Advances In Nanotechnology Research Articles

Research Advances of Lipid Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer and poses an enormous threat to human health. Current strategies for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) therapy primarily focus on chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, their adverse reactions and drug resistance limit their clinical application. Advances in nanotechnology have rendered lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) a promising nanomaterial-based drug delivery system for CRC therapy. LNPs can adapt to the biological characteristics of CRC by modifying their formulation, enabling the selective delivery of drugs to cancer tissues. They overcome the limitations of traditional therapies, such as poor water solubility, nonspecific biodistribution, and limited bioavailability. Herein, we review the composition and targeting strategies of LNPs for CRC therapy. Subsequently, the applications of these nanoparticles in CRC treatment including drug delivery, thermal therapy, and nucleic acid-based gene therapy are summarized with examples provided. The last section provides a glimpse into the advantages, current limitations, and prospects of LNPs in the treatment of CRC.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory condition characterized by recurring inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. However, the existing IBD treatments are ineffective and have serious side effects. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and encompasses immune, genetic, environmental, dietary, and microbial factors. The nanoparticles (NPs) developed based on specific targeting methodologies exhibit great potential as nanotechnology advances. Nanoparticles are defined as particles between 1 and 100 nm in size. Depending on their size and surface functionality, NPs exhibit different properties. A variety of nanoparticle types have been employed as drug carriers for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with encouraging outcomes observed in experimental models. They increase the bioavailability of drugs and enable targeted drug delivery, promoting localized treatment and thus enhancing efficacy. Nevertheless, numerous challenges persist in the translation from nanomedicine to clinical application, including enhanced formulations and preparation techniques, enhanced drug safety profiles, and so forth. In the future, it will be necessary for scientists and clinicians to collaborate in order to study disease mechanisms, develop new drug delivery strategies, and screen new nanomedicines. Nevertheless, numerous challenges persist in the translation from nanomedicine to clinical application, including enhanced formulations and preparation techniques, enhanced drug safety profiles, and so forth. In the future, it will be necessary for scientists and clinicians to collaborate in order to study disease mechanisms, develop new drug delivery strategies, and screen new nanomedicines.

Soft nanotechnology: Used as a functional coating on a nanostructured germicidal surface

Bacterial contamination has emerged as a significant threat to human health over the past century. Initially, antibiotics were seen as the solution to this problem, but their overuse has led to the development of drug resistance and the rise of superbugs. These superbugs are resistant to most, if not all, conventional antibiotics, making them particularly difficult to treat. Interestingly, research has shown that the wings of dragonflies and cicadas possess natural nanopillar structures that are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. These nanopillars puncture bacterial cell membranes, leading to bacterial death. This discovery has opened up new avenues for combating bacterial contamination. Recent advancements in soft nanotechnology have introduced innovative antibacterial coatings that are crucial for combating these antibiotic-resistant superbugs. These coatings work by mimicking the nanopillar structures found on the wings of dragonflies and cicadas. Understanding the interaction between bacteria and these nanoantibacterial coatings is essential for achieving effective bactericidal outcomes. Different bacteria require varying optimum aspect ratios, which can be achieved through various formation methods. Therefore, this paper elucidates the principles of soft nanocoating, with a focus on comparing aspect ratios obtained through different preparation techniques and, according to the different aspect ratio, determining the corresponding applicable sterilization scene. It also explores the practical application of nanostructure bactericidal surface coatings to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance and enhance public health. Moreover, as an emerging field, this paper examines the challenges in soft nanocoating applications and the directions that can be improved in the future. The versatility and potential of soft nanotechnological coatings seems to apply to various industries, promising enhanced performance and safety standards. This is a crucial step towards creating a safer and healthier future for all.

