Time Adverbials Research Articles

The Student’s Errors on The Use Of Adjectives with The Suffix–Ly

This study deals with student’s errors on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly and regarding adjectives and adverbs identical in form mainly in–ly form and in without–ly form. This survey only investigates them in the written exercises. They cover descriptive adjectives, manner adverbs, intensifying adverbs, and sentence adverbs. The objective of this study is to find out the types and the causes of errors made by student’s on the use adjective and adverbs with the suffix–ly. The sample of this study is 30 student of the third year students of SMA Negeri 13 Medan. This study uses a descriptive quantitative design. The instrument for collecting data consists of a teacher made test in the multiple choice form. The percentage of the student’s errors is dominantly occured in descriptive adjectives from 900 item occurrences, there were 423 errors which categorized into 5 sub categories on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. Firstly, the use of descriptive adjective was 151 (35,70 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 67 (15,84 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 84 (19,86 %) errors. Secondly, the use of manner adverbs was 159 (35,22 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 89 (21,04 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 60 (14,18 %) errors. The other one is the use of intensifying adverbs with the suffix–ly was 64 (15,13 %) errors, another one is the use of time adverbs with the suffix–ly was 37 (8,75 %) errors, and the last one is the use sentence adverbs with the suffix–ly was 22 (5,2 %) errors. It is concluded that the errors are due to neglect of rules regarding the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. In short, the errors were dominantly caused by intralingual transfer on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. It recomended that further in depth studies on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly had be done for the betterment of the teaching-learning process.

Adverbs of Time in Arabic and English: Comparative Study

Adverbs are words that are used to change, modify or qualify several types of other words including adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. There are five basic types of adverbs in the English language, namely that of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, and Degree. In the Arabic language, there are just two adverbs namely that of Time and Place. This research aimed to prove that the adverb of time exists in both Arabic and English languages and to compare and state the similarities and differences between the two languages. Most importantly, to show which were more the similarities or the differences? The results showed that the similarities were more than the differences despite the fact that the two languages are not from the same family.

Processing past time reference in a tenseless language: An ERP study on the Mandarin aspectual morphemes -le and -guo

Reference to the time of an event can be encoded through various devices in language. While the neural processing of time reference in tense languages has been explored through tense inflection, relatively little is known about such processing through aspect in a tenseless language. The current study investigated how Mandarin speakers process perfective aspect markers -le and -guo, which are usually related to past time. Through the manipulation of the (dis)agreement between time adverbs and perfective markers, the results revealed that when co-occurring with a future/incongruent time adverb, compared with a past/congruent one, -le induced an early anterior negativity, while -guo triggered a P600. These distinct ERP patterns suggest that there is no unitary mechanism underlying perfectives in Mandarin, and that aspect modulates the relation of an event to time reference in a tenseless language, just like what tense inflection does in a tense language.

Non-canonical word order and temporal reference in Vietnamese

Abstract The paper revisits Duffield’s (2007) (Duffield, Nigel. 2007. Aspects of Vietnamese clausal structure: Separating tense from assertion. Linguistics 45(4). 765–814) analysis of the correlation between the position of a ‘when’-phrase and the temporal reference of a bare sentence in Vietnamese. Bare sentences in Vietnamese, based on (Smith, Carlota S. & Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43(4). 713–756), are argued to obtain their temporal interpretation from their aspectual composition, and the default temporal reference: bounded events are located in the past, unbounded events at present. It is shown that the correlation so observed in when-questions is superficial, and is tied to the syntax and semantics of temporal modification and the requirement that temporal adverbials denoting future time is base generated in sentence-initial position, and past time adverbials in sentence-final position. A ‘when’-phrase, being temporally underspecified, obtains its temporal value from its base position. However, the correlation between word order and temporal reference in argument wh-questions and declaratives is factual, depending on whether the predicate-argument configuration allows for a telic interpretation or not. To be specific, it is dependent on whether the application of Generic Modification (Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, change, and state. Acrosscategorial view of event structure, 279–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press) or accomplishment composition is realized. Canonical declaratives, and argument wh-questions, with telicity inducing material, license GM or accomplishment composition, yielding bounded events, hence past; by contrast, their non-canonical counterparts block GM or accomplishment composition, giving rise to unbounded event descriptions, hence non-past.

