Advances In Immunotherapy Research Articles

Advancements in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The advent of immune-based combinations, primarily leveraging immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current scenario features multiple therapies that have shown superiority over tyrosine kinase inhibitors; however, the absence of direct comparisons and validated prognostic biomarkers complicates therapeutic decision-making. Additionally, a significant proportion of patients still exhibit primary or secondary resistance to existing immunotherapies, underscoring the ongoing need for novel therapeutic strategies. This narrative review discusses current strategies aimed at improving the efficacy of immunotherapy for HCC, focusing on the following aspects: available therapeutic options, identification of prognostic biomarkers, approaches to overcoming resistance (including the development of neoantigen vaccines), and the exploration of adjuvant and neoadjuvant strategies. The future of systemic therapies for HCC is likely to be driven by advancements in immunotherapy. Key areas of exploration for the coming years include the discovery of novel checkpoint inhibitors or complementary agents to enhance tumor response when combined with existing treatments, a shift toward neoadjuvant/perioperative trials instead of traditional adjuvant approaches, and the development of personalized neoantigen vaccines.

Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Immunotherapy in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, due to the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis and limited therapeutic options, with poor response. Chemotherapy remains the standard first-line treatment, but the advent of immunotherapy has recently induced promising results. Given the fact that diagnosis frequency is increasing nowadays and the survival rate remains very low, it is crucial to recognize patients who are suitable for immunotherapy and will have the best response. Different types of biomarkers, such as interleukins, exosomes, mi-RNA, ctDNA, and gene mutations, have been studied for their feasibility, not only for the early diagnosis of biliary tract cancer but also for the determination of responsiveness in treatment. Less frequently, these studies focus on finding and observing biomarkers in patients who receive immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of existing/promising biomarkers in patients with unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma, treated with immunotherapy as monotherapy, or combined with chemotherapy.

Advancements in cellular immunotherapy: overcoming resistance in lung and colorectal cancer

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering hope for patients with otherwise treatment-resistant tumors. Among the most promising approaches are cellular therapies, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, which has shown remarkable success in hematologic malignancies. However, the application of these therapies to solid tumors, such as lung and colorectal cancers, has faced significant challenges. Tumor resistance mechanisms—ranging from immune evasion, antigen loss, and immune checkpoint upregulation, to tumor microenvironment immunosuppression—remain major obstacles. This mini-review highlights the latest advancements in tumor immunotherapy, with a focus on cellular therapies, and addresses the resistance mechanisms that hinder their effectiveness in lung and colorectal cancers. We examine the evolution of CAR-T cell therapy, as well as the potential of engineered natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in solid tumor treatment. The review also explores cutting-edge strategies aimed at overcoming resistance, including combination therapies, gene editing technologies, and nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery. By discussing the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental factors contributing to resistance, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how these challenges can be overcome, paving the way for more effective, personalized immunotherapies in lung and colorectal cancer treatment.

Hiding in plain sight: NUT carcinoma is an unrecognized subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs and head and neck.

In the past two decades, treatment for non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has advanced considerably, owing largely to the characterization of distinct oncological subtypes, the development of targeted therapies for each subtype and the advent of immunotherapy. Data emerging over the past two decades suggest that NUT carcinoma, a highly aggressive malignancy driven by a NUT fusion oncoprotein and arising in the lungs, head and neck, and rarely in other sites, is a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) based on transcriptional, histopathological, cell-of-origin and molecular characteristics. NUT carcinoma has an estimated incidence of 1,400 cases per year in the United States, surpassing that of some rare NSCLC and HNSCC subtypes. However, NUT carcinoma is currently not recognized as an SCC of the lungs or head and neck. The orphan classification of NUT carcinoma as a distinct entity leads to a lack of awareness of this malignancy among oncologists and surgeons, despite early diagnosis being crucial for this cancer type with a median survival of only ~6.5 months. Consequently, NUT carcinoma is underdiagnosed and often misdiagnosed, resulting in limited research and progress in developing effective treatments in one of the most aggressive forms of lung and head and neck cancer. With a growing number of targeted agents that can potentially be used to treat NUT carcinoma, improved recognition through reclassification and inclusion of NUT carcinoma as a squamous NSCLC or an HNSCC when arising in these locations will accelerate the development of effective therapies for this disease. Thus, in the Perspective, we propose such a reclassification of NUT carcinoma as an SCC and discuss the supporting evidence.

