Adverse Affect Research Articles

GnRH-Analogues for Ovarian Protection in Childhood Cancer Patients: How Adult Hypotheses are Relevant in Prepubertal Females

Systemic chemotherapy frequently causes primary ovarian insufficiency. In prepubertal girls, currently the only option to preserve ovarian function is ovarian tissue preservation. The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues given in combination with chemotherapy has been studied in reproductive age women. The exact mechanism is unknown, but some of the proposed protective mechanisms could theoretically protect the prepubertal ovary as it has been theorized in many of the studies on reproductive age women. None of the studies implies an adverse affect of GnRH analogue administration in terms of worsening health or cancer status. As 83% of children diagnosed with cancer will survive into adulthood, GnRH analogue administration to female childhood cancer patients in combination with chemotherapy might represent a valuable attempt to preserve future ovarian function and fertility when ovarian tissue preservation is not an option.

Effect of ${\rm Ca}^{2+}{\rm Co}$-Doping on the Temperature Dependence of ${\rm Gd}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}:{\rm Ce}$ Photoluminescence

The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence properties of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Gd}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}:{\rm Ce},{\rm Ca}$</tex></formula> crystals was found to be significantly affected by Ca codoping and shows that presence of additional energy levels in these crystals provides nonradiative energy transfer. The excitation and emission bands also broaden with codoping due to presence of these additional energy levels. Therefore Ca codoping in <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Gd}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}$</tex></formula> crystals decreases the scintillation decay very strongly and has a strong adverse affect on scintillation light yield, different from the effect in other members of the oxyorthosilicate family such as <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Lu}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}$</tex> </formula> and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Y}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}$</tex></formula> .

Microorganisms within Human Follicular Fluid: Effects on IVF

Our previous study reported microorganisms in human follicular fluid. The objective of this study was to test human follicular fluid for the presence of microorganisms and to correlate these findings with the in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. In this study, 263 paired follicular fluids and vaginal swabs were collected from women undergoing IVF cycles, with various causes for infertility, and were cultured to detect microorganisms. The cause of infertility and the IVF outcomes for each woman were correlated with the microorganisms detected within follicular fluid collected at the time of trans-vaginal oocyte retrieval. Microorganisms isolated from follicular fluids were classified as: (1) ‘colonizers’ if microorganisms were detected within the follicular fluid, but not within the vaginal swab (at the time of oocyte retrieval); or (2) ‘contaminants’ if microorganisms detected in the vagina at the time of oocyte retrieval were also detected within the follicular fluid. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. in ovarian follicular fluids was associated with embryo maturation and transfer. This study revealed microorganisms in follicular fluid itself and that the presence of particular microorganisms has an adverse affect on IVF outcomes as seen by an overall decrease in embryo transfer rates and pregnancy rates in both fertile and infertile women, and live birth rates in women with idiopathic infertility. Follicular fluid microorganisms are a potential cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes in IVF in both infertile women and in fertile women with infertile male partners.

Topical retinoids: exploring the mechanisms of action and medical aesthetic applications

Although the skin is able to naturally rejuvenate itself, this process significantly slows with age, leaving the skin progressively thinner, drier and less elastic. Skin ageing is dependent on a number of factors, which can lead to alterations of structure, function and appearance; however, solar ultraviolet radiation is undoubtedly the most influential factor. Topical retinoids are used to treat an array of dermatological conditions owing to their ability to address several inflammatory and keratitis dermatoses. Moreover, retinoids are able to normalise abnormal growth, differentiation and hyperkeratinisation, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. All-trans retinol is considered to be a weaker form of the prescription tretinoin; it is now commonly found in over-the-counter cosmetic products and is marketed as being able to produce a more youthful appearance by reducing wrinkles, firming the skin and counteracting photoageing. However, the ‘retinoid reaction’ is a common adverse affect experienced while using topical retinoids, where effects include itching, erythema, burning at site of application and peeling. Having said that, topical tretinoin has been shown to have no effect on endogenous plasma levels or its metabolites and, in the past 30 years, no systemic side effects have been noted with its use in young adults. This article will explore the structure, mechanisms of action and cosmetic applications of topical retinoids, also looking at the marked differences between types.

