Advice Of Others Research Articles

“How Could I Have Done This?” Thoughts of Mothers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Biological mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) must cope with the struggles of parenting a child with special needs with the knowledge that their children’s problems are due to their alcohol use during pregnancy. Qualitative interviews were conducted by telephone with 11 biological mothers of children with FAS. This group of mothers understood their use of alcohol during pregnancy through reliance on the disease model, inaccurate or incomplete knowledge of the consequences of drinking during pregnancy, the advice of others, and a lack of awareness of the pregnancy.

Phil Authier, RN, MPH, and Laurie Shiparski, RN, BSN, MS

Phil Authier and Laurie Shiparski met at an AONE conference many years ago and became colleagues. More recently, they connected personally and have been married for 3 years. They live in Denver, Colorado and enjoy time with their families, walking in nature, and playing golf.

Health beliefs and their sources in Korean and Japanese nurses: A Q-methodology pilot study

Many health beliefs do not have supporting scientific evidence, and are influenced by culture, gender, religion, social circumstance and popular media. Nurses may also hold non-evidenced-based beliefs that affect their own health behaviours and their practices. Using Q-methodology, pilot Q-cards representing a concourse of health beliefs for Japanese and South Korean nurses and explain the content and sources of health beliefs. Qualitative. Two university campuses, one each in Japan and Korea. A convenience sample of 30 was obtained, 14 clinical nurses and 16 academic nurses. Literature reviews and expert informants were used to develop two sets of 65 Q-cards which listed culturally appropriate health beliefs in both Japan and Korea. These beliefs were examined in four structured groups and five individual interviews in Japan, and five groups and two individual interviews in Korea. Our unique study revealed six categories regarding sources of health beliefs that provide rich insights about how participants accessed, processed and transmitted health information. They were more certain about knowledge from their specialty area such as that from medical or nursing resources, but derived and distributed many general health beliefs from personal experience, family and mass media. They did not always pass on accurate information to students or those in their care, and often beliefs were not based on scientific evidence. Findings highlight the dangers of clinical and academic nurses relying on health belief advice of others and passing this on to patients, students or others, without mindfully examining the basis of their beliefs through scientific evidence.

Specialty preferences of 1(st) year medical students in a Saudi Medical School - Factors affecting these choices and the influence of gender.

Background and Aims:In recent years there has been a growing appreciation of the issues of career preference in medicine as it affects student learning and academic performance. Various factors influence the specialty choices of medical students. Some specialties tend to attract students more than others. One possible consequence of this would be a mismatch between health needs and specialist numbers in the region. This study investigated the career preferences of 1st year medical students in a Saudi medical school and to assess factors affecting these choices.Materials and Methods:The study was a cross-sectional survey carried out on the 1st year undergraduate students in the college of medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. A total of 109 students (57 female and 52 males) responded to the questionnaire which was initially administered to all the students of the 1st year – A total of 120 students (response rate was 90.8%). A mixed method approach was used and qualitative data from open-ended questions were analyzed based on thematic analysis.Results:The top choices were general surgery, internal medicine, and pediatrics. Among female students; the top specialty choices were: General surgery (23%), pediatrics (18%), and dermatology (15%). Among the male students; the top choices were: General surgery (54%) and internal medicine (23%). Of the total, 57% of the students agreed or strongly agreed that primary aptitude was the main factor affecting the choice. Only 31% felt that there was a significant influence of role model, 48% felt that the advice of others – peers and family, would be a factor influencing their choices, and 53% agreed that specialty choice would influence their future learning patterns. Males were more likely to choose a specialty based on actual aptitude for the specialty, financial rewards, and scope for research; and this gender difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:Surgery was the top-choice in both genders. Other popular choices included internal medicine, pediatrics, and dermatology. Important factors affecting these choices included – primary aptitude, advice of peers, reputation, financial rewards, and the challenge involved.

Bias Blind Spot: Structure, Measurement, and Consequences

People exhibit a bias blind spot: they are less likely to detect bias in themselves than in others. We report the development and validation of an instrument to measure individual differences in the propensity to exhibit the bias blind spot that is unidimensional, internally consistent, has high test-retest reliability, and is discriminated from measures of intelligence, decision-making ability, and personality traits related to self-esteem, self-enhancement, and self-presentation. The scale is predictive of the extent to which people judge their abilities to be better than average for easy tasks and worse than average for difficult tasks, ignore the advice of others, and are responsive to an intervention designed to mitigate a different judgmental bias. These results suggest that the bias blind spot is a distinct metabias resulting from naïve realism rather than other forms of egocentric cognition, and has unique effects on judgment and behavior. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.

