Adverbial Participles Research Articles

Особенности реализации таксисной семантики последовательности в конструкциях с деепричастиями от глаголов движения

The research examines the taxis semantics of consecution in utterances with adverbial participles formed from verbs of motion, which has not been studied earlier. The aim of the research is to characterize aspectual-taxis situations which include adverbial participles formed from verbs of motion. The study was carried out with the use of the method of functional analysis based on Alexander Bondarko’s theory of categorical situations. The material of the study is adverbial participles formed from correlative pairs of non-prefixed autocausative verbs of motion and their prefixed derivatives with spatial semantics (v-, vy-, pod-, ot-, pri-, u-), utterances with these adverbial participles taken from the main subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. As a result, it was established that a significant role in expressing taxis semantics belongs not only to the aspect forms of adverbial participles in taxis pairs, but also to lexical semantics of adverbial participles and finite verbs, as well as of their expanders. Along with the standard aspectualtaxis situations of consecution with perfective adverbial participles, special types in which imperfective adverbial participles function were identified: (1) precedence of completed actions non-localized in time; (2) precedence of processes localized in time; (3) implicit following of completed actions localized and non-localized in time. In the situation of precedence of completed actions non-localized in time, the adverbial participles of both aspects are synonymous, differing in their interpretive component. In the situation of precedence of processes localized in time, subtypes were described that are distinguished depending on unidirectional/non-unidirectional movement expressed by adverbial participles, as well as semantics of finite verbs. Imperfective adverbial participles with the semantics of unidirectional movement can express both a process that has reached a spatial goal and an interrupted process. Imperfective adverbial participles with the semantics of non-unidirectional movement can express the completion of a process of movement due to uncontrolled moving of the subject to a place. In the situation of implicit following of completed actions, imperfective adverbial participles denote the time limits within which the action of a finite verb is done, and taxis semantics is expressed with the help of lexical meanings of members of a taxis pair, expanders, extralinguistic factors. The conducted research shows that studying utterances with adverbial participles formed from particular lexical groups of verbs enables to expand the idea of aspectual-taxis situations that can be conveyed in adverbial participial constructions.

Определительные полипредикативные конструкции в хакасском языке

In the Khakass language, modifying constructions tend to incorporate nonfinite forms as dependent predicates. The dependent modifier precedes the main part of the whole phrase. Prototypical modifying constructions are represented by models with relativization of the core units of the modifying system: subject, object, localizer, and possessor. The subject relativization models are characterized by the absence of the subject position in the dependent predicative unit (DPU). The object, localizer, or possessor relativization models feature the presence of the subject position of the DPU. The dependent predicate is represented by nonfinite forms of the present (on =chatkhan), present-future (on =han), past (on =gan), and future (on =ar). Khakass modifying constructions are formed from analytical bifinite constructions where conjunctive words connect the main and dependent parts. Such sentences, commonly found in translated, poetic, and paremic texts, are rarely used in the spoken language. In terms of semantics, the structures under study can be divided into explanatory-modifying, restrictive-modifying, and circumstantial-modifying phrases. The explanatorymodifying phrases follow three models, with the connection between the noun being modified and the modifying DPU performed by the adverbial participle of the verb tip combined with the words being modified, by the causative, and by the conjunctionless connection. In the restrictive-modifying phrases, the nature of semantic relations between the DPU and the main predicative unit (MPU) is strongly connected with the noun being defined. The circumstantial-modifying phrases are based mainly on the models of Russian compound sentences with a modifying clause, with MPU structurally occupying always a prepositive position.

The ADV speaking-construction in American English: A quantitative corpus-based investigation

Abstract In this article, the author applies the theory of frame semantics, a usage-based model of construction grammar, and quantitative corpus-based methodology to investigate the nature of the ADV speaking-construction in American English, an adverbial participle construction that has not been previously explored using quantitative corpus-based methods. To investigate this construction, the author extracted its occurrences from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), analysed its structural, semantic, distributional and discourse-functional properties, and identified adverbs that frequently appear in the construction. The investigation reveals that the construction tends to combine with speech-functional adverbs, which evoke different semantic frames. It commonly occurs in spoken and written registers and serves various functions in discourse. In particular, it is used frequently in spoken discourse and academic prose to comment on the manner of conveying a message and to express speakers’ stances and attitudes toward various topics.