Exploratory analyses and modelling of parameters influencing occupant behaviour due to low-frequency random building motion

The surge in population and the diversification of global economic and financial influences has generated unprecedented demands for office and residential high-rise developments in the past decade. The dynamic responses of wind-sensitive buildings inevitably challenge the understanding of subjective human response to building motion. Significant building sway during strong winds, typhoons (or hurricanes) and monsoons may potentially have an adverse affect on the well-being and comfort of the occupants who live and/or work within these skyscrapers. Some building occupants react by feeling unwell (suffering seasickness-like symptoms), some may react with fear (leaving them with a disconcerting feeling about the structural integrity of the building), while the equanimity of others may be adversely affected. This paper summarises the development of prediction equations using logistic regression techniques, based upon exploratory analyses of factors, including cultural influences, as well as empirical results from two motion simulator experiments, with the aims of predicting the possible behaviour of building occupants.

A comparison of individual level risk factors for homelessness among older and younger adults: Findings in a homeless sample from Little Rock

homeostasis, reflection or self-understanding, value relativism and tolerance, and acknowledgment of and dealing effectively with uncertainty. These core components offer a roadmap for defining wisdom, and for continuing to explore its determinants and underlying structure. But how does wisdom develop and change over the course of a lifetime? Can wisdom be taught, and if so, what are the necessary characteristics of wisdom? How does adversity affect wisdom? These questions remain unanswered. But elderly adults, particularly those who are facing the end of their lives in hospice care, are well-suited to reflect on these issues. This population is uniquely poised to reflect back on their lives overall, with a prominent awareness of adversity due to their terminal illness. Methods: This study provides a qualitative analysis of hospice patients’ perspectives on the concept of wisdom. A focus is given to patients’ understanding about the definition, characteristics, and development of wisdom, as well as their perspectives on how wisdom has changed throughout their lives as a result of their illness. Furthermore, patients’ responses are compared to the six core components of wisdom as an assessment of the theory’s applicability in this population. Twenty-five hospice patients are completing individualized, semi-structured, qualitative interviews about wisdom. Each patient’s interview, lasting an average of 60 minutes, is being digitally recorded and transcribed. Using grounded theory, each interview is being analyzed and coded by the research team to ascertain the most common emergent themes. Results: Five of the 25 interviews have been completed to date, thereby allowing for preliminary results. Thus far, the most common theme expressed by hospice patients is that wisdom requires learning from mistakes and life experience, with the majority of patients noting their level of wisdom has increased due to their terminal illness. Additionally, patients have most often reported the following characteristics as necessary for wisdom: 1) patience, 2) good communication, and 3) a willingness to self-reflect. When mapping patients’ responses to the six components of wisdom, they have most frequently endorsed the link between wisdom and pro-social attitudes (44%), dealing with uncertainty (20%), and social decision making (19%). Hospice patients have less frequently described a link between wisdom and emotional homeostasis (8%), reflection (8%), or tolerance (1%). Conclusions: The remaining 20 interviews will lead to finalized qualitative analysis for presentation and to a better understanding of how people conceptualize wisdom at the end of their lives.

Shrub clearing adversely affects the abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks

In order to get a better understanding of the importance of vertical forest structure as a component of Ixodes ricinus tick habitat, an experiment was set up in a coniferous forest on sandy soils in northern Belgium. Ticks were sampled in six control and six treatment plots on various sampling occasions in 2008-2010. In the course of the study period, a moderate thinning was carried out in all plots and shrub clearing was performed in the treatment plots. Thinning had no effect on tick abundance, while shrub clearing had an adverse affect on the abundance of all three life stages (larva, nymph, adult) up to 2years post-clearing. Our findings are especially relevant in the light of the ongoing efforts to improve vertical forest structure in Belgium and many other parts of Europe, which might create suitable habitats for ticks and change the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. Also, our results indicate that shrub clearing could be applied as a tick control measure in recreational areas where there is a high degree of human-tick contact.

