chasmothecia were observed. Representative specimens were deposited in the NJFU Herbarium (NF50000010). Based on these morphological characteristics, this fungus (MFJ 1-1) was provisionally identified as Erysiphe alphitoides (Takamatsu et al. 2007). To verify the identification of the pathogen, mycelia and conidia were obtained from diseased leaves and genomic DNA of the fungus (MFJ 1-1) was extracted. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) gene were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and LR0R/LR5, respectively (White et al. 1990, Rehner and Samuels 1994). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ON612134 for ITS, ON620080 for LSU). BLAST results showed that the ITS and LSU sequences were highly similar to E. alphitoides [ITS: KF734882, identities = 632/633 (99%) LSU: MK357414, identities = 890/893 (99%)]. Phylogenetic analyses with the concatenated sequences using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood placed the isolate in the clade of Erysiphe alphitoides. Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing the infected leaves onto five leaves per plant, and three healthy plants were inoculated. Three uninoculated plants served as controls. The plants were placed in a growth chamber with a 16 h photoperiod at 22 ± 2°C, 70% of relative humidity. Symptoms developed 10 days after inoculation, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. The powdery mildew developing on the inoculated plants was identified to be E. alphitoides based on morphological characters and ITS sequences. This fungus has a worldwide distribution and a broad host range. Recently, Ipomoea obscura (Pan et al. 2020) and Aegle marmelos (Banerjee et al. 2020) have been found to be additional hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. alphitoides on C. orbiculatus in the world. This finding provides crucial information for developing effective strategies to monitor and manage this disease.

Correction: Genetic diversity of Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] accessions from north‑east India based on principal component and cluster analysis

Correction: Genetic diversity of Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] accessions from north‑east India based on principal component and cluster analysis

Aegle Marmoles Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Application for Wound Dressing

Nanotechnology gain significance importance in various field such as medicine, electronic, waste treatment and defence sectors. The physical, chemical and biological methods of producing and usage of nanoparticles for different end economic cost of beneficial application brought wide interest on nanoparticles. Aegle marmelos commonly known as Bael is used in ancient Indian medicine siddha and Ayurveda from time immemorial. It also considered to be most sacred plant in India. Silver Nanoparticles were synthesized with the aid of novel, non-toxic, eco-friendly biological method using Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles used in medicinal industry such as topical ointment to prevent infection against burns and wounds. Hydrogel loaded with metal nanoparticle have great importance for many applications in the biomedical and biotechnological field. In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles-based hydrogel of Maha vilvam (Aegle marmelos) extract for topical delivery. The usage of Aegle marmelos in the form of hydrogel with nanoparticle has extended its well-established application in the field of wound healing, tissue engineering and drug delivery. Further, the characterization study was carried out on biosynthesised silver nanoparticle loaded hydrogel by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform –Infrared Spectroscopy and SEM analysis. The antimicrobial resistance was accessed for the biosynthesised silver nanoparticle loaded hydrogel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, zone of inhibition was measured.

Highly Potent Antioxidant/Antibacterial Biogenic ZnO Nanoparticles-Enabled Nano-Scavenger Reinforced by Aegle Marmelos (Linn) Rind’s Extract

Nano-enabled antioxidant and antibacterial biogenic scavenger is the crucial vector for sustainable and next-generation healthcare/pharmaceuticals. The state-of-the-art biogenic nano-scavenger is concerned with developing metal oxide nanostructures, primarily zinc oxide (ZnO) utilizing bio-extracts owing to their unique physicochemical attributes. This unprecedented study explores the antibacterial/antioxidant scavenging efficacies of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) employing Aegle Marmelos (Linn.) rind extract as multifunctional reagent. The morphological and structural outcomes reveal the formation of irregular biogenic ZnO NPs with all essential characteristic traits with modifications due to Aegle Marmelos (Linn.) rind extract. The as-synthesized biogenic nano-scavenger demonstrated excellent antioxidant potency (DPPH inhibitory activity of 85.13%–91.6%). Besides, it exhibited broadband antibacterial activity against six prominent strains of bacteria including K. Pneumoniae, B. subtilis, S. thalpophilum, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli, which is significant in comparison to medical antibiotics. These exceptional outcomes enable the development of biogenic-antibiotics and antioxidants, which are economic, eco-friendly and high-performing and opens window for next-generation pharmaceutical, bioremediation and healthcare strategies.