Influences of Distrust (and Trust) on Decision Making

Our study highlights how distrust can influence decision making under uncertainty. Experiment 1 compared decision makers' behaviors when uncertainty was attributed to benevolent or malevolent sources. We found that compared to those who expected the source of information to help, those who expected the source to attempt to harm them (i) showed a stronger inclination not to respond with a decision and (ii) were more accurate in their decisions, especially when using the reject response. Experiment 2 extended these findings by revealing that participants were more willing to take the advice of people after recounting an experience of distrust, but were more inclined to discount the advice of others after recounting an experience of trust. Taken together, our findings highlight the value of distrust to decision quality.

Heeding the advice of others

Heeding the advice of others

Harmful practices in the management of childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

BackgroundHarmful practices in the management of childhood diarrhea are associated with negative health outcomes, and conflict with WHO treatment guidelines. These practices include restriction of fluids, breast milk and/or food intake during diarrhea episodes, and incorrect use of modern medicines. We conducted a systematic review of English-language literature published since 1990 to assess the documented prevalence of these four harmful practices, and beliefs, motivations, and contextual factors associated with harmful practices in low- and middle-income countries.MethodsWe electronically searched PubMed, Embase, Ovid Global Health, and the WHO Global Health Library. Publications reporting the prevalence or substantive findings on beliefs, motivations, or context related to at least one of the four harmful practices were included, regardless of study design or representativeness of the sample population.ResultsOf the 114 articles included in the review, 79 reported the prevalence of at least one harmful practice and 35 studies reported on beliefs, motivations, or context for harmful practices. Most studies relied on sub-national population samples and many were limited to small sample sizes. Study design, study population, and definition of harmful practices varied across studies. Reported prevalence of harmful practices varied greatly across study populations, and we were unable to identify clearly defined patterns across regions, countries, or time periods. Caregivers reported that diarrhea management practices were based on the advice of others (health workers, relatives, community members), as well as their own observations or understanding of the efficacy of certain treatments for diarrhea. Others reported following traditionally held beliefs on the causes and cures for specific diarrheal diseases.ConclusionsAvailable evidence suggests that harmful practices in diarrhea treatment are common in some countries with a high burden of diarrhea-related mortality. These practices can reduce correct management of diarrheal disease in children and result in treatment failure, sustained nutritional deficits, and increased diarrhea mortality. The lack of consistency in sampling, measurement, and reporting identified in this literature review highlights the need to document harmful practices using standard methods of measurement and reporting for the continued reduction of diarrhea mortality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2127-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Euthanasia: a regional perspective.

It is paradoxical to talk about euthanasia when we are hearing people dying all over the world without willing to die such as in Iraq, Ukraine, Egypt, Palestine and so on. Life is full of contradictions, perplexing complexities, and infinite possibilities. If you ask anyone if he or she wants to die most likely you will get an answer 'no'. On the other hand, we hear everyday that people commit suicide. People are committing suicide even though we know that every species instinct is to preserve life. However, we are interested in talking about the process of euthanasia and those people who want to die of their own will or on the advice of others who are near and dear to him/her or claims that they are professional, impartial, honest, competent, and accountable. We are living in a time where choices are limited, independence has become dependence, and freedom is illusory. With these paradoxes, confusions, and unclear ethical and moral principles we want to justify or un-justify euthanasia. It appears that we are going to talk about historicism without knowing historicity. However, we have always tried to move forward even with confusing and unclear directions.Let us see where we get with this.

Integrating information from multiple sources: A metacognitive account of self-generated and externally provided anchors

Estimates of unknown quantities are influenced by both self-generated anchors (SGAs) and externally provided anchors (EPAs; e.g., the advice of others). It was hypothesised that people use the degree of similarity between these anchors to render final responses. Thus we tested predictions drawn from metacognitive accounts of anchoring using procedures similar to the traditional anchoring paradigm. In a single experiment we manipulated SGA–EPA similarity, EPA level, and EPA source credibility. Results showed that the relationship between SGA–EPA similarity and the decision weight given to the EPA, relative to the weight given to the SGA, depended on source credibility. Bolstering the metacognitive framework, participants were most confident about their final responses when their SGA was similar to the EPA and the EPA came from a highly credible source. These results support a metacognitive account of the anchoring heuristic.

MMC Reforms: have they put paid to the pluripotent medical student?