Особенности образования и структурно-семантический анализ деепричастия и конверба в рутульском языке

<p>The verb in the Caucasian languages is a complex formation which determines a sentence’s actants form, i.e. its central part. The Rutul verb is also distinguished by the complexity of education, the development of forms, grammatical categories and features of functioning, however, verboids have not received proper here, the functional properties and syntactic features of adverbial participles and adverbial turns, which relate to a simple complicated sentence, then qualify as a subordinate clause, have not been studied either. Our work is devoted to the problems of forming the adverbial participle and the converb in the Rutul language. Rutul verb forms, lexico-semantic and functional properties of adverbs and converbs served as research material. Descriptive, component and distributive analysis were the main research methods.</p>

Just Syntax?

Summary According to the norms of the contemporary Russian standard language, the covert first argument of the adverbial participle (AP) has to be co-referential with the first argument of its matrix verb. However, other co-reference choices are a frequent phenomenon, as numerous publications both descriptive (Rappaport 1984; Jokojama 1984) and prescriptive (Ickovič 1982; Glovinskaja 2000) testify. Since the reasons for these divergent co-reference choices have been insufficiently addressed so far, we conducted an experiment that tested the influence of linguistic and sociodemographic factors on the co-reference choices. The linguistic factors tested are sentence semantics, argument structure of the verb and linear syntactic order of adverbial participle and matrix clause. Since the adverbial participle has been subject to an intensive normativization process, we assume that the degree of the respondents’ familiarity with prescriptive language rules and the degree of their exposition to texts reflecting these rules influence respondents’ co-reference choices. Therefore, we also tested for sociodemographic factors reflecting these degrees, namely the status of Russian as primary or secondary language, age, gender and highest level of education attained. Our data suggest a contrast between actual language use, in which the co-referential ambiguity of APs is resolved by verb and sentence semantics and the syntactic position of the AP, and the normative rules of Russian grammaticography, which allow only for co-reference with the first argument of the matrix clause. Long-lasting exposure to highly normatized text registers show effect, as respondents with master’s degree or even higher levels of education significantly prefer co-reference with the first argument of the matrix clause even in ambiguous contexts. The paper is structured as follows: The first section gives a survey of the divergent co-reference choices discussed in the literature and identifies linguistic factors hypothesized to influence a speaker’s choice. Section 2 discusses possible sociolinguistic factors affecting the co-reference choice. How these two types of factors are considered in the design of our experiment as well as participant sampling is described in section 3. In section 4 we apply logistic regression to our data and discuss its results, to be followed by the conclusions in section 5.

Карачаево-балкарские микротопонимы с колоративом «къызыл» («красный»)

The aim of the study is to determine the structural-semantic, grammatical and motivational features of the Karachay-Balkar microtoponyms with the colourative къызыл ‘red’. The work is novel in that it is the first to carry out a structural-semantic and grammatical analysis of the onyms under consideration using the material of the Karachay-Balkar language, to determine the degree of productivity of formal models, to consider the main motives for the naming of units. As a result of the study, it was found that the toponyms in question are one-word, two-word, three-word and four-word descriptions. One-word toponyms are represented by one non-derivative and two derived lexemes. The research findings showed that the two-component nominations of geographical objects formed according to the “adjective + substantive” model prevail, although some of them are structured according to the “adjective + postpositional name”, “adjective + primary adverbial participle ending in -ып” schemes. Three-word toponymical descriptions include the adjective къызыл ‘red’, as well as substantives of various semantics. As for the composition of four-word microtoponyms, along with adjectives and substantives, there is also a past participle.

Delimiting the class of derived prepositions in Russian: Grammatical and semantic features of <em>isključaja</em> ‘excluding’ and <em>vključaja, sčitaja</em> ‘including’

The object of the article are Russian forms isključaja ‘excluding, except’, and vključaja, sčitaja, both meaning ‘including’, which are traditionally classified as derived prepositions. I demonstrate that these items have properties of both verbs (more precisely, adverbial participles) and prepositions. Still, it is necessary to attribute each item to a certain part of speech. To solve this problem, I use the principle of economy of linguistic description. I show that the description of the items under discussion is shorter and more adequate if we agree to regard them as adverbial participles (gerunds) used in the function of a preposition. I propose an analytic explication of meaning for each item and, besides that, explain why isključaja does not combine with an existential quantifier.