Ethnoveterinary practises of medicinal plants used for the treatment of different cattle diseases: A case study in East Khasi Hill district of Meghalaya, North East India

IntroductionFor generations, the inhabitants of Meghalaya have relied on medicinal plants to maintain the health of their livestock and treat various illnesses that may afflict their animals. Due to the lack of survey for use and documentation, these plants have never been undertaken. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the diversity, utilization, and phytochemical profile of these plants and quantitatively analyse the data to identify important medicinal plants. By doing so, we can better understand the potential of these plants for developing novel drugs. MethodsFrequent field trips were made for the collection of ethnoveterinary data of medicinal plants from local animal-keepers, traditional healers (THs) and inhabitants of different age groups. This information was gathered through semi-structured interviews, individual discussions, direct field-use observation, and questionnaires. A total of 52 informants (35 females and 17 males) were interviewed from seven rural villages and the information obtained from them were quantitatively analysed using the informant consensus factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL). Additionally, for each documented plant, available published literature was extensively surveyed to identify the presence of bioactive chemical compounds responsible for their therapeutic effects. ResultsDuring the present study, a total 96 plants, distributed into 87 genera and 43 families were identified and recorded for their use in ethnoveterinary practices against more than 25 diseases. Out of the recorded plant species, the Fabaceae family was found to be the most dominant with seven species, followed by Poaceae and Lamiaceae with six species each, and Moraceae with five species. The leaves (50.00%) and seeds (12.50%) were the most frequently used plant parts, while the paste (30 species) was the common mode of application. Aegle marmelos Correa exhibited a fidelity level (FL) of 100% for indigestion, while Tagetes erecta L. had a fidelity level of 94.11% for wound treatment, making them the most promising candidates for further study. The highest FIC value of 1.00 was recorded for the treatment of neurological disorder (1.00), followed by foot and mouth disease (FIC 0.91), which depicted that some species were frequently utilized to treat multiple livestock ailments. ConclusionThe study presents trustworthy information about medicinal plants and their associated indigenous ethnoveterinary knowledge. It has been scientifically proven that these plants contain bioactive compounds responsible for their therapeutic properties. However, this knowledge is in danger of being lost due to factors like socioeconomic changes, environmental and technological alterations, and lack of interest from younger generations. Therefore, it is essential to document this empirical folklore knowledge systematically and take measures to protect and conserve it.

Oral administration of Zingiber officinale and Aegle marmelos extracts enhances growth and immune functions of the shrimp Penaeus monodon against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Oral administration of Zingiber officinale and Aegle marmelos extracts enhances growth and immune functions of the shrimp Penaeus monodon against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Mutagenic effect on seed germination, seedling growth and seedling survival of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa.)

Mutagenic effect on seed germination, seedling growth and seedling survival of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa.)

Physical Attributes of Bael (Aegle marmelos L.) Fruit and Suitability for Commercialization and Processing

The present experiment entitled “Studies on physical attributes of bael (Aegle marmelos L.) fruit suitable for commercialization and processing” was conducted at Horticulture laboratory of the Department of Applied Plant Science during 2011-12. Matured fruits procured from well established bael orchard and investigation was carried out Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications. The observations were recorded on fruit shape, skull colour, pulp colour, fruit weight, skull thickness, fruit length, fruit width, pulp content and seed content. Flattened round fruit shape, greenish skull colour and pale yellow in pulp colour was found in NB-7. Minimum skull thickness 3.10 mm, seed content 2.42 per cent, whereas maximum fruit weight 2.00 kg, fruit length 16.20 cm, fruit width 17.20 cm and pulp content 79.20 per cent was found in cv. Narendra Bael-7. Result indicated that on the basis of physical attributes NB-7 varieties was found best for commercialization and processing.

Genetic diversity of Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] accessions from north-east India based on principal component and cluster analysis

Genetic diversity of Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] accessions from north-east India based on principal component and cluster analysis

Facile green synthesis and characterization of fluorescent nanoprobe based on Ca, K, N-doped carbon quantum dots derived from Aegle marmelos for bioimaging of human neuroblastoma cancer cells and living organisms