ORA FROM TEMPORALITY TO TEXTUALITY: A CASE OF GRAMMATICALIZATION

ORA FROM TEMPORALITY TO TEXTUALITY: A CASE OF GRAMMATICALIZATION

ADVERB OF TIME IN ARABIC SIMPLE SENTENCE

This research aims to describe the pattern of Arabic simple sentences attached by adverb of time and the distribution of the adverb of time in Arabic simple sentences. The research data are in the form of a simple sentence, which contains adverb of time from a paper in the book Al-Arabiyah Baina Yadaik Volume 4a by Al-Fauzan, et al. (2014). The data collection was carried out using the observation method. The analysis of adverb of time in Arabic simple sentence was done by a tree diagram with the guidelines proposed by Chomsky (2002). The results showed that the adverb of time is inherent in verbs and was only found in the original verb and not a derivational verb. In addition, the sentence patterns of Arabic simple sentence attached by adverb of time consist of PS, SP, SPO, and PSO. The researchers also found the distribution of adverbs of time inside the predicate, behind the object, in front of the predicate, and behind the subject.

The past tense in Assamese

The present paper investigates the past tense in Assamese from a Cognitive Linguistics point of view. We notice that the present is unmarked whereas the past and future are marked for tense in Assamese. In the traditional linguistic literature of Assamese such as Kakati (1995), U. N. Goswami (1997), Bharali (2000) and G. C. Goswami (2000), the morpheme - il is identified as the past tense marker in the language. In designating - il as the past tense marker the contrast between “past” and “past with present relevance” is, however, missed. On the contrary, the current paper argues that the past tense in Assamese is marked by - isil, and not by - il. An adverbial test with the time adverb eimātra ‘just now’ is applied to establish that - isil, not - il, is the past marker. Dahl (1985) and Bybee et al. (1994) observed that the past is a cross linguistic category and is predominantly marked morphologically. It may be noted that Assamese is not an exception to this observation. The paper also argues that the ‘be’ verb form āsil ‘existed’ is not ās combined - il; but is rather ās combined - isil and is a phonologically reduced form of ās-isil. The paper then examines past habituality and remoteness distinction in past in Assamese; and it is found that - isil combined thāk ‘stay’ generates past habitual meaning whereas Assamese does not maintain any remoteness distinction in past.

현대 중국어의 정형과 비정형 연구

There are the concept of finiteness and non-finiteness in languages. some grammatical category exist in a explicit form, some grammatical category exist in a potential form. Italian type language decide them as tense and agreement, verb tense and inflection status are especially an important elements. in case of Chinese, its verb doesn"t be inflected, and then use various elements and syntactic means, it embodies the tense or makes it appear through the semantic category. this paper we suppose there is the concept of finiteness and non-finiteness in Chinese, according to the generation grammar"s theory, we tried to study principles and parameters of them in detail, we came to the following conclusions.<BR> According to Morphological Uniformity Principle, a predicate verb doesn"t be inflected, it is different from Italian type language. verb is only used side by side after being duplicated, and we add postposition or complement behind the verb. we appear tense after using time information marker and several elements. we mainly use time adverb, temporal noun in front of predicate, and we use postposition behind predicate. some sentences don"t use time information marker, they form a sentence, they mean objective truth or the present of things. the standard of judgement are Morphological Uniformity Principle, time information marker status, null subject pro in the finite sentence. pro-drop is the feature of Italian type language, pro appear in the subject position of finite sentences. on the contrary to this, when we judge non-finite sentences, its verb isn"t a major predicate, they don"t have any time information marker. and null subject PRO appear in the subject position of non-finite sentences. the sentence of finite feature have time adverb and temporal noun, they are located in front of predicate, it was used for Adjunct, the Adjunct of finite sentence was added to maximal projection, Adjunct was projected in TP, vP, VP. according to Adjunct Projection Principle, it can"t be added to argument NP or CP. Adjunct is generated in surface structure, it doesn"t need to move position, it is merged into the left in tree diagram, a predicate verb mean action, it is a light verb, it constrains the meaning of predicate verb materialize, we can project this like paper 〈picture2〉. when it is non-finite sentence, null subject PRO appear in front of predicate V, it has same indices with subject.<BR> Time information marker is used for Adjunct, we add postposition behind of predicate verb, null subject PRO is used according to sentence feature, this facts are the sole phenomenon of chinese, it is the parameter of language. we need to modify the definition of finiteness and non-finiteness in generative grammar.the negative color of the latter.