Medical students appear to fall into two broad categories: the ‘pluripotent student’ who has yet to declare an interest in any particular specialty, and the ‘specialised’ student who shows a definite commitment to a known specialty, for example, orthopaedic surgery. They are equally ambitious, and undertake extra audits, presentations, and teaching opportunities to enrich their CVs. In a recent survey of 135 final year medical students, 95% agreed that it was not important to have decided on career speciality before graduation. Whilst this view resonates in medical student common rooms, the pressure for early specialization is becoming inescapable. Moreover, the pluripotent group worries that their specialised peers have the right idea. In 2005, the Department of Health implemented Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) – an initiative to address concerns about the UK medical workforce and postgraduate training. One of its aims was to streamline postgraduate specialist training by cutting down the time taken for junior doctors to reach consultant level. This demands that graduates commit to specialist training earlier and – only 18 months following qualification – they have to choose from over 60 specialties to which they may have had little or no exposure. A measure to address this issue – the ‘taster sessions’ offered during the foundation years – has been likened to ‘three-minute speeddating chats from which you have to select your life partner’. Because of the intensely competitive nature of specialist training, the time available to explore different career options is limited. A sign on our career paths should read: ‘No Loitering’. The need to stay on the straight and narrow is now unavoidable. Professional leaders and the Department of Health have discussed the consequences of the MMC changes. Crucially, the results have yet to percolate down to the next generation of would-be doctors. Medical students are not only encouraged to consider their bespoke career path, but to actively pursue these choices through undergraduate research, audit, and teaching opportunities. The drive to display early commitment to a chosen specialty could detract from traditional broad undergraduate training, with the result that medical students are less ‘pluripotent’ and more ‘specialised’ than hitherto. This disadvantage of early career choice and the lack of information about career planning available to medical students and trainees were not overlooked by the Tooke Report on the MMC reforms. Without reliable information, students may be unable to make informed judgements about the likelihood of realizing their career aspirations. There are, perhaps, advantages for the specialised student. These include a firm commitment to a specific discipline, a focused accumulation of knowledge in that discipline, and the possibility of networking opportunities in a familiar specialty. However, the decision to specialize early may rest on only limited experience in that field, or on the persuasive advice of others. Early specialization risks, as well, the development of a blinkered view of medicine, with diminished engagement in other specialties. Compared with the pluripotent student – who would be expected to have a wider knowledge base and skill set – the specialised student may be less well prepared for foundation year posts outside the chosen discipline. DECLARATIONS

Keeping the Conversation going: Fisher & More and Henry VIII’s intellectual Tyranny

I consider the effects of Henry VIII’s attempts to exert control over the intellectual activities of his articulate and argumentative subjects, whose free speculation he attempted radically to limit, while legitimising his own decisions by insisting that they were the result of discussion and the advice of others. I shall discuss the ways in which both Thomas More and John Fisher contrived to “converse” within a perilously maintained community of trust. I would also like briefly to consider the implications of an alternative Platonist stoicism that disputes, if not the reality, at least the significance of the material world.

Now You Be the Judge

In a previous article (1) I presented reasons why you should say yes when asked to serve as a peer reviewer. I hope I was able to convince you of the benefits of serving as a peer reviewer and you have accepted an invitation to evaluate a manuscript. Now what do you do? Since you might be blaming me for getting you into this situation, it is the least I can do to provide you with resources and advice on how to review the submitted manuscript. So, in this article I will focus on questions to be answered and information to be gathered as you read the manuscript. In the next article in this series, I will discuss how to write the actual review. I want to emphasize that although I present here what I believe is a good approach, I encourage you to look at the advice of others (2–9), not only because these articles will complement the information that I present but also because you will find important commonalities on how to perform a fair and thorough review of a manuscript. The first step in the process is to learn what the journal wants. Many journals have general or specific guidelines for reviewers that inform peer reviewers of the criteria the journal uses in making decisions regarding publication, factors to be considered when reviewing a manuscript for that journal, the journal's conflict-of-interest policy, and even questions the reviewer should answer when writing the final review. These guidelines are often published as online documents available on the journal's website, so even if you have not received specific instructions from the journal, take a few minutes to educate yourself about the requesting journal's policies and how they want the review to be written. Remember, as a peer reviewer …

The Effect Of Blog Trustworthiness, Product Attitude, And Blog Involvement On Purchase Intention

Consumers value the advice of others when they are shopping online. Therefore, some high pageview bloggers could have a great influence on a consumers shopping decision. Blog marketing is a new communication tool. Blog trustworthiness, product attitude and blog involvement were the three independent variables used in this study to investigate the aspect of purchase intention. This study found that blog involvement had a significant influence on purchase intention. This result contributes concrete suggestions to enterprises when they are dealing with blog marketing.

Food, “Culture,” and Sociality in Drosophila

GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Psychol., 28 May 2012Sec. Comparative Psychology https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00165

Gary B. Ferngren, Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), pp. xiv + 246, £18.00/$35.00, hardback, ISBN: 978-0-8018-9142-7.