Advance and opportunities in nanoparticle drug delivery for central nervous system disorders: A review of current advances

Nanoparticles drug delivery systems have emerged as a cutting-edge approach in treating central nervous system disorders. This review discusses the advancements and opportunities in utilizing nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to the brain, focusing on their potential to enhance efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patient outcomes. Lipid-based nanocarriers like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and micelles are widely used in neurological conditions. The growing demand for innovative drug delivery methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s are largely due to potential therapy failures in the blood brain barrier and P-glycoproteins which cause progressive loss of brain function. Nanotechnology advancements can help overcome these limitations by improving the delivery of active medicine campaigns and creating nanomaterials that improve active drug delivery.

Epilepsy Treatment and Diagnosis Enhanced by Current Nanomaterial Innovations: A Comprehensive Review.

Epilepsy is a complex disease in the brain. Complete control of seizure has always been a challenge in epilepsy treatment. Currently, clinical management primarily involves pharmacological and surgical interventions, with the former being the preferred approach. However, antiepileptic drugs often exhibit low bioavailability due to inherent limitations such as poor water solubility and difficulty penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These issues significantly reduce the drugs' effectiveness and limit their clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Additionally, the diagnostic accuracy of current imaging techniques and electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy is suboptimal, often failing to precisely localize epileptogenic tissues. Accurate diagnosis is critical for the surgical management of epilepsy. Thus, there is a pressing need to enhance both the therapeutic outcomes of epilepsy medications and the diagnostic precision of the condition. In recent years, the advancement of nanotechnology in the biomedical sector has led to the development of nanomaterials as drug carriers. These materials are designed to improve drug bioavailability and targeting by leveraging their large specific surface area, facile surface modification, ability to cross the BBB, and high biocompatibility. Furthermore, nanomaterials have been utilized as contrast agents in imaging and as materials for EEG electrodes, enhancing the accuracy of epilepsy diagnoses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of current research on nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of epilepsy, offering new strategies and directions for future investigation.

Novel antimicrobial applications of copper oxide nanoparticles after combination with tissue conditioner used in complete prostheses

BackgroundTissue conditioners are used for treating and improving the tissues supporting complete dentures. On the other hand, recent advances in nanotechnology have revolutionized various fields of science, including dentistry. The present study aimed to investigate novel antimicrobial applications of copper oxide nanoparticle-based tissue conditioner used in complete prostheses.MethodsThe present experimental study included 126 tissue conditioner samples with different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%, and 0% w/w). The samples were incubated with Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in 24-well plates for 24 h. Then, samples from the wells were re-incubated for 24 h, and the microorganisms were counted.ResultsThe culture media containing E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa showed significantly different growth between different nanoparticle concentrations following 24 h (P < 0.001), showing a reduction in bacterial growth with increased nanoparticle concentration. Both bacteria did not show any growth at the 20% concentration. However, C. albicans showed significant differences in growth between different nanoparticle concentrations following 48 h (P < 0.001), showing a reduction in growth with increased nanoparticle concentration. Also, the least growth was observed at the 20% concentration.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the CuO nanoparticles were prepared using a green synthesis methon in the suitable sizes. Moreover, the tissue conditioners containing CuO nanoparticles showed acceptable antimicrobial properties against E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans.

Prospects of nanotechnology advances in food adulterant detection, spoilage detection, packaging and preservation applications

Abstract Food is essential for the development and essential functions of our lives. Our typical dietary intake consists of vegetables, fruits, legumes, pulses, grains, and other similar foods. These ingredients can be consumed in their raw form or transformed into delicious recipes. Food adulteration refers to the deliberate introduction of potentially hazardous substances into food or food products to contaminate or adulterate them. Prolonged storage of food without sufficient preservation leads to spoilage, which poses a health risk. Food undergoes degradation over an extended duration of storage, leading to the proliferation of germs on its surface. Nanotechnology revolutionizes food safety by employing precise detection and preservation methods. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in expediting the detection of adulterants, enabling the identification of even minute amounts of contaminants like pesticides or hazardous compounds. This, in turn, ensures the preservation of the quality and safety of food items. Nanosensors are used to identify spoilage by monitoring microbial activity or changes in pH levels, to prevent the intake of spoiled food. Nano-emulsions and coatings can extend the shelf life of products by establishing protective barriers that hinder the ingress of oxygen, moisture, and microbial growth. This process effectively preserves the freshness and nutritional value of the products. In this review, we have discussed the role of nanotechnology in detecting food adulteration, food spoilage, food preservation and food packaging techniques.