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibition re-sensitizes multidrug-resistant DLBCL tumors driven by BCL10 gain-of-function mutants to venetoclax

Disparate pathogenic mechanisms complicate precision-medicine efforts to treat diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoma diagnosis. Though potentially curable with frontline combination chemoimmunotherapy, DLBCL carries persistently poor prognosis for those with relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) disease, despite recent advances in immunotherapy. Here, we build on recent findings implicating gain-of-function mutations in the BCL10 signaling protein as drivers of resistance to Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. We show mutant BCL10-driven DLBCL is resistant to multiple additional drug classes, demonstrating urgency to derive mechanistically rooted strategies to overcome undruggable BCL10 mutants that stabilize BTK-independent signaling filaments upstream of NF-kB activation. BCL10 mutants promote a cytokine-reinforced positive feedback loop of lymphomagenesis driving not just NF-kB but multiple additional pathways converging on diffuse activation of oncogenic transcription factors. Up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes increases mitochondrial membrane potential, underlying multidrug resistance. Increased expression of BCL2, BCL2L1 (BCL-XL), and BCL2A1 (BFL1) drives resistance to venetoclax, but expression can be overcome by the potent non-covalent BTK inhibitor pirtobrutinib. Venetoclax plus pirtobrutinib synergized in overcoming resistance and potently killed BCL10-mutant lymphomas in vitro and in vivo. BTK therefore retains key roles protecting DLBCL from apoptosis even when downstream activation of the BCL10 signaling complex activates NF-kB independently.

Unraveling the role of interferon-stimulated neutrophils: A promising biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy and prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma.

472 Background: Despite significant advancements in immunotherapy, the identification of effective predictive biomarkers for treatment response in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains a critical challenge. Discovering such biomarkers could enhance patient stratification and improve therapeutic outcomes. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 18 specimens obtained from 10 GAC patients, both prior to and following immunotherapy. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing, we compared the cellular composition and functional phenotypes of these specimens, with particular emphasis on tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the identification of previously uncharacterized neutrophil subclusters. Results: Our analysis identified eight distinct neutrophil subclusters, including Neu01_S100A12, Neu02_VEGF, Neu03_CCL3_CCL4, Neu04_IL1β, Neu05_CXCR4, Neu06_IFN-Stimulated, Neu07_Proliferative, and Neu08_B-cell_related. Notably, the presence of IFN-Stimulated neutrophils was positively correlated with the efficacy of immunotherapy in GAC, a finding that was further validated through analyses of public datasets and in-house cohort studies employing multiplex immunohistochemistry. Additionally, IFN-Stimulated neutrophils served as prognostic indicators across multiple datasets. Investigations revealed that these cells engage in significant cellular communication with other immune components within the tumor microenvironment, including CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and B cells, thereby promoting a pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor phenotype. Importantly, pan-cancer analyses demonstrated the consistent prognostic and immunotherapy efficacy-predicting potential of IFN-Stimulated neutrophils across various cancer types. Conclusions: IFN-Stimulated neutrophils represent a promising biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response and patient prognosis in GAC. Our findings offer novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of immunotherapy and highlight potential avenues for personalized treatment strategies in the management of GAC.

Exosomes as carriers to stimulate an anti-cancer immune response in immunotherapy and as predictive markers.

During this era of rapid advancements in cancer immunotherapy, the application of cell-released small vesicles that activate the immune system is of considerable interest. Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that show great promise for the immunological treatment of cancer because of their immunogenicity and molecular transfer capacity. Recent technological advancements have enabled the identification of functional functions that exosome cargoes perform in controlling immune responses. Exosomes are originated specifically from immune cells and tumor cells and they show unique composition patterns directly related to the immunotherapy against cancer. Exosomes can also deliver their cargo to particular cells, which can affect the phenotypic and immune-regulatory functions of those cells. Exosomes can influence the course of cancer and have therapeutic benefits by taking part in several cellular processes; as a result, they have the dual properties of activating and restraining cancer. Exosomes have tremendous potential for cancer immunotherapy; they may develop into the most powerful cancer vaccines and carriers of targeted antigens and drugs. Comprehending the potential applications of exosomes in immune therapy is significant for regulating cancer progression. This review offers an analysis of the function of exosomes in immunotherapy, specifically as carriers that function as diagnostic indicators for immunological activation and trigger an anti-cancer immune response. Moreover, it summarizes the fundamental mechanism and possible therapeutic applications of exosome-based immunotherapy for human cancer.

Real-world biomarker testing and first-line treatment patterns among locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma patients in the US.