Occurrence of “Fish Mouth” Seeds in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annumL.) and Effect on Seed Quality

Hot pepper seeds may contain split seed coats which can be called as “fish mouth” seeds. Though this character is genetic or varietal, these seeds pose problem for seed treatment and packaging. In an experiment conducted at UAS, Raichur during 2012–13, it is found that the seeds with split seed coat recorded lowest seed quality parameters when treated with combination of polymer and fungicides as compared to no treatment. The seeds with no treatment recorded highest germination (89%), rate of germination (13.0) and seedling vigour index (1541) and polymer-fungicide treatment recorded lowest germination (73%), slow rate of germination (10.2) and produced less vigorous plants (1061). The polymer treatment has no adverse affect on seed quality. In Tetrazolium test under image analyzer, it is showed that the seeds treated with polymer-fungicide combination produced embryos with dead radicle tips, necrotic patches and almost pre-germinated. Whereas seeds with no seed treatment produced healthy and vigorous embryos. The seeds with split seed coats should be packed as naked seeds and their inbred lines should be classified as difficult to produce (DTP) which will help the seed growers.

Gd 3+ /Yb 3+ -Doped Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots for Dual Modal Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Computed Tomographic Imaging

The oleate-stabilized ZnO:Gd/Yb QDs was first prepared by doping rare earth ions into ZnO host matrix in ethanol solution,and then amido was grafted onto the surface by a covalent bond.These nanoprobes,with exceptionally small size and good water-dispersability,exhibited a longitudinal relaxivity r1 of 6.06 mmol/(L·s),which was higher than that of clinic contrast agent Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)(4.3 mmol/(L·s)).In magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) studies,they exerted strong positive contrast effect when the Gd concentration was 1.5 mmol/L.Furthermore,computed tomography(CT) imaging showed that these nanoprobes could induce an efficient contrast enhancement when the Yb concentration was at least equal to 5.0 g/L.These nanoprobes presented relatively low toxicity or adverse affect on cell growth even at the concentration up to 1.5 mmol/L Gd3+.

Parenting stress in early motherhood: stress spillover and social support1

Abstract Mothers facing stressors or lacking adequate support often find parenting more challenging and less enjoyable. This study examined the mechanisms through which contextual variables might influence perceptions of parenting. Participants were 153 mothers of toddlers who completed interviews and questionnaires on life adversity, social support, negative affect, and parenting stress. Life adversity was positively associated with parenting stress and this association was mediated through negative affect. Emotional support moderated the association between adversity and negative affect. Life adversity appeared to promote negative affect, which in turn led mothers to regard their child as more obstinate and demanding and their interactions with their children as less enjoyable. Adversity had little effect on parental perceptions among mothers with adequate emotional support.