This study demonstrated an environmentally responsible, inexpensive and simple one-step hydrothermal method to synthesize biocompatible fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from Aegle marmelos fruit extract. The near-spherical CQDs were discovered to have a naturally distributed size of 3–6 nm, were unintentionally doped with heteroatoms (Ca, K, and N) without the need for doping element precursors due to mineral contents in extract, had a quantum yield of about 4.06%, strong photostability, and excellent water solubility. Several morphological, compositional, physicochemical, and optical properties were studied. Other variables influencing CQD photoluminescence, such as hydrothermal process parameters and pH sensitivity, were also examined. Zeta potential analysis showed a negative surface charge with a zeta potential value of −5.29 mV and good dispersibility in aqueous solution. Furthermore, as an alternative to organic or synthetic probes, there is a huge need for the development of simple, affordable, and non-destructive fluorescent biomarkers. As-synthesized Ca, K, N-doped CQDs have demonstrated good fluorescent staining abilities and may be employed as a helpful probe for bio-imaging of cancer cells and other organisms. Cell survival and cytotoxicity were found to be satisfactory, with 90% of SH-SY5Y and HCT-116 cells surviving, compared to 63–77% for the other organisms, even at higher dosages (200 µg/mL) for up to 4 days.

Preparation and storability study of lime blended bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa syrup under different storage conditions

Preparation and storability study of lime blended bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa syrup under different storage conditions

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Wash Gel

Abstract: Acne is the common skin problem that 85% of the teenagers face today. Natural remedies are more acceptable in the faith that they are safer with less side effects than the synthetic ones. Natural remedies are more acceptable with the belief that they are safe and having less side effects. Herbal drugs have been used since many years not only in Asian countries but also worldwide for social well being. Herbal formulations have rising demand in the world market. In this study, herbal anti-acne face wash gels were prepared using polymers Carbopol and extract of aegle marmelos (bel patra). bel patra show the antibacterial property and are widely used in modern herbal medicine. Results showed that the gels were non-irritant, stable and posses anti-acne activity. From this study, herbal Gel was proved to be stable and considered as an effective herbal formulation for acne treatment. Prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters like colour, appearance, consistency, pH, viscosity.

Formulation and Development of Nanoparticulate System containing Rutin from Leaves Extract of Aegle marmelos for effective Management of Diabetes

Current work aimed at the modified release of content from carrier system at predetermined rate and secondly, to decrease the use of synthetic drug on biological system. Successive solvent extraction of crude drug of Aegle marmelos plant was done. Active constituent of leaves that is rutin was isolated and identified through HPTLC and FTIR. SLN was selected as carrier system and fabricated by solvent diffusion method. Characterization and performance evaluation of particulate system loaded with herbal plant extract of the Aegle marmelos leaves was done. TEM, In-vitro drug release profile, entrapment efficiency and particle size was determined. Solid lipid nanoparticles have enormous effect in loading high amount or loading dose concentration in body and also maintain the same over prolonged interlude of time. SLN was formulated and characterized for the particle size, shape and its distribution, percentage drug entrapment and In-vitro drug release profile along with the stability studies. In-vivo bio distribution studies on animals suggested the accumulation of formulations in the different organs. Solid lipid nanoparticles also show good stability as compared to other novel carrier systems. Prolonged release of natural drug from carrier system, decrease the dosing frequency and also decrease the dose size. Better results than marketed synthetic anti-diabetic drugs.

Choice Modeling for the Commercial Cultivation of Underutilized Aromatic Plants for Producing Mosquito Repellents: Targeting Rural Sector Income Generation.

Tropical countries face considerable economic losses due to mosquito-borne diseases which can be effectively combatted using plant-based mosquito repellents. Therefore, using a questionnaire survey, we selected the 25 top-ranked common but underutilized aromatic plants with mosquito repellent ability in Sri Lanka to investigate the rural sector's willingness to cultivate and supply them. Cinnamomum verum, Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Aegle marmelos, and Ocimum tenuiflorum were the common species thus identified. The willingness to cultivate and supply aromatic plants with mosquito repellent ability varied between 88% and 60%. The Chi-squared test indicated a significant association between gender and willingness to cultivate and supply these plants. Men had a higher willingness (82%). Persons formallyeducated up to elementary school level had the highest willingness (85%). The willingness from households with many non-income-generating members was 100%. The random forest model developed in this study identifies farmers' willingness to cultivate and supply aromatic plants with mosquito repellent properties. It was trained using an upsampling strategy. Our findings aid in understanding the scenarios involved with introducing, cultivating, and supplying aromatic plants.

