Advocacy Attitudes Research Articles

Examining Social Advocacy Attitudes as a Predictor for Mental Health Professionals' Perceptions toward People with Disabilities

Examining Social Advocacy Attitudes as a Predictor for Mental Health Professionals' Perceptions toward People with Disabilities

Nursing Advocacy Attitudes in Italian Nurses.

Nursing Advocacy Attitudes in Italian Nurses.

Impact of a Co-curricular Poverty Simulation on Pharmacy Students' Socioeconomic and Patient Advocacy Attitudes and Beliefs.

Background: Pharmacists are well-positioned to assist patients facing poverty with financial and well-being resource navigation. Pharmacy educators must find avenues for students that foster awareness of applicable challenges encountered by economically disadvantaged patients. Objective: This study examines the impact of a poverty simulation on pharmacy students' socioeconomic and patient advocacy attitudes and beliefs. Methods: Third year professional pharmacy students participated in the Community Action Poverty Simulation (CAPS). Students were asked to voluntarily complete a survey prior to and following their participation. The survey was based upon a combination of 3 previously validated survey tools: Attitudes Toward Poverty (ATP) scale, Medical Student Attitudes Toward the Underserved (MSATU), and the Locus of Control Scale (LCS). Students also responded to open-ended questions postsimulation. Results: Forty of the 74 students completed both the presimulation and postsimulation surveys. Significant changes were seen in a matched sample analysis for 17 of 49 survey questions. Prominent differences (decreasing agreement) came from the statements: "An able-bodied person collecting welfare is ripping off the system" and "Welfare makes people lazy"; and increasing agreement that "I feel personally responsible for providing medical care to the needy." Open-ended survey responses reflected a greater understanding of time and effort needed to locate and navigate available resources, and challenges such as adhering to medication regimens due to inability to pay. Conclusion: A poverty simulation, such as CAPS, is an effective method to encourage pharmacy students to reflect on their future impact toward patients facing the challenges of poverty. The shift in students' attitudes and beliefs on various measures revealed that the simulation had an impact on altering perceptions for those with low socioeconomic status.

정신간호사의 인권감수성과 주도성이 정신장애인의 옹호태도와 옹호개입에 미치는 영향

The subjects of this study were 199 nurses attending the hospital and community mental health center or psychiatric rehabilitation center in B and K city. Data collected were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program. Correlations were calculated for the perception of proactivity, and human rights sensitivity and regression analysis were performed to examine the effect on advocacy attitudes and advocacy interventions. Factors having the greatest influence on nurses’ advocacy attitudes are “proactivity” (β =.532), and “human rights sensitivity” (β=.291), and the explanatory power was 60.5%. Factors having the greatest influence on nurses’ advocacy intervention are “proactivity” (β=.532), “human rights sensitivity” (β=.291), “turnover” (β=.121), “religion” (β=.092), “position” (β=.083) and the explanatory power was 72.6%. In addition, a continuous program should be developed and offered to psychiatric nurses who may have a positive approach toward advocacy.

Factors impacting play therapists’ social justice advocacy attitudes.

Factors impacting play therapists’ social justice advocacy attitudes.

Evaluating a Transformational Health Game to Influence Perceptions of the Condoms-as-Evidence Policy.

Objective: Some countries treat carrying condoms as evidence of prostitution, commonly referred to as "condoms-as-evidence" policy/practice. This policy has deleterious outcomes on the health and safety of sex workers worldwide. This study evaluates the impact of a simulation game that advocates against the policy in an effort to increase advocacy attitudes and intentions against condoms-as-evidence policies and practices. Materials and Methods: A between-subjects randomized experiment (N = 70) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention game relative to a pamphlet. The game, Cops & Rubbers, is a simulation-based tabletop game situating participants in the role of a sex worker trying to balance competing financial, safety, and health-related goals. The research for and development of the pamphlet was funded by Open Society Foundations to highlight the impact of the condoms-as-evidence policy and elicit advocacy efforts. Results: Although the game elicited similar levels of advocacy attitudes toward the pamphlet, it elicited significantly higher advocacy intentions than the pamphlet. Conflicting results were witnessed in psychological reactance. Conclusion: The present results demonstrate the utility of games as an advocacy tool for health and human rights among a polarizing topic such as sex worker advocacy. These results have both practical utility and research implications. From a practical standpoint, we demonstrate that the game can increase advocacy intentions and tangibly contribute to human rights and health issues. Furthermore, these results have the potential to inform novel game design strategies to influence persuasive outcomes in transformational games.