植物干旱胁迫下水分代谢、碳饥饿与死亡机理

Plants would be affected by different environmental factors during the whole life cycles. Events of regional- scale vegetation mortality appear more and more frequently with the global change which is associated with increased temperatures,droughts,and often( but not always) with biotic agents( such as insects and pathogens) outbreaks. In recent years,consistent predictions of a warming climate went with more frequent and severe droughts,coupled with effects of heat and drought on vegetation mortality,indicate that widespread mortality events are a likely future phenomenon. These harsh factors and predictions required us have to understand plant mortality mechanism,although these precise physiological mechanisms were poorly understood. The difficulties of these problems were about interaction among environmental factors and interaction among plant physiological action. For example,drought was always appeared coupled with heat. When heat appeared,plants would have some physiological reaction response to heat and drought. If stress lasted for a long time,plants would die. But the signal mechanism to understand of drought or heat death was hard to achieve. On the other hand,even drought was artificial controlled,plants physiological processes were interacted. When plants were under drought,stomata would close as humidity was low. Because of gas exchange decreasing,photosynthesis and respiration were downregulated. As a result,carbon sink and storage were damaged under drought. But we cannot understand precisely about where,when and how vegetation die in each physiological process. As discussed above,plants would down-regulated photosynthesis,transpiration and therefore impede plant growth. In order to maintain metabolism,plants have to decrease respiration. Long lasting drought will lead to imbalance of carbohydrate storage which would eventually cause carbon starvation( failure to maintain metabolism,carbon supply from photosynthesis and the mobilization of nonstructural carbohydrate( NSC) is less than carbon use for respiration,growth and defense). Plants need NSC to maintain osmotic adjustment when water stress made soil water content is low,but this subsequently elevates the minimum survivable NSC content. On the other hand,drought would induce another adverse affect—xylem embolism and cavitation( phloem column was filled with gas or air caused by drought). Because of xylem embolism,water and nutrient were hard to transport to the top of the leaves. This can cut off organs that require NSC from storage or new NSC assimilated. Refilling of embolized xylem is an energy-requiring process in many species that depends on conversion of starch to sugars for aquaporin regulation and for the creation of an osmotic gradient within embolized conduits. If drought blocked refilling cavitation,xylem embolism would become more severe and subsequently decrease hydraulic conductivity,photosynthesis and increase turgor loss. This is a negative feedback loop that makes plants have to choose whether refilling the cavitation or storage for living.No matter how plants choose,carbon starvation would lead to a further hydraulic failure and push plants faster toward the threshold for hydraulic failure or carbon starvation. In this review,we discussed about the mechanisms of drought- induced mortality from carbon and hydraulic metabolism. Xylem embolism and cavitation which were induced by drought were also mentioned. Plants physiological mechanisms of mortality were complex and difficult to measure accurately. We could forecast these events and prevent vegetation mortality only if we understand these mechanisms deeper and deeper.

A manual and automated method for the forensic analysis of DNA from buccal samples on Whatman Indicating FTA Elute Cards

An optimised method for elution of DNA from FTA Elute Cards for both manual and automated processing on Hamilton Nimbus liquid handling robots is described. Variations to the manufacturers' recommended protocol including elution reagent, incubation time and the number of sample card punches were investigated. TE Buffer was the preferred elution and storage medium for the DNA extracts. The addition of 10% proteinase K (1 mg/ml) was shown to significantly improve DNA yields. Incubation time was minimised with no adverse affect on the quality of the DNA profile achieved, reducing the overall processing time. This simplified and automated extraction method has contributed to a significant decrease in rework rate, and facilitated improved turnaround times for sample processing within the New Zealand National DNA Databank.

Incidence of Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice Due to Atazanavir in a Cohort of Hispanic Patients

Incidence of Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice Due to Atazanavir in a Cohort of Hispanic Patients

Devious Competitiveness Paths of SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa: Selected Issues

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the competitiveness general landscape of MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) in sub-Saharan Africa through selected factors driving productivity and effectiveness in doing business, as elements of the general business environment. Design: To present a general outlook of competitiveness a narrow number of factors was chosen – public institutions, infrastructure, women in business and strategic partnership – corresponding to the contents of four Global Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum pillars (public and private institutions, infrastructure, labor market efficiency, business sophistication). The factors selected – elements of the general business environment, have one common feature: all are state-performance-dependent. The scientific method of research in this study, uses primary sources like the Global Competitiveness Report or The World Bank documents and data. Secondary sources include a number of syntheses, calculations and interpretations of primary sources presented by Polish and foreign scientific literature. Primary and secondary sources gathered became a base for semiotic and semantic analyses. Findings: The approach in this paper highlights the organization general business environment elements set by the state and their adverse affect on business environment of MSMEs across the region. Competitiveness’ paths then may be called devious. Originality: This study is at the intersection of two different strands relating to organization theory: the business environment and competitiveness, and critical management studies. A qualitative research, a thorough theoretical approach concerns issues hardly available in Poland.