Fiber Optic Sensor Coated with Multiple Layers of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets (BNNS) for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds.

Nowadays, volatile organic compound (VOC) detection is imperative to ensure environmental safety in industry and indoor environments, as well as to monitor human health in medical diagnosis. Gas sensors with the best sensor response, selectivity, and stability are in high demand. Simultaneously, the advancement of nanotechnology facilitates novel nanomaterial-based gas sensors with superior sensor characteristics and low power consumption. Recently, boron nitride, a 2D material, has emerged as an excellent candidate for gas sensing and demonstrated exceptional sensing characteristics for new-generation gas sensing devices. Herein, ultrathin porous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with large lateral sizes were synthesized using a facile synthesis approach, and their material characteristics were investigated utilizing a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. A BNNS-coated cladding-modified fiber optic sensor (FOS) probe was prepared and employed for VOC (ammonia, ethanol, and acetone) sensing across concentrations varying from 0 to 300 ppm. The BNNSs-coated FOS demonstrated better selectivity toward 300 ppm ammonia, and specifically annealed BNNSs displayed a maximum sensor response of 55% along with a response/recovery times of 15 s/34 s compared to its counterparts. The superior ammonia sensing performances could be attributed to the formation of ultrathin nanosheets and a porous surface with slit-like features in hexagonal boron nitride.

Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials: An Emerging Class of Light-Driven Hybrid Functional Materials.

Photochromic molecules have remarkable potential in memory and optical devices, as well as in driving and manipulating molecular motors or actuators and many other systems using light. When photochromic molecules are introduced into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the resulting hybrids provide unique advantages and create new functions that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review highlights the recent developments in diverse photochromic CNMs. Photochromic molecules and CNMs are also introduced. The fundamentals of different photochromic CNMs are discussed, including design principles and the types of interactions between CNMs and photochromic molecules via covalent interactions and non-covalent bonding such as π-π stacking, amphiphilic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Then the properties of photochromic CNMs, e.g., in photopatterning, fluorescence modulation, actuation, and photoinduced surface-relief gratings, and their applications in energy storage (solar thermal fuels, photothermal batteries, and supercapacitors), nanoelectronics (transistors, molecular junctions, photo-switchable conductance, and photoinduced electron transfer), sensors, and bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and opportunities in the future of photochromic CNMs is presented. This review discusses a vibrant interdisciplinary research field and is expected to stimulate further developments in nanoscience, advanced nanotechnology, intelligently responsive materials, and devices.

Oral administration of recombinant outer membrane protein A-based nanovaccine affords protection against Aeromonas hydrophila in zebrafish.

Aeromonas hydrophila, an opportunistic warm water pathogen, has always been a threat to aquaculture, leading to substantial economic losses. Vaccination of the cultured fish would effectively prevent Aeromoniasis, and recent advancements in nanotechnology show promise for efficacious vaccines. Oral delivery would be the most practical and convenient method of vaccine delivery in a grow-out pond. This study studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a nanoparticle-loaded outer membrane protein A from A. hydrophila in the zebrafish model. The protein was over-expressed, purified, and encapsulated using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)nanoparticles via the double emulsion method. The PLGA nanoparticles loaded with recombinant OmpA (rOmpA) exhibited a size of 295 ± 15.1nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 72.52%, and a polydispersity index of 0.292 ± 0.07. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the spherical and isolated nature of the PLGA-rOmpA nanoparticles. The protective efficacy in A. hydrophila-infected zebrafish after oral administration of the nanovaccine resulted in relative percentage survival of 77.7. Gene expression studies showed significant upregulation of immune genes in the vaccinated fish. The results demonstrate the usefulness of oral administration of nanovaccine-loaded rOmpA as a potential vaccine since it induced a robust immune response and conferred adequate protection against A. hydrophila in zebrafish, Danio rerio.