텍스트마이닝을 활용한 한⋅중 ‘날씨’ 공기(co-occurrence) 요소 비교 분석

Based on the t-scores derived using Text-mining based on Korean and Chinese corpus, this paper analyzes the similarities and differences between the two language phenomena through general nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in Korean and Chinese. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, both Korean and Chinese share common ground with elements indicating “external” and “sea” for “Place”. However, while the Korean language is co-occurred with elements that indicate a particular space or range or direction, the Chinese language is co-occurred with elements that indicate a wide range of places or directions. Second, for “Time”, the Korean language is often co-occurred with elements indicating seasons or time zones, but the Chinese language is mainly co-occurred with elements indicating certain times, such as anniversaries, holidays, events and holidays. Third, for “Specification”, both Korean and Chinese have the same co-occurred with specification elements related to rain, wind, snow, temperature, and air, but if you look specifically, the generic word for Korean appears mainly, but there is a difference that hyponym that represent more specific classifications often appear in Chinese. There is also a difference in the Korean language, which often shows the amount of clouds, the amount of sun radiation, and the amount of evaporation, but the Chinese language often shows the amount of air quality. Fourth, for the verbs, the Korean language often has verbs indicating weather conditions, but the Chinese language has differences in the appearance of verbs related to the weather forecast or viewing. There is also a difference in Chinese, which pays attention to the suitability of the weather for certain activities, although Korean pays attention to the dress according to weather conditions. Fifth, for the adjectives, both Korean and Chinese have something in common that they often co-occur with adjectives that indicate weather conditions. Sixth, for the adverbs, there is a difference between the Korean language and the Chinese language, which Korean often co-occurs with “Degree Adverb” but Chinese often co-occurs with “Time Adverb”.

ABORDAGEM FUNCIONAL DOS ADVÉRBIOS E ADVERBIAIS DE TEMPO E ASPECTO EM RELATOS

Este artigo objetiva analisar e descrever o comportamento de advérbios e adverbiais de tempo e aspecto, sob a ótica dos processos de divergência (HOPPER, 1991), em reportagens acerca de relatos de violência homofóbica, veiculadas por jornais de circulação online. O tratamento dispensado aos dados foi de natureza holística, seguindo a tendência das pesquisas funcionalistas nas quais a pesquisa se ancora (MARTELOTTA, 2009; 2012; CASTILHO et al., 2014), a fim de que se pudesse efetuar o estudo descritivo desses elementos adverbiais. A investigação revelou, dentre outros aspectos, que a relação semântica mais realizada pelos advérbios/adverbiais de tempo é a de localização temporal definida do evento (80%) e já no que tange aos aspectuais, a relação mais presente foi a de duração do evento (46,8%). Alguns circunstanciadores, em menor proporção, apresentaram um ingrediente de foricidade, atuando na cadeia coesiva do texto.

Sentence-initial time adverbials in English

AbstractThe article deals with sentence-initial time adverbials in English declarative sentences. Theoretically, it is grounded in functionally-oriented and discourse-based studies, trying to combine the study of syntactic structure, information structure, information flow, and cognitive-pragmatic aspects of discourse construction and interpretation. The aim is to examine some regularities regarding the interplay of their syntactic and pragmatic characteristics and their textual and pragmatic discourse functions. The corpus-based research includes several parameters: (1) syntactic – the form and functional subtype of initial time adverbials, and the syntactic structure of the sentences containing them; (2) pragmatic – related to the information status of initial time adverbials; (3) textual – dealing with semantic, formal and functional similarities between the initial time adverbials and the sentences containing them, and other adverbials and structures in the relevant language segment, as well as with the position of the initial time adverbials in the text. The identified discourse functions (textual and pragmatic) of the initial placement of time adverbials include linking with the previous and following text, rearranging the functional elements within a sentence, temporal scene-setting, creating two especially prominent positions in a sentence, signaling segment boundaries of textual units, etc. It is suggested that particular discourse functions, rather than being associated with one of the parameters examined, actually depend on the interrelatedness of several of them.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN KAIDAH KEBAHASAAN TEKS EKSPLANASI PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI MA MIFTAHUL ULUM ATTOHIRIN GONDANGLEGI MALANG TAHUN 2019/2020

In the explanatory text it has a plot or structure like other types of text, such as general statements, cause and effect and interpretation. The explanatory text also has linguistic rules which include copula, active verbs, conjunctions, adverbs of time, scientific terms, pronouns. This research is entitled "Analysis of the Structure and Rules of Explanatory Text in Class XI Students MA Miftahul Ulum Attohirin Academic Year 2019/2020. To find out the problems in conjunction analysis in a collection of explanatory texts in class XI MA Miftahul Ulum Attohirin students, it is necessary to formulate the problem as well as the formulation of the problem, namely, 1) What is the structure of the explanatory text in class XI MA Miftahul Ulum Attohirin Gondanglegi Malang students? 2) What are the rules of language explanation text in class XI MA Miftahul Ulum Attohirin Gondanglegi Malang?. This type of research is a descriptive qualitative research type. The qualitative research method is a research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism, this method is used to study natural objects. Where the researcher is the key instrument, the data collection technique is done by triangulation or a combination, the data analysis is inductive/qualitative and the results of qualitative research emphasize the meaning rather than generalization. Based on the data analysis carried out, it was concluded that 8 students were able to determine the structure of the expansion text well. Learners are able to determine the structure of general statements, cause and effect, and interpretation. In the explanatory text linguistic rules, there are 6 out of 11 students who are able to determine the rules of the explanatory text language. Students do not understand the language rules of explanatory text such as copula, conjunction, active verbs, adverbs of time, scientific terms and noun pronouns.