Role of TDZ in the Quick Regeneration of Multiple Shoots from Nodal Explant of Vitex trifolia L.—an Important Medicinal Plant

The effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) has been investigated in shoot multiplication for a simple, efficient, rapid, and commercially applicable regeneration protocol of an important medicinal plant, Vitex trifolia. Multiple shoots were induced in nodal explants obtained from a mature tree on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with TDZ in various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0μM). Prolonged exposure of the culture to TDZ had an adverse affect. To avoid this, the cultures were transferred to TDZ-free MS medium or MS medium fortified with various concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) alone or in combination with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to enhance multiplication, proliferation, and elongation of induced shoots. Optimum shoot multiplication and elongation was achieved when TDZ-exposed explants were repeatedly subcultured on MS media containing a combination of 1.0μM BA and 0.5μM NAA. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (90%) and maximum number (22.3 ± 0.2) of shoots per explant with shoot length of (5.2 ± 0.2cm) was recorded on MS medium fortified with 5.0μM TDZ. In vitro rooting of isolated shoots was achieved best in half-strength MS medium containing 0.5μM NAA. Properly rooted plantlets were successfully hardened off and acclimatized in thermocol cups containing sterile Soilrite. These plantlets were then transferred to pots containing different potting substrate; percentage survival of the plantlets was highest in vermiculite/garden soil mixture (1:1) and successfully transfer to greenhouse under sunlight.

Oil Price Shocks and Monetary Policy: The Role for Storage

Some recent literature suggests that although high oil prices contributed to recessions, they have never had a pivotal role in the creation of those economic downturns. A general consensus is that the decline in output and employment was due to the rise in interest rates, resulting from the Feds endogenous response to the higher inflation induced by oil price shocks. However, traditional literature assumes that oil price shocks are exogenous to the U.S economy and they ignore the storage market for the crude oil. In this regard, a model with an endogenous (demand shock) or exogenous (supply shock) price shock may produce a totally different monetary policy proposal when there exists a market for storage for the crude oil. The rationale behind this idea is that when goods' prices are sticky in the economy, the monetary authority can effect the level of inventories through the changes in the real interest rates. Thus, lower interest rate rules, as proposed in the literature, will cause additional oil supply scarcity in the spot market. Therefore, an optimal monetary policy that maximizes the welfare in the economy should consider the adverse affect of low interest rates on the crude oil market.

Antihypertensive therapyin pregnancy induced hypertension clinical safety and effectiveness

Objective Analysis of clinical manifestation and treatment of pregnancy induced hypertension,study of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancyinduced hypertension in the application of safety and effectiveness.Methods 134 patients with pregnancy induced hypertension in our hospital as an observer group,granting hydralazine,reserpine,nifedipine,captopril drug blood pressure treatment,select normal maternal in our hospital childbirth over the same period as the control group.Analysis and comparison of two groups of blood coagulation,postpartum hemorrhage,placental abruption,and there are no complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension patients with heart disease.Results Observer Group in patients with dysfunction of blood coagulation,Placental Abruption,patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension heart disease and patients with postpartum hemorrhage are 9.7％,12.69％,8.21％,8.96％,more than the control group 1.49％,2.24％,0,1.49％,a statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Complications in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension Syndrome often results in a variety of adverse affect maternal and child health,antihypertensive therapy can effectively reduce the incidence of complications,improve the patient's quality of life. Key words: Pregnancy induced hypertension; hypotensor; Security