Категория причастодетия в русском литературном языке XVIII века (на примере произведений сибирского цикла А. Н. Радищева)

The artificial, at first glance, and peripheral category of prichastodetie (Gerundivum) (special nominal forms of the verb in -teln-) dynamically turns into the category of state, adverbs, adjectives, discursive words, prepositions, preserving its traces in its meaning of verbal action and a separate subject of action. Discovered by M. Smotritsky and described by other scholars, the prichastodetie experienced a boom in its development in the 18th century, accompanied by the lexicalization of the most common word forms. The process of formation and further lexicalization of the grammatical forms in question (“passing to the rank of qualifying adjectives,” according to Vinogradov) is rather similar to how participles are formed from verbs and transformed into adjectives and adverbial participles into adverbs. The difference is not in the quality but in the degree of productivity. The metaphorization of the verb meaning, its transfer from the physical to the emotional, and, more broadly, to the spiritual sphere facilitates the transformation of Russian “gerundives” into qualifying adjectives. The increased use of Russian “gerundives” formed from verbs of specific semantics in scientific and technical language strengthens their direct semantic link with the verb and prevents them from losing the meaning of verbal action. The prichastodetie is on the periphery of the morphological system of the Russian language and interacts with its system of word formation. The development of the category of prichastodetie is analyzed using the National Corpus of the Russian Language and the works of the Siberian cycle of A. N. Radishchev.

Basic Reporting Verbs as Markers of the Author’s Idiostlyle

This article reveals the peculiarities of idiostyles referring to works by nineteenth-century classical Russian writers (F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, and I. S. Turgenev). Based on intertext and inter-style statistical comparison, the author aims to reveal lexical compatibility and some individual particularities of using some frequent reporting verbs in literary texts belonging to the same period. The research is methodologically based on the ideographic approach to literary text analysis which takes into consideration internal correlations existing between lexical paradigmatics and syntagmatics. Lexical bigrams (pairs of words used in one phrase context) are taken as a unit of comparative lexicostatistical and contextological analysis. Word combinations of this type are used by the same writer in different texts, though they are not found in works by the other authors. The only obligatory element of a lexical bigram is a word which is often used by all the writers in question as it reveals the specific patterns of an author’s work with the same language material (such reporting verbs as сказать (‘say’), спросить (‘ask’), ответить (‘answer’), заметить (‘note’) are very representative for this purpose). So-called “idiostylistic markers” most frequently used to describe the moment of speech are identified for each writer in question. The author draws conclusions about the individual specificity of these stylistic patterns. Author-specific lexical compatibility shows that in the contexts of the verbs in question with lexical bigrams extracted from novels by L. N. Tolstoy, the use of the verb отвечать (‘answer’) prevails and involves an expression of emotions. The verb замечать (‘note’) which is frequently used in novels by F. M. Dostoevsky, reveals psychological perceptional particularities of speech of the other. The author argues that the use of the verb говорить (‘say’) for introducing direct speech is typical of А. P. Chekhov’s idiostyle where it is syntactically combined with adverbial participles denoting various nonspeech actions drawing the reader’s attention to a particular detail. The verb промолвить (‘utter’) is specific for I. S. Turgenev’s idiostyle and reveals implicit but semantically important correlations existing between the concepts of speech, thought, and motion.

Деепричастие как зона риска

The article is devoted to the Russian adverbial participle and the peculiarities of its functioning. The article deals with the reasons for the difficult perception of this grammatical topic by Czech students. The Russian adverbial participle is more actively used in modern speech in comparison with the Czech, which is perceived today rather as archaism. For this reason, Czech students hardly understand the features of the functioning of Russian adverbial participle, expression of taxis semantics in combination with a predicate. The complexity of the perception of this topic is also connected, according to the author, with the discrepancy between Czech and Russian linguistic terminology. The article presents data from various Czech textbooks on the Russian language. Recommendations and practical tasks are offered that will help the teacher when working on this complex grammatical material.