Antioxidant Potential of Fruit-based Phytochemical on the Quality Attributes and the Shelf-life of Chevon Nuggets

Background: The study was aimed to explore the antioxidant potential and functional value of guava (Psidium guajava L.) powder, bael (Aegle marmelos L.) pulp powder and dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus L.) peel powder in muscle foods. Methods: The fruit powders were incorporated at 1.5% level in Chevon nuggets and its effects on various physico-chemical, textural, sensory attributes and microbiological parameters of products were evaluated against control. Result: Significantly (P less than 0.05) higher phenolics was found in bael pulp powder (82.32 mg GAE/g) and carotenoids (3.91 mg/kg) and Vitamin C (162 mg/kg) in guava powder. Incorporation of fruit powder significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the emulsion stability, cooking yield, moisture percentage and fat percentage of nuggets, whereas no significant effect was observed for protein percentage. Even sensory attributes were improved in treated nuggets, but the overall acceptability scores were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for the control batch as adjudged by the panelists. The fruit powders were found to retard lipid peroxidation rate as well as microbial proliferation rate of the Chevon nuggets during refrigerated storage (4±1°C). When compared to the control batch addition of fruit powders had a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction on both the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and TPC, TCC, TPSC and YMC. Hence fruit powders can be potentially used as natural preservatives and their functionality can be explored in ready to eat meat foods without affecting their acceptability.

Screening for In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extracts of Certain Selected Plants against Rhodococcus equi

In the present study, the research work was carried out during June 2018 to March 2019 at ICAR-NRCE-EPC (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Equine Production Campus), Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India. The study was conducted to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic, chloroformic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Aegle marmelos, Morus alba, Nerium indicum, Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Plumeria alba L. and Azadirachta indica against Vap A and Vap C positive Rhodococcus equi. Fresh leaves of these plants were collected manually from campus of ICAR-NRCE-EPC, Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan). In initial screening ethanolic leaves extract of these plants except Azadirachta indica, were found non-active against Rhodococcus equi. Chloroformic leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. While ethanolic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. Further, solvent based fractionation, Ethanol Soluble Fraction (ESF), Methanol Soluble Fraction (MSF) and Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of polar compounds of SEWE did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. On comparison with currently used antibiotics (azithromycin and rifampicin), required concentration of the leaves extract of Azadirachta indica was too high for their possibilities of in vivo use, so abundant availability of Azadirachta indica leaves and their activity against Rhodococcus equi suggests their potential for use as disinfectant against Rhodococcus equi.

Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos leaf extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and photocatalytic degradation activity

The present research work, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized from silver ions using the reducing and capping agents of Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Initially, UV–vis spectrophotometry absorption of the Surface Plasmon Resonance centre at 450 nm was confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. Preliminary phytochemical and FT-IR analysis indicate the identification of secondary metabolised flavonoids that act as the reducing and capping agent of the synthesized Ag NPs. Transmission electron microscope analysis, morphology of Ag NPs shown by transmission electron microscopy is spherical with a size range of ∼30–50 nm. The synthesized Ag NPs were investigate the in-vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, results shows the potential activity against the standard drugs. The Ag NPs also revealed the cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MTT assay shows the IC50 values at 125 ± 4.26 μg/mL of Ag NPs compared to the untreated cells of negative control. The Ag NPs was excellent photocatalyst act as degradation of environmentally polluted Basic Fuchsin dye within 18 min.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF STEROIDS FROM AEGLE MARMELOS (LEAF, STEM AND FRUIT); AN IN VITRO APPROACH

The development of resistance of microbes against the commonly used antibiotics threatens the effective treatment and prevention of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. This drives the screening of medicinal plants for development of novel bioactive compounds advocating good efcacy against pathogenic microorganism having fewer side effects. The present study aims to investigate the in vitro antibacterial efcacy of steroids of different plant parts (viz leaves, stem and fruit) of Aegle marmelos. Among all the extracts steroids of leaves were most active because most of the bacteria found susceptible. However highest zone of inhibition was found against R.planticola (IZ 21.16±0.503 mm, AI 0.672, MIC 0.039mg/ml, MBC 0.078 mg/ml and TA 166.66 ml/g) shown by fruit extract followed by B. subtilis (IZ 19.26±0.230mm, AI 0.583, MIC 0.039 mg/ml, MBC 0.078mg/ml and TA 153.84 ml/g) against which stem extract was observed to be most active, Moreover A. tumifaciens was most resistant, none of the extracts showed activity against it. The low value of MIC indicates the strong bio efcacy of the plant extracts. The nding of the present investigation offer scientic evidence to support that the phytocompounds are promising in the development of alternative medicines.