348 Background: Advanced-stage gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (advG/GEJC) are leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Chemotherapy is the traditional first-line (1L) therapy for patients in the advanced setting, with targeted and immunotherapy considered based on biomarker expression. This study aimed to describe real-world HER2 and PD-L1 testing practices and 1L treatment patterns among advG/GEJC patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among adult patients diagnosed with advG/GEJC between 01 Jan 2017 and 30 Jun 2023 usingthe US-based Flatiron Health electronic health record-derived de-identified database. HER2 and PD-L1 testing practices were evaluated prior to and up to 1-month post-1L treatment initiation or 6 months post-advG/GEJC diagnosis date in untreated patients. 1L treatment regimens were described overall and stratified by HER2 and PD-L1 expression. Results: Among 4,256 advG/GEJC patients, the average age was 67 years with the majority male (68%), non-Hispanic white (44%), and with metastatic disease (64%). Nearly three quarters (72%) of patients included received a HER2 test and 55% had a HER2 test with a valid result within the timeframe mentioned above. More than a quarter of patients (27%) received a PD-L1 test and 25% had a PD-L1 test with a valid result. PD-L1 testing before the approval of nivolumab in 1L (i.e. before 2021) showed testing at 19% (490/2,629; 17% with a valid result) and from 2021 onward at 40% (643/1,627; 37% with a valid result). Across the full cohort, half of the patients received chemotherapy alone (52%) and one quarter received no treatment (25%). Similar treatment patterns were observed in the subset of 1,117 patients who did not receive a HER2 or PD-L1 test; 54% received chemotherapy alone and 36% no treatment. Of the 340 patients who were tested for HER2 and were HER2 positive, half (52%) received trastuzumab combination therapy, 23% received chemotherapy alone, and 18% had no treatment. Of the 301 patients who received a PD-L1 test with a combined positive score (CPS) ≥5 from 2021 onward, 41% received immunotherapy, 34% received chemotherapy alone and 18% had no treatment. Prior to 2021, most patients with a PD-L1 test and CPS >5 used chemotherapy alone (57%; 132/233), 13% (31/233) received PD-L1 targeted therapies and 19% (43/233) received no treatment. Conclusions: This study describes a potential subset of US advG/GEJC patients who do not receive a HER2 or PD-L1 test and/or do not receive eligible targeted or immunotherapy as part of routine clinical practice. As precision medicine options continue to evolve, these data suggest an opportunity to further understand the drivers for biomarker testing as well as the factors impacting the use of biomarker-informed treatment options.

Income inequality and access to advanced immunotherapy for lung cancer: the case of Durvalumab in the Netherlands

Income inequality and access to advanced immunotherapy for lung cancer: the case of Durvalumab in the Netherlands

Recent advances in immunotherapy for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumor in women worldwide in terms of both incidence and mortality. The field of cervical cancer treatment is rapidly evolving, and various combination therapies are being explored to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and provide new treatment options for patients at different disease stages. Clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors are now being conducted following a phase 3 trial with cemiplimab, an ICI, which demonstrated a significant improvement in prognosis in advanced or metastatic cervical cancer patients. These trials include monotherapy and combination therapy with other immune therapies, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Furthermore, other approaches for controlling tumors via the immune system, such as therapeutic vaccination for specific tumor antigens or immune cell therapy including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are being investigated. Ongoing trials will continue to illuminate the optimal strategies for combining these therapies and addressing challenges associated with immune checkpoint failure in cervical cancer. Herein, we conducted a review of articles related to immunotherapy for cervical cancer and describe current treatment strategies for cervical cancer via immunotherapy.

Editorial: Advances in immunotherapy of hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancers, volume II

Editorial: Advances in immunotherapy of hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancers, volume II

Recurrent Melanoma in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Presenting with an Apparent Co-Existing NRAS and BRAF Mutation: A Diagnostic and Treatment Conundrum

Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in the United States. The advent of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy has improved progression-free and overall survival in many patients with advanced disease. However, the selection of therapeutic choices requires a nuanced approach, especially when considering molecularly targeted agents. This case report highlights a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in managing a patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and recurrent melanoma. Molecular testing suggested discordant BRAF V600E testing and a simultaneous NRAS G12D mutation. After a careful literature review, repetition of his molecular testing, and analysis of the timelines and results of all his molecular testing, we concluded that the BRAF V600E mutation result was falsely positive. The patient was treated with two cycles of ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) and nivolumab (3 mg/kg) as per the NADINA trial and had a complete radiographic response. He then underwent resection demonstrating a pathologic partial response ranging from 20% to 95% tumor necrosis, dependent on the satellite examined. This case report underscores the importance of precise molecular diagnostics in guiding melanoma treatment and demonstrates the complexities of managing a patient with a coexisting malignancy.