Способы выражения сравнения в тазовском диалекте селькупского языка

The Taz Selkups are the most significant single-dialect speaking group. Being isolated from the Russian population, they did not know Russian until the second half of the 20th century. The documented texts of the traditional Taz Selkup folklore were analyzed to identify the diachronically early ways of expressing comparative relations. It was found that the equivalent comparison prevails in diachronically early mythological texts and is realized by syntactic constructions denoting similarity. The comparative relation of similarity of the object and the standard of comparison according to a certain characteristic is expressed mainly by postpositions. The postpositions tarД (tar) ‘like’, ‘like someone else’, car ‘how’, saqyn ‘respectively’, ‘similarly’, ‘just like’, and kəpy ‘with value’ are combined with pronouns and nouns in the possessive and non-possessive form of the genitive. The postpositional construction functioning rule is to place the word preceding the postposition in the genitive form. All the postpositions mentioned (except car) are commonly used in non-metaphorical comparisons. The postposition car functions in metaphorical comparisons, requiring the preceding word in the locative adjectival form. A synthetic indicator, the special “coordinate” case affix šaŋ, is sometimes used to express an equivalent comparison mainly in diachronically early constructions of complicated sentences, with verbal nouns and adverbial participles predominating. A non-equivalent comparison reflecting the differences between the object and the standard is realized by constructions including the object of comparison (noun or pronoun in the main case), the standard of comparison (a noun or a pronoun in the form of an ablative), and the sign underlying the comparison (an adjective or an adverb).

ТЕКСТОВЫЕ ФУНКЦИИ НЕЧЛЕННЫХ ФОРМ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРИЧАСТИЙ И СОВРЕМЕННОГО РУССКОГО ДЕЕПРИЧАСТИЯ В СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОМ АСПЕКТЕ

В связи с изучением норм употребления современного деепричастия возникает необходимость обратиться к истории формирования этой глагольной формы из нечленной формы причастия. Сравнительный анализ употребления нечленной формы причастия в житийных текстах XI–XVII вв. и современного деепричастия позволяет выявить сужение текстовых функций деепричастия в современном языке, обозначить периферийные для современного деепричастия конструкции с нарушением единого временного плана и в позиции при неличном субъекте и объяснить причины нарушения грамматических норм современной речи. The norms of using the adverbial participle in speech have been the subject of grammar, rhetoric and speech culture for almost three centuries — a period of a desperate struggle against the violation of the prescribed rules for the use of the adverbial participle. Modern grammar science looks at violations of the norms of the use of the adverbial participle in a different way: an analysis of the abusive uses of the adverbial participle helps both to reveal the grammatical properties of the verb form itself and to trace the modern trends of the language. In connection with the study of the properties of the modern adverbial participle, it becomes necessary to refer to the history of the formation of this verb form from the short form of the Church Slavonic participle. An analysis of the peculiarities of the use of short forms of active participles and definite form of participles in ancient Russian texts allows us to explain the functional mechanisms of participles and adverbial participles in the modern language, to outline the zone of their divergence. The article examined the cases of choosing the short form of the participle, which show that its textual functions in the ancient language were wider than the textual functions of the adverbial participle in the modern language. Based on material from hagiographic texts of the 11th — 17th centuries constructions that are not characteristic of modern adverbial participle were considered. It can be named three conditions for the normative use of the modern adverbial participle, which correspond to the structural components of this article. First, the adverbial participle in the modern language, unlike the Church Slavonic language, cannot be used absolutely as a predicate of a sentence. Secondly, one of the violations of the norms should be recognized as the heterogeneity along the time line of the adverbial participle and the predicate. However, in the Church Slavonic language, such contexts of the use of short participial forms are found. Finally, a comparative analysis of these verb forms with impersonal subject was performed. As a result, it was shown that for the modern adverbial participle, the narrowing of temporal functions is compensated by the expansion of the possibility of use with subjects of different types. It seems that an appeal Историческая лингвистика 183 to historical material can explain not only the grammatical properties of modern verb forms, but also violations of the grammatical norms of speech.