Analisando a Língua Brasileira de Sinais como uma língua sem-tense

Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma proposta de análise da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) como uma língua sem-tense. Com base em Lin (2012), nós demonstraremos que a Libras exibe propriedades morfossintáticas semelhantes àquelas encontradas em outras línguas sem-tense, como o chinês, a saber: i) verbo sem morfologia de tense e opcionalidade da expressão temporal ou do advérbio de tempo; ii) passado não marcado gramaticalmente no verbo; iii) futuro marcado por auxiliar; iv) presença predicados de nominais nu; v) ausência de sujeito expletivo; vi) ausência de distinção morfológica entre finito e não-finito; vii) ausência de movimento motivado por caso.; viii) interpretação de referência temporal baseada em aspecto.

A COMPARISON OF WORD, ABOVE WORD, AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE OF GOOGLE AND HUMAN TRANSLATION OUTPUT IN MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING BOOK

This study aims to analyze the equivalence of translation results produced by Google Translate and the human translator in terms of equivalence at word level, above word level, and grammatical equivalence. This study was designed as a descriptive qualitative research. Moreover, the data were taken from a medical book entitled ‘Handbook for Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing’ and its translation ‘Keperawatan Medikal-Bedah Brunner & Suddarth’. The data were identified and analyzed based on the concept of equivalence proposed by Baker (1992). The result showed that at word level, there were 5 out of 51 data were identified having different interpretations and only 1 had the same meaning to the SL. Meanwhile, there found 30 out of 51 data were identified in terms of equivalence above word level. In which, the majority of 16 phrases out of 30 translated in different choice of words leading to different meaning as intended in the SL. Furthermore, the category of grammatical equivalence found in the translation produced by Google Translate and human translator are number, voice and tense. In terms of number, the most changes occurred in the human translation is in the form of plural to singular, while in the Google translation, the plural nouns were translated into both singular and plural nouns. Moreover, in terms of voice, Google Translate translated in the same form as in the source language, while in the human translation, the form changed from SL active into passive and SL passive into active. In the category of tense and aspect, the human translator translated changed SL present perfect into TL present, while Google Translate added temporal determiners to show the adverb of time of the sentence.

“Adverbial” Anaphora Resistance in Students’ Descriptive Texts

The present research aimed to analyze adverbial anaphora resistance in students’ descriptive texts at the Department of Indonesian Language Education and Literature, Faculty of Languages and Literature, Universitas Negeri Makassar. The problem “How is adverbial anaphora (resistance) was presented in the descriptive texts written by the students? A descriptive qualitative content analysis was employed in this research. Data collection was performed through documentation of the five-semester students’ descriptive texts. The results show that adverbial anaphora resistance in the students’ descriptive texts consists of: (1) anaphora within adverbs of place ( ini “this” and di sana “there” that occupy a different position); (2) anaphora within adverbs of time (tahun “year”, pagi hari “in the morning”, and malam hari “at night”); (2) anaphora within adverbs of purpose (bagi “for” and untuk “to”); (4) anaphora within adverbs of comparison (seperti “like”); (5) anaphora within adverbs of cause (sebab “cause” and karena “because”). Adverbial anaphora is highly associated with the placement of words, the relationship between words and phrases, or interrelationship among sentences. The limited number of adverbial anaphora produced by the students originates from the students’ lack of competence in writing a text.