Enhancing aquaculture using nanotechnology: a review

The advent of nanotechnology is a laudable discovery, and to a large extent, it has potentials to solve many nagging problems in aquaculture industry. For instance, the challenge of recurring resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, and the myriad of different antibiotics in the market coupled with their toxic effect on fish and water is a serious concern. Nanotechnology provides new tools (Nanomaterials) which can find applications in various aspect of aquaculture with little or no risk of toxicity. These include: Nanosensors, DNA nanovaccines, nanogene delivery, smart drug delivery, nanobarcoding, fish growth enhancement using nanoselenite, nanodelivery of nutraceuticals, nanofilteration, nanopolymers, nanocoating, nanofeed to improve buoyancy and availability of feed during feeding, and nanonet treatment and so on. These products are readily available in the market. They can also be synthesized for application in the areas highlighted above. This paper presents a review on nanotechnology and its application to enhance various aspects of aquaculture with a view to finding effective management strategy to solve hydra-headed challenges bedevilling aquaculture industry by maximizing the full potential of nanomaterials

Potentials of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds extract for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in various applications due to their unique properties that differ from bulk or macro-sized counterparts. In the advancement of nanotechnology, a reliable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly green synthesis has widely been developed as an alternative method for the production of AgNPs, overcoming limitations associated with the traditional physical and chemical methods. Green synthesis of AgNPs involves the utilization of biological sources including plant extracts with silver salt as the precursor. The potential of phytochemicals in plant extracts serves as a reducing/capping and stabilizing agent to aid in the bio-reduction of Ag+ ions into a stable nanoform, Ag0. This review provides insights into the potentials of various plant parts like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed extracts that have been extensively reported for the synthesis of AgNPs.

Determination of 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid in analytical and biological samples using streamlined and robust RP-HPLC method.

AKBA (3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid) is a phytoconstituent derived from Boswellia serrata extract and utilized in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Drug delivery approaches showed interest in delivering AKBA with advanced nanotechnology. There is a need for a simple, sensitive, and robust HPLC method that can determine AKBA in complex nanoformulation and in vitro and ex vivo samples. In the proposed work, the RP-HPLC method was developed using a mobile phase comprising a mixture of acetonitrile : milli Q (90 : 10) at detection λmax 250 nm. The method exhibited a linearity of 250 to 20 000 ng mL-1 with a high correlation coefficient of 1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for the analytes were found to be 41.32 ng mL-1 and 125.21 ng mL-1, respectively. In the accuracy study, the % recovery of AKBA was found to be 98% to 102%, and the precision study showed less than 2% relative standard deviation. The developed method was found to be robust under chromatographic conditions with changes in pH and mobile phase mixture ratio. The method was also explored for forced degradation study, and the results showed the successful separation of degradation products from the AKBA. Further, the RP-HPLC method was applied for the quantification of AKBA in topical nanoformulations and different matrices, such as skin matrices and adhesive tapes. The method was able to measure entrapment efficiency (93.13 ± 1.94%), drug loading (25.83 ± 0.54%), drug assay in a gel matrix (96.99 ± 3.89%), drug amount in stratum corneum (7.90 ± 0.62 μg cm-2), and drug amount in viable skin layers (33.94 ± 0.21 μg cm-2) with high-speed reproducibility. The developed method can be utilized for the routine analysis of AKBA in conventional and complex formulations in academia and industry.