Сложные трехкомпонентные конструкции деепричастно-причастного типа в алтайском языке

Analytical constructions are common in the Altai language. The verbal analytic constructions are very diverse, including adverbial participle, participle, and infinitive ones. This paper examines three-component “adverbial participial - participial” constructions: adverbial participle on =p; auxiliary verbs of being in the participle form on =Ar and =GAn; and auxiliary verb bol= (to be) in different grammatical forms. Four subtypes of multi-component constructions were studied. The analysis revealed the analytical construction to be the most frequent, with the first component being the free verb adverbial participle and the second component represented by the verbs of being tur= (to stand), otur= (to sit) and d’at= (to lie), d’ür= (to walk), fully grammaticalized and appearing as =GAn, and the third component, the verb bol=, used as a service predicate bolor (probably) expressing a high probability of the action. The semantics of an analytical construction proved to depend on its semantic components. Each grammatical element contributes its shade depending on: a) what verb is used as the first free component; b) what auxiliary verb is used as the second component and what is the temporal form of the verb; c) the grammatical form of the modal verb bol=. The analytical constructions studied demonstrate the following pattern: if the form with =DY of the final component bol= takes on the personal affixes, then the meaning of the action credibility in the past does not come first, the meaning of the admonitive becomes apparent, expressing a warning to the addressee about possible negative actions.

The Correlation of the Russian Constructions, Including the Adverbial Participle with the Suffix <i>-mshi</i>, with Slavic and Baltic Accusativus Cum Participio

The Correlation of the Russian Constructions, Including the Adverbial Participle with the Suffix <i>-mshi</i>, with Slavic and Baltic Accusativus Cum Participio

Процессы стяжения аналитических конструкций в чалканском языке (на примере аналитической конструкции -ып ал-)

This paper describes phonetic transformations occurring during the synthetization of analytic verb constructions with the auxiliary verb al- “to take” in the Chalkan language. The examples of the reduction of the verb under study during the conjugation of adverbial participial analytic constructions in various temporal fields are presented. In Chalkan, not only can analytic constructions be contracted into single words, but also contractions occur within verb forms. As a result, personal or tense markers are completely or partially lost. Sometimes, even parts of lexical stems are lost within various phonetic transformations, with various homographs being formed. When analytic constructions are contracted with the auxiliary verb al-, the latter can be fully or partially preserved depending on the tenses. For example, when verbs in past tense with -gan and in future tense with -yr in positive forms are conjugated, only the anlaut broad vowel а- of the auxiliary verb al- is preserved. In past tense forms with -dy, -tyr and present tense forms with -yp tyt, two variations with full preservation of the auxiliary verb al- and with the anlaut broad vowel а- can be used. When contracted analytic constructions in negative forms are conjugated, the auxiliary verb al- is fully reconstructed in all tenses. In all tenses, similar phonetic processes take place: elimination of the adverbial participle markers after stems with consonants and preservation of the adverbial participle markers after stems with vowels. However, the auslaut voiceless consonant -p- is replaced by the voiced consonant -v- in the intervocalic position.

Обстоятельство времени в нанайском и орокском языках: структурно-семантический аспект

In the Tungus-Manchu languages, the adverbial modifiers of time tend to be expressed by case forms of the noun, postposition constructions, by possessive constructions with active participles-nouns in case forms or verbal names of complex semantics (concessive, simulnanive), and by adverbs of time, reflexive-possessive adverbial participles. The semantics of adverbial modifiers of time: (duration (when) - a certain time interval, an indefinite-long time interval, the amount of time (how much time, how long), frequency, repetitiveness of actions (how many times), are expressed by case forms of nouns or adverbs of time. This semantics is determined by: 1) verb-predicate semantics; 2) aspectual characteristics of the verb-predicate defining the time boundaries, the time characteristics of the action; 3) structural and morphological characteristics of units expressing the adverbial modifiers of time. While being noted in Orok, the case forms of the accusative and directive-dative cases as a tense circumstance have no formal correspondences in the Tungus-Manchu languages. The functional features of using case forms are due to the differences in the structure of case systems (the Nanai language having 7 cases, the Orok language having 10, the languages of the northern group having up to 12 cases) and the discrepancy in the semantics of case word forms. Possessive constructions with a concessive and a simulnanive in the function of the adverbial modifiers of time in a simple sentence, semantically equivalent to the Russian temporal clauses, are special means of expressing temporal semantics in the Nanai and Orok languages, with no correspondences in the Russian language.