Comparison of PD-L1 Expression Between Preoperative Biopsy Specimens and Surgical Specimens in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Recent advances in perioperative immunotherapies have led to a new era in the perioperative treatment of resectable, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although the choice of neoadjuvant, adjuvant or perioperative immunotherapy remains controversial, few reports have compared programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression as a biomarker between preoperative biopsy specimens and surgical specimens. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with NSCLC whose preoperative biopsy specimens and surgical specimens were tested for PD-L1 (22C3) and PD-L1 (SP263), respectively, from June 2022 to February 2024. The three categorical classifications of PD-L1 expression (negative [<1%], low [1–49%], and high [≥50%]) were compared between the two tests. Results: Of the 33 patients, 13 patients had negative PD-L1 expression, 9 patients had low PD-L1 expression and 11 patients had high PD-L1 expression with preoperative biopsy specimens, while 18 patients had negative PD-L1 expression, 10 patients had low PD-L1 expression and 5 patients had high PD-L1 expression with surgical specimens. The concordance rate for the three categorical classifications of PD-L1 expression between the preoperative biopsy specimens and surgical specimens was 57.6%. Conclusions: PD-L1 expression may differ between preoperative biopsy specimens and surgical specimens. PD-L1 expression evaluated using small biopsy specimens may be largely influenced by chance due to intra-tumoral heterogeneity.

The role of radiotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a new paradigm for the radiation oncologist

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive tumor that presents in most cases as a metastatic disease. The prognosis is poor, but the advent of immunotherapy has rekindled hopes for outcomes. Radiotherapy plays a crucial role in this oncological scenario, and there are still many open questions on the correct application of radiotherapy and its integration with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. These issues are of great interest to the oncology community; among these, in particular, there are the choice of optimal fractionation and total dose for thoracic radiotherapy in limited SCLC and its biological implications, the role of prophylactic cranial irradiation and thoracic consolidation in the context of modern treatments with chemoimmunotherapy in extensive SCLC, the role and indications of stereotactic radiotherapy in oligometastatic scenario and finally the complex clinical and multidisciplinary management of SCLC. This perspective article aims to describe the strengths and limitations of the role of radiotherapy in SCLC, highlighting the critical role of radiotherapy and the radiation oncologist, with the need to implement specific knowledge and skills on SCLC.

Personalized Immunity: Neoantigen-Based Vaccines Revolutionizing Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, presents significant therapeutic challenges due to its molecular complexity, late-stage diagnosis, and inherent resistance to conventional treatments. The intermediate to low mutational burden in HCC and its ability to evade the immune system through multiple mechanisms complicate the development of effective therapies. Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly neoantigen-based vaccines, offer a promising, personalized approach to HCC treatment. Neoantigens are tumor-specific peptides derived from somatic mutations in tumor cells. Unlike normal cellular antigens, neoantigens are foreign to the immune system, making them highly specific targets for immunotherapy. Neoantigens arise from genetic alterations such as point mutations, insertions, deletions, and gene fusions, which are expressed as neoepitopes that are not present in healthy tissues, thus evading the immune tolerance mechanisms that typically protect normal cells. Preclinical and early-phase clinical studies of neoantigen-based vaccines have shown promising results, demonstrating the ability of these vaccines to elicit robust T cell responses against HCC. The aim of the current review is to provide an in-depth exploration of the therapeutic potential of neoantigen-based vaccines in HCC, focusing on neoantigen identification, vaccine platforms, and their integration with immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance immunogenicity. It also evaluates preclinical and clinical data on efficacy and safety while addressing challenges in clinical translation. By taking advantage of the unique antigenic profile of each patient’s tumor, neoantigen-based vaccines represent a promising approach in the treatment of HCC, offering the potential for improved patient outcomes, long-term remission, and a shift towards personalized, precision medicine in liver cancer therapy.

Regulation of PD-L1 glycosylation and advances in cancer immunotherapy.

