Adverbs Research Articles

The Form and Spelling of ‘-i’ Type and ‘-hi’ Type adverbs

The Form and Spelling of ‘-i’ Type and ‘-hi’ Type adverbs

Attribution in Turkish with Dependency Tree Analyses

In the general system of the natural tongues, attribution, which undertakes the function of cluster restriction and cluster equipment, can be categorized in two main groups, namely, noun phrases and subordinate clauses. The process of cluster restriction is realized by way of the reduction of the number of elements in the cluster, to which a concept has been attributed, based on a certain characteristic. In the function of cluster equipment, the dimensions of a given concept remain unchanged. However, this concept can be enriched through a number additional attribution to be equipped. Noun phrases are determinative phrases, which report no judgement and which are constructed from more than one word aggregated around a head noun. In the general sequence of Turkish language, the simplest attributive phrase is the adjective phrase made up of adjective and noun. An adjective ascribes some property, quality or status to the entity denoted by a noun. When adjectives attribute nouns, they become attributive adjectives, and when they attribute the action they become adverbs of manner. Relative clauses with adjectival function are complicated structures which attribute noun phrases, and they are generally constructed by taking participle suffixes like -(y)An, DIK (-DIgI), mIs, or -(y)AcAK (-EcEgI). Relative clauses precede the noun phrase they modify, in the same way that adjectives precede the noun they modify. In this study an argument has been made about how the attributive functions of noun phrases and subordinating clauses are realized, and the structural characteristics of attribution in Turkish in the context of dependency model (dependency tree) developed by Tesniere’s Dependency Grammar Theory have been investigated.

‘Adjectival and Adverbial Prefixes in Cornish’

‘Adjectival and Adverbial Prefixes in Cornish’

The study of the amount adverb - Focusing on ‘takusan(たくさん)’ ‘ippai(いっぱい)’ ‘tappuri(たっぷり)’ -

The study of the amount adverb - Focusing on ‘takusan(たくさん)’ ‘ippai(いっぱい)’ ‘tappuri(たっぷり)’ -

About ‘dake’ of the use as adverb

About ‘dake’ of the use as adverb

Written Grammatical Errors of Arabic as Second Language (ASL) Learners: An Evaluative Study

Background: In recent years, the number of non-native speakers of Arabic language has exponentially increased. Aims: This analytical study aims at investigating written grammatical errors committed by Arabic as second Language (ASL) learners. More specifically, it explores the reasons behind committing these errors and their effects on the daily communication of ASL learners. Methods: Ten (10) ASL senior learners of Arabic Language Institute (ALI), College of Arts, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were randomly selected in this study. The participants were asked to write paragraphs about themselves and then their written work was linguistically analyzed and evaluated by the researchers and some Arabic Language experts before it was statistically analyzed. Conclusions: Results outline that written grammatical errors of ASL learners are characterized by the misuse of many grammatical items. Mainly these items are: proper nouns (PN), common nouns (CN), main verbs (MV), adjectives (adj.), time adverbs (T. Adv.), manner adverbs (M. Adv.), objective pronouns (OP), and central determiners (C Det.) including demonstratives (Dem.) and articles (Artic.), pronouns (Pron.) and prepositions (Prep.).

Dutch Studies: Language and Linguistics

the period 2008–2012 has been productive and full of innovation. For instance, in 2012 the association anela launched its new online Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics . the first issue contains a variety of articles, written in Dutch or english, with several focusing on Dutch, though the journal includes material on general linguistics as well. the journal Taal en Tongval has also followed the open-access revolution. the first online issue (vol. 63 for 2011, published in autumn 2012) is available at . the Society for germanic Linguistics published a special issue of their journal on Dutch linguistics in 2010, JGL, 22.4, ‘Dutch between english and german’, with five articles on historical issues, three on language acquisition and attrition, and one on pragmatics. anthony F. Buccini, ‘Between Pre-german and Pre-english: the Origin of Dutch’ (301–14), explains the most peculiar phonological features of Dutch (especially the lack of secondary i-umlaut) as the result of language contact between Ingvaeonic-speaking slaves and the Frankish dialects of their masters. Michiel de Vaan, ‘another Frisianism in coastal Dutch: traam, treem, triem “crossbeam”’ (315–36), relates the presence of /i./ in coastal Dutch to language contact between Frankish and Frisian. Jessica nowak, ‘On the emergence of an eighth ablaut class in german and Dutch’ (361–80), points to a process of analogy in both Dutch and german where the ablaut pattern in the preterite and past participle of class II verbs has been extended onto other strong verbs. Janneke Diepeveen and Freek Van de Velde, ‘adverbial Morphology: how Dutch and german are Moving away from english’ (381–402), argue that, in contrast to english (which uses morphological markers to distinguish adjectives from adverbs), Dutch and german ‘draw a dividing line between nP-modifiers and clause-level modifiers.’

VOS in Greek

This paper looks into the VOS order in Greek and its focusing patterns. Evidence from main and embedded VOS reveals that embedded VOS is more restricted in its focusing possibilities. If the focus effects of main and embedded VOS differ, then we cannot advocate fixed Focus Projections in the syntactic architecture like the cartographic approaches do. Chomsky (2007; 2008) divides features in two types; the probe-agreement ones which trigger obligatory movement and the E(dge) F(eature) which facilitates movement and yields information structure effects at the Interface. In effect, Greek VOS is viewed as the result of a single derivation in which movement is induced for the satisfaction of an EF. The focus effects that are present in VOS are not assigned in Syntax, but at the Interface. The claim here is that Syntax is ‘blind’ to information structure properties. Yet, in order to explain how one single derivation maps out to two distinct focusing possibilities, we employ the notions of accessibility and saliency, as these are discussed in Slioussar (2007) and developed in Kechagias (2010). Roughly, accessibility corresponds to topics and saliency to foci. In Greek VOS, saliency tends to mark constituents to the right of the verb (i.e. object, or manner adverb).