Правило односубъектности при употреблении деепричастий: языковая норма и узус

The paper aims to relate grammatical norms of adverbial participles usage with the usus and to explain the reasons for the violation of the formal monosubjectivity rule when using adverbial participles in the sentences of different types. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the cases of formal violation of the monosubjectivity rule traditionally viewed as grammatical mistakes are addressed as regularities of language based on the semantic-syntactic features of adverbial participles. As a result, the study has revealed that the monosubjectivity rule can be expanded and complemented; it has also identified that the mistakes made when using adverbial participles are based on the egocentric mechanisms of language.

THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE AS A PREDICATE OF THE SOLDERED PART OF A COMPLEX-SOLDERED SENTENCE IN THE KUMYK LANGUAGE

The article discusses the issues of the complex sentence of the specified united type with the predicative – ad-verbial participle of the dependent part. There are identified and characterized its structural and semantic fea-tures compared to other types of subordinate clauses.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF “THE LIFE OF ST. THEODOREˮ (1913) WRITTEN IN THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

The article examines the morphological features of the translation of “The Life of St. Theodoreˮ (1913) into the Elabuga dialect of the Udmurt language. The significance of the study lies in the fact that although written records are one of the main sources for studying language history, most of Udmurt written records have not been examined yet. The paper describes the main grammatical categories of the noun (number, possession, case) and the verb (voice, mood, tense), as well as those of the non-conjugated verb forms (infinitive, participle, adverbial participle). The analysis of morphological characteristics is based on the previously identified graphic and phonetic features of the written source and employs a comparative method: the linguistic data were compared with the data from the literary language and modern Udmurt dialects. Furthermore, whenever possible, the issues of the origin of morphological markers are raised in order to identify the innovative or archaic nature of the characteristics which are reflected in the written record at the morphological level. As a result, a number of features in the formalization of plural indicators, adverbial participles, some case and tense forms are revealed, which make the language of the written record different from the modern literary Udmurt language and some of its dialects. At the same time, all of these features are preserved in modern South Udmurt dialects, which does not contradict the hypothesis put forward earlier and based on the analysis of the phonetic system of the source text, according to which the dialect basis of “The Life of St. Theodoreˮ is one of the Central-Southern dialects.

Typology and diachrony of converbs in Indo-Aryan

Abstract Non-finite forms constitute an important component of the verbal system of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages. On the one hand, some of them, such as e.g., converbs, have already received proper attention in historical linguistics and typological literature, with regard to Old Indo-Aryan (OIA), Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) and New Indo-Aryan (NIA) (cf. Tikkanen 1987; Peterson 1998; Subbarao 2012 among others). Other forms, such as participles, have usually been analysed in the wider context of reorganisation of a finite verbal system which led to alignment change (for recent discussion see Dahl and Stroński 2016). On the other hand, adverbial participles or infinitives have so far been under-studied (cf. Sigorski 2005), particularly within early NIA. This period in the history of IA languages witnessed several important morphosyntactic developments and still requires in-depth study, particularly due to the lack of well-edited corpora. The aim of the present paper is to partly fill this gap by highlighting major trends in the development of constructions based on various non-finite forms in early NIA. We focus on main argument marking in converbal chain constructions and its interplay with the animacy hierarchy. We demonstrate a relative stability of differential case marking (DCM), focusing mainly on conditions on differential subject marking (DSM) and differential object marking (DOM). In addition, we compare converbal chain constructions with participial absolute constructions (AC). Finally, in order to give a holistic view of converbal constructions, we verify the type of linking instantiated by them, focusing on three scopal parameters in converbal constructions (Tense, Illocutionary Force and Negation) and using the apparatus of Role and Reference Grammar and Multivariate Analysis.