Summaries of Papers in This Issue

Summaries of Papers in This Issue

Do Tax Professionals Act Like Auditors when Evaluating Tax-Related Audit Evidence?

ABSTRACTThe audit of the financial statement income tax accounts is ultimately the responsibility of the audit engagement team; however, tax professionals are often involved because of their knowledge of the tax functional area. Auditors are expected to exercise professional skepticism and independence when performing audits, while tax professionals are expected to be advocates for their tax clients. This study investigates whether the auditor and/or tax professionals' typical role influences how they evaluate evidence on an audit engagement, especially when provided evidence by individuals with whom they are closely affiliated. Results of an experiment with experienced auditors and tax professionals suggest that despite differing in their trait skepticism and client advocacy attitudes, tax professionals and auditors make similar judgments when in the role of an audit engagement team member. We also find evidence that both auditors and tax professionals are more persuaded by individuals with whom they have a closer affiliation.Data Availability: Data are available from the corresponding author.

Training Appalachian Kentucky Youth Cancer Advocates.

Kentucky has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States, with the Appalachian region experiencing the highest of those rates. Cancer advocacy, which is defined as providing support to cancer patients and their communities, represents a means of decreasing the cancer cases in Appalachian Kentucky. This exploratory study examined the effects of advocacy training and experiential learning on Appalachian high school students' cancer advocacy attitudes and self-efficacy. The design of this study was a mixed-methods, one-group repeated measure with a group of participants from the Appalachian Career Training in Oncology (ACTION) Program (N = 9). The study assessed advocacy attitudes and self-efficacy before and after participants were provided advocacy training and participated in an advocacy event. Participating students' attitudes and self-efficacy did not substantially change following the training and their participation in an advocacy event. Through their comments after the event, however, students seem eager to use their voices to influence the actions of state legislators. At the same time, they worry about the apathy of their community members to their cancer advocacy message. Youth represent potentially powerful agents of advocacy that could help address the cancer burden in Kentucky. Participants in this study likely overestimated their advocacy abilities before learning more about advocacy and participating in the process. As such, additional trainings are likely necessary to increase students' self-efficacy, encourage them to share their stories, and help them overcome perceived barriers.

Mitigating Advocacy Bias: The Effect of the Reviewer Role on Tax Professional Judgment

ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of the reviewer role on tax professionals' advocacy bias. Prior research establishes the prevalence of advocacy bias and focuses on whether reviewers can detect preparers' advocacy bias; however, this study examines whether the reviewer role influences tax professionals' judgment and decision-making processes. In an experiment randomly assigning 75 tax professionals to the reviewer and preparer roles, I find professionals who occupy the reviewer role report similar advocacy attitudes to preparers but are significantly less likely to exhibit advocacy bias than preparers. Reviewers also employ a more consistent decision process than those in a preparer role. Results highlight the reviewer role as a moderator of advocacy bias, demonstrating the importance of the reviewer role for firms and clients. Understanding the effects of review responsibilities on professionals at all levels is increasingly important as firms leverage emerging technology to complete tasks traditionally assigned to less experienced professionals.

Two Countries, Two Stories of CSR, Customer Trust and Advocacy Attitudes and Behaviors? A Study in the Greek and Bulgarian Telecommunication Sectors

The current study, conceptualizing corporate social responsibility (CSR) under the stakeholder theory, investigates the impact of CSR activities oriented to customers, employees and society/environment on customer trust and advocacy attitudes and behaviors in the Greek and Bulgarian telecommunication sectors. The results of surveys conducted in each country indicate that the pattern of a universal consumer is yet not a reality. Bulgarian customers appear more willing to trust responsible businesses and more likely to reciprocate a trustworthy relationship through repurchase behavior and willingness to recommend than their Greek counterparts. Moreover, customer trust holds a stronger position as a mediator in the Bulgarian sample. In both countries, however, customers seem to evaluate and be affected by, CSR actions in terms of their role not only as consumers but also as social actors. The study's findings provide useful guidance for the efficient management and communication of CSR initiatives globally and future academic inquiries.

Mitigating Advocacy Bias: The Effect of the Reviewer Role on Tax Professional Judgment

This study examines the effect of the reviewer role on tax professionals’ advocacy bias. Prior research establishes the prevalence of advocacy bias and focuses on whether reviewers can detect preparers’ advocacy bias; however, this study examines whether the reviewer role influences tax professionals’ judgment and decision-making processes. In an experiment randomly assigning 75 tax professionals to the reviewer and preparer roles, I find professionals who occupy the reviewer role report similar advocacy attitudes to preparers but are significantly less likely to exhibit advocacy bias than preparers. Reviewers also employ a more consistent decision process than those in a preparer role. Results highlight the reviewer role as a moderator of advocacy bias, demonstrating the importance of the reviewer role for firms and clients. Understanding the effects of review responsibilities on professionals at all levels is increasingly important as firms leverage emerging technology to complete tasks traditionally assigned to less experienced professionals.

Health advocacy among resident physicians

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Background: Health advocacy is increasingly recognized as an integral part of a physician's professional role. This survey examines advocacy attitudes, competencies, and participation among psychiatry residents. Methods: Psychiatry residents from one program were surveyed using a 13-item, self-report questionnaire. Fisher's exact tests were used to examine the association between advocacy attitudes and competencies and past, current, and planned future participation in advocacy. Results: Thirty-two residents responded to the survey. Nineteen percent of respondents endorsed being able to describe what a health advocate does, 91% endorsed that advocacy extends beyond the needs of the individual patient, 44% endorsed that being an advocate is an important part of their professional identity, and 26% endorsed being confident in their ability to advocate. Endorsing advocacy as an important part of one's professional identity was associated with higher endorsement of future participation in advocacy (38% vs. 9%, p < 0.001). Discussion: Perceived competency in advocacy may lag behind positive attitudes towards advocacy, suggesting a knowledge gap among residents that warrants further curriculum development. Feeling that advocacy was an important part of one's professional identity was associated with future plans to participate in advocacy, suggesting that fostering positive attitudes to advocacy may help produce future advocates.

Investigating The Relation Between Social Work Student’s Attitudes Towards LGBTI Individuals and Social Justice Advocates

Bu araştırma sosyal hizmet öğrencilerinin sosyal adalet savunuculuğu yetkinlikleri ile Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, Transeksüel, İnterseks (LGBTİ) bireylere yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek ve ikisi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma evrenini, Ankara’da bulunan ve araştırma için resmi izin alınan Ankara ve Başkent Üniversiteleri Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır (n=216). Evrenin tamamına ulaşılması amaçlandığı için örneklem belirlenmemiştir. Analizler sonucunda, Eşcinsellik Tutum Ölçeği puanı ile Sosyal Adalet Savunuculuğu Tutum Ölçeğinin alt boyut (ölçek) puanları arasındaki ilişki bakıldığında, eşcinsellik tutum ölçeği puanı ile işbirlikçi hareket, müracaatçının güçlendirilmesi, sosyal/politik savunuculuk, müracaatçı/toplum savunuculuğu, sosyal adalet savunuculuğu toplam puanları arasındaki ilişkinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0,05).

The usefulness of science knowledge for parents of hearing-impaired children.

Hearing-impaired children's chances of integrating into hearing society largely depend on their parents, who need to learn vast amounts of science knowledge in the field of hearing. This study characterized the role played by science knowledge in the lives of nonscientists faced with science-related decisions by examining the interactions between general science knowledge, contextual science knowledge in the field of hearing, and parents' advocacy knowledge and attitudes. Based on six semi-structured interviews and 115 questionnaires completed by parents of hearing-impaired children, contextual science knowledge emerged as the only predictor for having slightly better advocacy attitudes and knowledge (5.5% explained variance). Although general science knowledge was the best predictor of contextual knowledge (14% of explained variance), it was not a direct predictor of advocacy knowledge and attitudes. Science knowledge plays some role in the lives of hearing-impaired families, even if they do not list it as a resource for successful rehabilitation.

Human Rights Sensitivity, Advocacy Attitudes, and Advocacy Interventions for Mentally Disabled People in Psychiatric Nurses and Nursing Students

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the relationship between human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy interventions for mentally disabled people in psychiatric nurses and nursing students. Methods: This is a descriptive study. Using questionnaires, data were collected from 206 participants who were recruited from one mental health institute, one general hospital, and one university in S city. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS/WIN 22. Results: The mean age was $33.8{pm}12.89$. The mean scores of human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy intervention was $37.7{pm}18.09$, $53.7{pm}5.67$, and $47.4{pm}7.08$, respectively. Human rights sensitivity correlated significantly with advocacy attitudes (r=.25, p=.020) and advocacy intervention (r=.17, p=.015). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between advocacy attitudes and advocacy intervention (r=.44, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings highlight that advocacy attitudes and advocacy interventions for mentally disabled people could be improved by increasing human rights sensitivity. Tailored education programs will be effective in the field of mental health care services to increase human rights sensitivity.