Assessment of Innovative Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment and Remediation Review: A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Protection

&lt;p&gt;The management of hazardous waste is a critical environmental challenge that requires innovative and sustainable solutions to mitigate adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. This research project aims to assess and evaluate cutting-edge technologies for the treatment and remediation of hazardous waste, focusing on their sustainability and effectiveness in environmental protection. The study will investigate various innovative methods such as advanced oxidation processes, bioremediation techniques, nanotechnology applications, and green chemistry strategies. These technologies offer promising opportunities to address hazardous waste contamination while minimizing resource consumption and environmental footprints. The research will include a comprehensive review of existing literature, case studies, and technical reports to gather insights into the performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits of these innovative technologies. Special emphasis will be placed on evaluating their applicability across different types of hazardous waste, ranging from industrial chemicals and pollutants to electronic waste and persistent organic pollutants. Furthermore, the study will analyze regulatory frameworks, policy implications, and socio-economic factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these technologies in diverse industrial sectors and geographical regions. Through rigorous assessment and analysis, this research aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for stakeholders, policymakers, and environmental practitioners involved in hazardous waste management. The findings will contribute to advancing sustainable approaches for addressing hazardous waste challenges, promoting environmental protection, and fostering a circular economy mindset in waste management practices.&lt;/p&gt;

Microstructure evolution and crack prevention in TiC nanoparticles-enhanced 2195 Al[sbnd]Li alloy joint fabricated by coaxial fiber-diode hybrid laser wire-feeding welding

High hot crack susceptibility (HCS) in laser-welded 2195 AlLi alloy poses a considerable challenge that restricts its widespread application. Nonetheless, the utilization of advanced laser beam shaping technology and nano-technology presents novel approaches to modify the melting and solidification procedures, enabling precise control over microstructure and crack. Herein, a crack-free and well-formed weld seam (WS) of 2195 AlLi alloy was successfully achieved by employing a coaxial “Gussies + Flat top” hybrid laser source and introducing TiC nanoparticles. The contrast experiments were performed to comprehensively investigate the effect of TiC nanoparticles on the microstructure evolution and hot cracks in welded joints of 2195 AlLi alloy. The results indicated that the crack propagation occurs linearly along the grain boundaries of columnar dendrites and laterally along the grain boundaries of equiaxed dendrite utilizing the conventional AlCu filling wire. With the assistance of TiC nanoparticles, the crack-free WS with homogeneously equiaxed dendrites is facilitated. The elimination of cracks by introducing TiC nanoparticles is attributed to the ameliorative liquid feeding channels, grain refinement, as well as the the pinning effect of TiC nanoparticles.

Experimental study of particulate matter emission for a diesel engine fueled with nanoparticles and biofuel / diesel blends

There has been a lot of interest in alternative fuels due to the depletion of petroleum supplies and growing environmental concerns. Biodiesel is made from renewable resources and is one of the many practical and beneficial fuel substitutes for fossil fuels. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have made it feasible to use nanoparticles as fuel additives for internal combustion engines. An earlier study suggested that these compounds might enhance engine performance. There has been a concern that this may increase the particulate matter emitted with the exhaust which adversely affects the air quality. The size-distribution of unregulated particulate matter (PM) emitted with exhaust gases is examined in this work. Under various load conditions, PM exhaust emissions were examined while keeping the engine running at a constant 1350 rpm. A nanoparticles of 50 parts per milligram of Aluminum oxide Al2O3 and Iron oxide Fe2O3 into the jatropha biodiesel / diesel fuel blend. When the engine is fueled with blend of diesel, biodiesel, and nanoparticles ternary fuel, it created fewer particulate matter emissions than the diesel/biodiesel binary blend which contains no nanoparticles. In comparison to pure diesel fuel, the diesel/biodiesel blend binary combination produced 10–15 % less PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 emissions which is very critical to air pollution problem with the fine/very fine particles.

Recent Advances in Fluorescent Biosensor: A Comprehensive Review

Herein, short review paper investigated the rapidly progress in fluorescent biosensors field and their significant influences on analytical chemistry applications. An electrical signal can be produced from a biological reaction using an integrated receptor-transducer device called a biosensor. Because there are so many uses for biosensors in the medical field, including medication delivery, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and illness detection, biosensor design and development have become a top priority for scientists and researchers in the last ten years. In the beginning, we started to explain the basic principles of fluorescence. Then, we moved to discuss about the current advancements, creative sensor designs, and the fusion of materials science and nanotechnology. The paper highlighted the sensitivity of fluorescent biosensors by addressing a wide range of applications, including biological research, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. This review paper censoriously assessed the present difficulties, such as interference and constrained dynamic range, and provided explanations into ongoing research. Advanced material and nanotechnology integration is emerging as a force that improves biosensor performance and broadens their uses. This study also discussed the future possible breakthroughs in biosensor technology and its broad use in a variety of scientific and societal fields.