Gary B. Ferngren, Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), pp. xiv + 246, £18.00/$35.00, hardback, ISBN: 978-0-8018-9142-7.

Viewpoint: Canʼt Get No Satisfaction? The Real Truth Behind Patient Satisfaction Surveys

Viewpoint: Canʼt Get No Satisfaction? The Real Truth Behind Patient Satisfaction Surveys

Compositional noninterference from first principles

Abstract The recently formulated Shadow Semantics for noninterference-style security of sequential programs avoids the Refinement Paradox by preserving demonic nondeterminism in those cases where reducing it would compromise security. The construction (originally) of the semantic domain for The Shadow , and the interpretation of programs in it, relied heavily on intuition, guesswork and the advice of others. That being so, it is natural after the fact to try to reconstruct an idealised “inevitable” path from first principles to where we actually ended up: not only does one learn (more) about semantic principles by doing so, but the “rational reconstruction” helps to expose the choices made, along the way, and to legitimise the decisions that resolved them. Unlike our other papers on noninterference, this one does not contain a significant case study: instead its aim is to provide the most accessible account we can of the methods we use and why our model, in its details, has turned out the way it has. In passing, it might give some insight into the general role and significance of compositionality and testing-with-context for program semantics. Finally, a technical contribution here is a new “Transfer Principle” that captures uniformly a large class of classical refinements that remain valid when noninterference is taken into account in our style.

Consumer Preference on Mobile Connections and Buyer Behaviour Towards Relience Mobile in Chennai City

The study entitled “A Study on the consumer preference on various mobile connections and buyer behavior” was conducted in Chennai with special reference to RELIANCE INFOCOMM. The study was undertaken to know the preference level of consumers towards various mobile connections. The study covers various brands like Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Tata Indicom, and RIM in relation to various aspects. The survey was conducted by collection from various consumers (Mobile Users). The expectations of the consumers are quite high. Many expect high performance, Zero error in billing and in need of more collection centers. The experience of the consumers and their rating of the mobile are moderate, proper awareness should be given importance. As the study was limited to Chennai town only, it was possible to understand the demographic profile and consumer preference.The preference of individual consumers depends mainly on annual income and actual performance of the product as well as external influencing factors like society and etc., consumers prefer the advice of others also. Consistency in performance, level of satisfaction has a major impact. The study of consumer preference towards mobile users gives an idea of individual preference towards the product based on various influencing factors like Price, group influences, social influences and psychological influences. It also gives an idea on rating of product done by the consumers generally etc, particularly relating to Chennai.The main objective of the study were to analyse the position of Reliance India Mobile and other competitor brands ( Airtel , Aircel , Hutch , BSNL ) in the consumers mind, to know the reason for preferring the particular brand over the other brands and finally to receive the suggestions for the further improvement. The type of research undertaken for the study was Descriptive Research and the sampling design was judgmental sampling.Both primary and secondary data was collected by interview method and referring the company manual and website of the company. The statistical tool used in the study was percentage analysis, weighted average Method, chi square test, one sample run test.The limitation of the study was that the data provided by the respondents may be false at times and it is confined to 200 consumers only and conducted in Chennai only.

Help seeking for cardiac symptoms: Beyond the masculine–feminine binary

Empirical and theoretical literature suggests that stereotypical gender roles shape men's and women's health help-seeking behavior, and plays an important role in the treatment seeking delays of cardiac patients. We were interested in exploring the ways in which gender informs the experiences and help-seeking behavior of men and women who experienced the symptoms associated with acute cardiac events. We undertook 20 in-depth interviews between October 2007 and July 2008 with 11 men and 9 women recently diagnosed with an acute coronary syndrome in British Columbia, Canada. Participants were encouraged to tell their 'story' of the event that led to hospitalization and diagnosis, with a focus on the symptoms and decision making processes that occurred before and during the activation of health services: seeking the advice of others including colleagues, family members and healthcare professionals; calling 911; and attending an emergency department. Although we anticipated that distinctive patterns of help-seeking behavior aligned with stereotypical masculine and feminine ideals might emerge from our data, this was not always the case. We found some evidence of the influence of gender role ideology on the help-seeking behavior of both male and female participants. However, men's and women's experiences of seeking health care were not easily parsed into distinct binary gender patterns. Behavior that might stereotypically be considered to be 'masculine' or 'feminine' gender practice was shared by both male and female participants. Our findings undermine simple binary distinctions about gendered help-seeking prevalent in the literature, and contribute towards setting the direction of the future health policy and research agenda addressing the issue of gender and health help-seeking behavior.