시간부사 유의어의 의미 변별에 대한 고찰 -‘드디어, 마침내, 끝내, 결국’을 중심으로-

시간부사 유의어의 의미 변별에 대한 고찰 -‘드디어, 마침내, 끝내, 결국’을 중심으로-

Comparing Between Makassarese and English Adverbs of Time

Abstract: Contrastive analysis is very important for learning second language acquisition because with knowing the difference and the similarities L1 and L2 that the learner became easy to learn the L2. This research aimed to analyze the simaliries and the differences between Makassarese and English in adverbs of time. This study applied a qualitative study to cover the problem. First, the researcher took the data from several books on Makassarese grammar, Buginese Grammar, English grammar and from the researcher as the native speaker of Makassarese. Second, the researcher analyzed the books to identify the adverbs. The results were found the similarities and the differences with comparing both of them. In English context, the researcher found that the sentences used many words ending in -ly and -ed and Based on tenses. The verbs should be changed based on the tenses, for example, go (present V1+es/s), went (Past Verb2), and go (Future will/shal+V1). Besides that, the researcher can know without an adverb of time in the sentence when the situation is happening only see the verb in the sentence. But in Makassarese context, the researcher cannot identify the sentence without adverb of time when the action is happening. Key words: Contrastive Analysis, Makasarese - English

Unpacking the meaning of the DM now through its Polish translation equivalents

Depending on context, the English lexeme now can be used either as a time adverb or a discourse marker (DM). Unlike its temporal counterpart, the discursive now does not lend itself to a straightforward translation into Polish, representing instead a complex, one-to-many kind of relationship between the original and the target language. Based on the assumption that cross-linguistic research making use of translation data may be highly revealing about semantically opaque expressions, such as DMs, the study aims to gain a deeper insight into the nature of now by looking at its Polish equivalents from the perspective of their potential to bring to the surface and elucidate the functions that the marker serves in various contexts. The image of the DM now which emerges from the study is that of a contextually richly nuanced expression, fulfilling numerous discourse-structuring and intensifying functions. In its structural role, now proves capable of marking a number of different relations between discourse segments, such as contrast, result, return, explanation or elaboration. As an intensifying device, the DM can be more explicitly emotive (expressing, for instance, irritation or disbelief), emphatic or conative in nature. In more general terms, the paper shows how a translation-based study may inform pragmatic research.

SPELL OF ENDE LANGUAGE IN UZUZOZA VILLAGE OF ENDE REGENCY MANTRA BAHASA ENDE DI DESA UZUZOZA KABUPATEN ENDE

The research is about the spell of Ende Language in Uzuzoza village of Ende Regency based on two main problems, that was finding and describing spell’sform and it’s function. For gathering the data, the research used was an interview and listen tomethod with see, and capable techniques. Formal technique analysis is usedas data analysis of this research. The old theory of literature is used of this research with the concideration that the spell developed in the traditional era in animism and dynamism by using oral languageas the main medium of its delivery. After the data were analysis, the result found that, the spell of Ende language in Uzuzoza village of Ende Regency is generally in the form of poetry because taxtation patters were a-a-a-a, have taxtation (rhymes), expecially intonation, that is the persuasion of vowels at the and of word in lines and the linesof that spells is contentsor messages. Lingustically, the spells using personal pronouns, expecially the use of second personal pronouns and third personal pronouns using repetation, and it consistof statement which has adverb of time, adverb of place, and indicating of prohibition. Funcionality, the spell of Ende language in Uzuzoza village of Ende Regency serves as the tribute the “highest” subject which makes them exist and as the symbol of their trus to the ancestors.

A comprehensive analysis of adverb types for mining user sentiments on amazon product reviews

Online shopping websites like Amazon stipulate a platform to the users where they can share their opinions about different products. Recently, it has been identified that prior to the purchasing, 81% of the users explore different online platforms in order to assess the reliability of product that they intend to buy. The reviews of different users are expressed by using natural language, which help a user to make an informed decision. From past few years, scientific community has payed attention to automatically specify the meaning of review through Sentiment Analysis. Sentiment Analysis is a research area which is gradually being evolved thus, helping the users to tackle the sentiment hidden in a review. To date, different sentiment analysis-based studies have been conducted in literature. For sentiment classification, the core ingredient is the exploitation of polarity bearing words present in the reviews e.g. adjectives, verbs, and adverbs etc. Different studies suggest the importance of different forms of adverbs in sentiment classification task. In literature, it has been reported that general adverbs strongly help to classify sentiments with better accuracy whereas other suggest that degree adverbs are important for sentiment classification. There are ten distinct forms of adverbs such as general adverbs, general superlative adverbs, general comparative adverbs, general-wh adverbs, degree adverbs, degree superlative adverbs, degree comparative adverbs, degree-wh adverbs, time adverbs and locative adverbs. In this paper, we intend to tackle a question that what is the impact of different forms of adverb on the classification of sentiments? For this, the impacts of all these forms have been evaluated on 51,005 reviews of two products, office products and musical DVDs acquired from Amazon. The outcomes of study revealed that two general superlative adverbs and degree-wh adverb hold more impact than the other forms of adverbs. The general superlative adverbs have attained F-measure of 0.86 and degree-wh adverbs have attained F-measure of 0.80.