“Adjectives” in Tundra Nenets: Properties of Property Words


 
 
 Nenets expresses property with lexical items that represent two main word classes: nouns and verbs. This study focuses on the morphological and syntactic features that are typical to adjectives in other languages and also characteristic to property words in Nenets: attributive and predicative positions, derivation, comparative construction and the formation of adverbs of manner. It argues that Nenets property words have features that distinguish them from other nouns and verbs. Furthermore, the study aims at explaining the dichotomy of Nenets property words in two words classes. At the same time, the study takes part in the discussion of the cross-linguistic universality of adjectives and linguistic categorization.
 
 

Throw Out the Pronouns and Adverbs!

Throw Out the Pronouns and Adverbs!

Analysis on translation of long sentences in original textbooks of Molecular biology

Complicated sentence structures resulting from frequent use of long sentences are characteristic of Molecular biology textbooks in English.To have an exact understanding and translation of Molecular biology texts,it is essential for one to have a good command of the translation skills,as well as the solid foundation of the professional knoyledge.This paper discusses the translation skills for coordinate clause,subject clause,object clause,attributive clause,and adverbial clause in English Molecular biology texts. Key words: Molecular biology; Original textbooks; Translation of long sentences

Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language

The objectives of this study are to find out the derivational and inflectional morphemes in Pak-Pak language in terms of word class, form and meaning and to find out the similarities and differences of the derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Pak-Pak languages. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative. The data were obtained by applying a documentary techique. The findings showed that there were some similarities and differences of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Pak-Pak languages. The similarities are both languages are formed by prefix and suffix. Both languages have similar, they can attached by noun, verb, adjective and adverb. They also have differences, the formation of derivational in English is only formed by prefix and suffix. While in Pak-Pak languages are forming by prefix, suffix, infix, and confix. Inflectional in English is only formed by suffix. While in Pak-Pak languages, they are prefix, suffix, infix, and confix. In conclusion, there are similarities and differences of derivational and inflectional morphemes between English and Pak-Pak languages. Key Words: Derivational, inflectional morphemes

Event-Structural Description of Some Adverbs

Event-Structural Description of Some Adverbs

Cluttered Writing: Adjectives and Adverbs in Academia

Cluttered Writing: Adjectives and Adverbs in Academia

Conjunct adverb doch and the notion of contrast

Conjunct adverb doch and the notion of contrast

La synchronie à lumière de la diachronie : quelques exemples

This article aims to give various examples that illustrate the use of a bipolar and joint perspective – diachronic and synchronic – for the semantic study of certain items of the language. We are initially interested in the adverb carrement, which currently seems to bear little relation to any meaning as an adverb of manner. Nevertheless, the diachronic study shows how the latter stages of its development with respect to its root carre pave the way for its becoming a polyphonic adverb. It is a similar case with apparemment: it has four clear stages of semantic development, each of which is related to the various values of this adverb in synchrony. However what is perhaps even more revealing is the diachronic approach in the case of the delocutive adverbs (diablement, bigrement, fichtrement...), whereby it might be seen that these elements can have no nominal or adjectival base, which is one of the criteria that helps to illustrate their origin.

Automatically correcting adverb placement errors in the writings of French users of English

This paper presents part of a project for designing automatic correction strategies for the complex syntactic errors found in the writings of French users of English. We focus on adverb placement errors as a first step: analysis shows that a large percentage of adverb placement errors concern manner adverbs used as modifiers in the VP, and might be due to negative transfer. In order to correct these errors, we model existing grammatical analyses and attempt to identify the main parameters underlying adverb placement. We show how erroneous segments can be corrected using error patterns.

On Latvian Adjectives and Adverbs Having a Root-end <em>k,g</em>

On Latvian Adjectives and Adverbs Having a Root-end <em>k,g</em>

The Obelized Amicē: Horace, Carm. 3. 2. 1

The author defends amice (“in a friendly way”, “showing goodwill”) discussing the use of the adverb amice elsewhere and especially the problem of its reference.

Surely not!Between certainty and disbelief1

The marker surely possesses at least three different functions: as an intrapredicative adverb of manner, an extrapredicative epistemic adverb and a discourse adverb. In this paper I will propose a single characterisation of surely within the framework of the Theory of Enunciative Operations (cf. Culioli, 1990, 1999a and 1999b). We will see that, depending on variable contextual parameters, surely assumes one of its three possible values. More precisely, surely marks a correspondence between, on the one hand, a preconstructed trajectory leading from a start point to an end point (from (p, non-p) to p), and on the other, the same trajectory constructed in the speech situation by the speaker. When the trajectory bears upon the mode of realisation of a process, surely assumes its intrapredicative value, when it bears upon the passage from a source situation to a projected situation, surely functions extrapredicatively, as an epistemic adverb. The discourse adverb function of surely poses some problems for analysis. When epistemic, surely appears to mark certainty, but when discursive, it appears rather to mark doubt, disbelief or incomprehension, according to context. I propose that when surely is used in this way, it marks the speaker’s endorsement of a preconstructed trajectory while also acknowledging the presence of a preconstructed, counteroriented trajectory, endorsed by another speaker. The shift from certainty to doubt might be explained as the consequence of the speaker’s recognition of a wider discursive context. The various contextual values of the discourse adverb surely (cf. Downing, 2001, for example) depend, among other factors, on how the speaker positions his or her discourse relative to other enunciative instances.