Potential antifungal applications of heterometallic silica nanohybrids: A synergistic activity

An estimated 1.7 million fatalities and 150 million cases worldwide are attributed to fungal infections annually, that are in rise due to immunocompromised patient population. The challenges posed by traditional treatments can be addressed with the help of nanotechnology advancements. In this study, Co, Cu, and Ag—were doped into silica nanoparticles. Then the synthesized monometallic silica nanohybrids were combined to formulate heterometallic silica nanohybrids, characterized structurally and morphologically, compared, and evaluated for antifungal activity based on their individual and synergistic activity. The antifungal assays were conducted by using ATCC cultures of Candida albicans and QC samples of Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, and Aspergillus niger. The MIC (ranging from 49.00 to 1560.00 μg/mL), MFC (ranging from 197.00 to 3125.00 μg/mL), IC50 values (ranging from 31.10 to 400.80 μg/mL), and FICI of nanohybrids were determined and compared. Moreover, well diffusion assay was performed. ABTS assay and DPPH assay were conducted to investigate the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of nanohybrids. SEM analysis clearly evidenced the structural deformations of each fungal cells and spores due to the treatment with trimetallic nanohybrid. According to the results, the trimetallic silica nanohybrids exhibited the most powerful synergistic RSA and the most effective antifungal activity, compared to the bimetallic silica nanohybrids.

Exploiting and Enhancing the Heat Transport Rate of MoS2-Ag/EO Hybrid Nanofluid Flow via a Stretching Cylinder using Extended Yamada-Ota and Xue Models.

The current model offers valuable insights for materials science, heat exchangers, renewable energy production, nanotechnology, manufacturing, medicinal treatments, and environmental engineering. The findings of this study have the potential to improve material design, increase heat transfer efficiency across various systems, enhance energy conversion processes, and drive advancements in nanotechnology, medicinal treatments, and engineering design. The goal of the current research is to analyze the effects of thermal radiation and the volume fraction of nanoparticles in MoS2-Ag/engine oil-based hybrid nanofluid flow passing through a cylinder. After performing a substantial similarity transformation, the nonlinear dimensionless framework is recast as ODEs. The Yamada-Ota and Xue models are then applied to the dimensionless equation setup, which is numerically solved using the BVP4C approach. The resulting velocity and temperature fields, corresponding to various parameters, are examined and compared across both models. This investigation demonstrates a significant variation in heat transfer rates between the Yamada-Ota and Xue models, with the former having a larger impact. The velocity and temperature fields decrease as the magnetic field parameter increases in both nanofluids. However, as the magnetic field parameter values grow, the velocity fields in the two nanofluids behave differently. The Yamada-Ota and Xue models are used to determine the behavior of the hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonlinear extended cylinder. In all situations, the velocity and temperature fields exhibit superior decay characteristics.

Synergistic Effect of SiO2 and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Autophagy Modulation.

Rapid advancements in nanotechnology have expanded its applications and synergistic impact on modern nanosystems. The comprehensive assessment of nanomaterials' safety for human exposure has become crucial and heightened. In addition to the characterization of cell proliferation and apoptosis, probing the implication of autophagy is vital for understanding the ramification of nanomaterials. Hence, HEK-293 kidney cells were employed to understand the changes in induction and perturbation of autophagy in cells by iron oxide (Fe3O4) and silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. Interestingly, Fe3O4 worked as a potent modulator of the autophagy process through its catalytic performance, which can develop better than that of SiO2 nanoparticles mechanism, stressing their therapeutic implication in the understanding of cell behaviors. The quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured along with the process of autophagy during cell growth. This modulated autophagy will help in cell fate determination in complementary therapy for disease treatment, provide a clinical strategy for future study.