Oculoplastic complications of OOKP surgery

AbstractPurpose To report the incidence, types and management of oculoplastic complications following OOKP surgery.Methods A retrospective review of case records of 60 patients who underwent OOKP surgery was performed between November 1996 and March 2012. Mucous membrane, eyelid and cosmetic complications were studied following each stage in the two stage OOKP procedure.Results Patients age ranged from 19 to 95 years and the follow up duration varied from 6 months to 15 years. The commonest diagnosis was Stevens‐Johnson syndrome followed by chemical or thermal burns and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Forty nine or 82% of these patients had some form of oculoplastic complication. After the Stage 1, 27% of these patients had mucous membrane complications and 15% had eyelid complications. Following the Stage 2, 68% of these patients had mucous membrane complications and 53% had eyelid complications Three patients wore cosmetic shells and all of them had shell fitting problems. Most of the complications were successfully managed with appropriate surgical procedures.Conclusion Oculoplastic complications are the most common complications after the OOKP surgery. They are most frequently noted following the Stage 2 procedure. The outcome is generally favorable with timely recognition and management and they do not usually have an adverse affect over visual acuity.

A cross sectional assessment of health related quality of life among patients with Hepatitis-B in Pakistan.

ObjectiveThe study aims to assess Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among Hepatitis B (HB) patients and to identify significant predictors of the HRQoL in HB patients of Quetta, Pakistan.MethodsA cross sectional study by adopting European Quality of Life scale (EQ-5D) for the assessment of HRQoL was conducted. All registered HB patients attending two public hospitals in Quetta, Pakistan were approached for study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic and disease related characteristics of the patients. HRQoL was scored using values adapted from the United Kingdom general population survey. EQ-5D scale scores were compared with Mann–Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Standard multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of HRQoL. All analyses were performed using SPSS v 16.0.ResultsThree hundred and ninety HB patients were enrolled in the study. Majority of the participants (n = 126, 32.3%) were categorized in the age group of 18-27 years (36.07 ± 9.23). HRQoL was measured as poor in the current study patients (0.3498 ± 0.31785). The multivariate analysis revealed a significant model (F10, 380 = 40.04, P < 0.001, adjusted r2 = 0.401). Educational level (β = 0.399, p = 0.025) emerged as a positive predictor of HRQoL. Age, gender, occupation, income and locality were not predictive of better quality of life in HB patients.ConclusionsHepatitis B has an adverse affect on patients’ well-being and over all HRQoL. The study findings implicate the need of health promotion among HB patients. Improving the educational status and imparting disease related information for the local population can results in better control and management of HB.

Neonatal nociception elevated baseline blood pressure and attenuated cardiovascular responsiveness to noxious stress in adult rats

Neonatal nociception has significant long-term effects on sensory perception in adult animals. Although neonatal adverse experience affect future responsiveness to stressors is documented, little is known about the involvement of early nociceptive experiences in the susceptibility to subsequent nociceptive stress exposure during adulthood. The aim of this study is to explore the developmental change in cardiovascular regulating activity in adult rats that had been subjected to neonatal nociceptive insults. To address this question, we treated neonatal rats with an intraplantar injection of saline (control) or carrageenan at postnatal day 1. The carrageenan-treated rats exhibited generalized hypoalgesia at basal state, and localized hyperalgesia after re-nociceptive challenge induced by intraplantar injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as adults. Then we recorded baseline cardiovascular variables and 24-h responsiveness to an injection of CFA in the free-moving adult rats with telemetric technique.The carrageenan-treated rats showed significantly higher basal blood pressures (110.3±3.16 vs. control 97.0±4.28mmHg). In control animals, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) decreased, sympathetic vasomotor activity increased, and parasympathetic activity was inhibited after CFA injection. Blood pressure elevation was evident (107.0±2.75 vs. pre-injection 97.0±4.28mmHg). Comparatively, the carrageenan-treated rats showed a higher BRS (BrrLF 1.03±0.09 vs. control 0.70±0.06ms/mmHg) and higher parasympathetic activity [0.93±0.17 vs. control 0.32±0.02ln(ms2)] after CFA injection. The change in blood pressure is negligible (111.9±4.05 vs. pre-injection 110.3±3.16mmHg). Our research has shown that neonatal nociception alters future pain sensation, raises basal blood pressure level, and attenuates cardiovascular responsiveness to nociceptive stress in adult rats.