Do Auditor Advocacy Attitudes Impede Audit Objectivity?

Biased evaluation of evidence exists when an auditor either over-emphasizes evidence that supports management assertions or over-emphasizes evidence against management assertions. This study examines if an auditor’s advocacy attitudes lead to bias in information search for audit evidence. We measure the range of advocacy attitudes of individual auditors and hypothesize that auditors at either end of the advocacy spectrum may impede the objectivity of evidence gathered. Results from 60 Big 4 auditors indicate that advocacy attitudes affect both initial judgments and consequent search strategies of auditors. When initial judgments are client-favorable, all auditors exhibit search strategies focused on finding evidence to take a more conservative position; however, when initial judgments represent an unfavorable client position, auditors with lower advocacy attitudes exhibit a stronger tendency to search for additional evidence against a client-favorable position, consistent with a confirmation bias. Conversely, auditors with more neutral attitudes plan a more objective search effectively mitigating the bias. Aggregate findings establish an important link between bias and information search that may manifest itself in auditor training procedures and be of interest to auditing regulators.

A Comparison of U.S. and Offshore Indian Tax Professionals' Client Advocacy Attitudes and Client Recommendations

ABSTRACTThis study compares the client advocacy attitudes of U.S. tax professionals who do U.S. tax work in the U.S. and Indian tax professionals who do U.S. tax work offshore. We find that experienced U.S. tax professionals have stronger client advocacy attitudes than experienced Indian tax professionals, while the client advocacy attitudes of inexperienced U.S. and inexperienced Indian tax professionals are not significantly different. Further, client advocacy attitudes of experienced U.S. tax professionals are stronger than advocacy attitudes of inexperienced U.S. tax professionals while the client advocacy attitudes of experienced Indian tax professionals are not different from advocacy attitudes of inexperienced Indian tax professionals. We also provide evidence that the client advocacy attitudes of experienced U.S. tax professionals are positively associated with their recommendations of the client-preferred position, while the client advocacy attitudes of experienced Indian tax professionals are not related to their client recommendations. Given the increasing number of Indian tax professionals performing U.S. tax work, our findings should be of interest to researchers, taxing authorities, firms, and taxpayers.JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M55; H20; C90.

Client Advocacy in the Global Economy: A Comparison of U.S. and Indian Tax Professionals

This study compares the client advocacy attitudes of U.S. tax professionals who do U.S. tax work in the U.S. and Indian tax professionals who do U.S. tax work offshore. We find that experienced U.S. tax professionals have stronger client advocacy attitudes than experienced Indian tax professionals, while the client advocacy attitudes of inexperienced U.S. and inexperienced Indian tax professionals are not significantly different. Further, client advocacy attitudes of experienced U.S. tax professionals are stronger than advocacy attitudes of inexperienced U.S. tax professionals while the client advocacy attitudes of experienced Indian tax professionals are not different from advocacy attitudes of inexperienced Indian tax professionals. We also provide evidence that the client advocacy attitudes of experienced U.S. tax professionals are positively associated with their recommendations of the client-preferred position, while the client advocacy attitudes of experienced Indian tax professionals are not related to their client recommendations. Given the increasing number of Indian tax professionals performing U.S. tax work, our findings should be of interest to researchers, taxing authorities, firms, and taxpayers.

How Client Advocacy Attitudes and a Foreign Decision Environment Affect Auditor Judgement

The purpose of this study is to investigate potential reasons for the heterogeneity of audit judgments when auditors are assigned to a foreign country. Drawing on prior judgment-and-decision-making (JDM) research, we predict that client advocacy attitudes and local firm policies influence auditor judgment – despite the auditors being part of the same global network. Using a sample of experienced auditors from the US and The Netherlands, we measure client advocacy attitudes and manipulate the local office’s firm policy decision environment (principles-oriented, rules-oriented, control [no manipulation]). Results show that client advocacy attitudes impact disclosure recommendations and this relationship is moderated by decision environment. Specifically, auditors possessing a higher level of advocacy attitudes hold more client-favorable judgments than those with lower advocacy levels. Moreover, at the higher level of advocacy attitudes, auditors in the rules-oriented environment have more client-favorable judgments than those either in a principles-oriented environment or in the control condition. Our context involves a foreign country audit and findings extend the JDM, accounting standard, and decision environment literatures.