Protein glycosylation plays a versatile role in regulating homeostasis, such as cell migration, protein sorting, and the immune response. Drugs aimed at targeting glycosylation have strong implications for immunity enhancement, diagnosis, and cancer regression. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), expressed in cancer or antigen-presenting cells, binds to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and suppresses T cells. Glycosylation of PD-L1 at N35, N192, N200, and N219 stabilizes PD-L1 on the cancer cell surface, which contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting T cell activity. To date, at least six glycosyltransferases and four associate proteins are known to regulate PD-L1 glycosylation. Terminal modifications such as poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine (poly-LacNAC), sulfation, and sialylation are commonly found on PD-L1, acting as an immune recognition ligand and regulating certain immune responses. Studies have identified many mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets within the glycosylation pathways of PD-L1, revealing their involvement in cancer pathology, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we covered the glycoforms, terminal moiety, binding lectin, glycosyltransferase, as well as sugar analogs focusing on glycosylated PD-L1. We present a mechanism that originates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi apparatus (Golgi) and its subsequent translocation to the cell membrane. This pathway determines the immune suppression function of PD-L1 and therefore regulates the immune response such as T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This collection of findings underscores the significance of glycosylation in the role of PD-L1 in cancer and highlights multiple potential targets and strategies for improving therapeutic intervention and diagnostic techniques.

Advancement Opportunities and Endeavor of Innovative Targeted Therapies for Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an intractable disease with rapid progression and high mortality, presenting a persistent obstacle impeding clinical management. Although recent advancements in immunotherapy have enhanced the response rates of platinum-based chemotherapy regimens, the emergence of acquired resistance invariably leads to recurrence and metastasis. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to explore novel therapeutic targets and optimize existing treatment strategies. This article comprehensively reviews the currently available therapeutic modalities for SCLC. It delves into the immunologic prognostic implications by analyzing selected immune-related signatures. Moreover, it conducts an in-depth exploration of the molecular subtyping of SCLC and the associated molecular pathways to identify potential therapeutic targets. Specifically, the focus is on clinical interventions targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), elucidating its resistance mechanisms and demonstrating its notable antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, the study examines the mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), covering resistance issues and strategies for optimizing resistance management, with particular emphasis being placed on analyzing the prospects and clinical value of CAR T therapy in the context of SCLC. Moreover, the effectiveness of poly ADP-ribose polymerase and ataxia telangiectasia and rad3/checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors is discussed and underscores the advantages of combining these inhibitors with standard chemotherapy to combat chemoresistance and enhance the antitumor effects of immunotherapies. Overall, this study investigates emerging strategies for targeted therapies and optimized combination regimens to overcome resistance in SCLC and highlights future strategies for new therapeutic technologies for SCLC.

Advances in Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy of Malignant Melanoma.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a malignant tumor, resulting from mutations in melanocytes of the skin and mucous membranes. Its mortality rate accounts for 90% of all dermatologic tumor mortality. Traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are unable to achieve the expected results due to MM's low sensitivity, high drug resistance, and toxic side effects. As treatment advances, immunotherapy and targeted therapy have made significant breakthroughs in the treatment of MM and have demonstrated promising application prospects. However, the heterogeneity of tumor immune response causes more than half of patients to not benefit from clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy, which delays the patient's condition and causes them to suffer adverse immune events' side effects. The combination of immunotherapy and targeted therapy can help improve therapeutic effects, delay drug resistance, and mitigate adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current development status and research progress of immune checkpoints, targeted genes, and their inhibitors, with a view to providing a reference for the clinical treatment of MM.

Automating skin cancer screening: a deep learning

Skin cancer presents in various forms, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and melanoma. Established risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from solar or artificial sources, lighter skin pigmentation, a history of sunburns, and a family history of the disease. Early detection and prompt intervention are crucial for achieving a favorable prognosis. Traditionally, treatment modalities include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Recent advancements in immunotherapy have revolutionized skin cancer diagnosis, but manual identification remains time-consuming. Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown potential in skin cancer classification, leading to automated screening methods. To support dermatologists, we improved the model for classifying images. This model is able to recognize seven different kinds of skin lesions. On the ISIC dataset, an analysis has been done. This study offers a novel approach to early skin cancer diagnosis based on image processing. Our approach leverages the high accuracy of a specific convolutional neural network architecture, utilizing transfer learning with pre-trained data to further enhance detection performance. Our findings demonstrate that the employed ResNet-50 transfer learning model achieves a remarkable accuracy of 97%, while ResNet50 without augmentation gives an accuracy of 81.57% and an F1-score of 75.75%.

Safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitor (sintilimab) combined with transarterial chemoembolization as the initial treatment in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma beyond up-to-seven criteria

BackgroundNumerous studies have demonstrated limited survival benefits of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) alone in the treatment of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond up-to-seven criteria. The advent of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint...