Cost Advantages Research Articles

Research of Gallium Nitride as Next-Generation Semiconductor

In today’s society, semiconductors have become an indispensable material in people’s lives, as they are closely related to daily needs such as internet access, power supply, and computing. The most widely used semiconductor material currently is silicon. Its cost advantage in the early stage made other semiconductor materials lag far behind. As semiconductor manufacturing has progressed to nanoscale and even 3-nanometer technology, problems with silicon semiconductors have become increasingly apparent. As the size of silicon transistors continues to shrink, quantum tunneling effects such as leakage current and gate leakage current have caused power consumption to increase continuously. Moreover, the silicon manufacturing process requires harsh conditions such as high vacuum, high temperature, and multiple steps, which increases the production cost and process complexity. Therefore, people have pinned their hopes on the next-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN), as an alternative to silicon. Given its superior properties such as wider bandgap, higher electron mobility, and better thermal conductivity, gallium nitride (GaN) offers promising solutions to overcome the limitations of silicon-based semiconductors.

Poly(3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) as Promising Energy Storage Materials in Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Benefiting from the advantages of high conductivity and good electrochemical stability, the conjugated conducting polymer poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is a promising energy storage material in zinc-ion batteries. Zinc-ion batteries have the advantages of high safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost, but suffer from unstable cathode material structure, poor electrical conductivity, and uncontrollable dendritic growth of zinc anodes. PEDOT, with its fast electrochemical response and wide potential window, is expected to make up for the shortcomings and enhance capacity and cycle life of zinc-ion batteries. Herein, in this review different polymerization methods of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as well as their structure and properties are summarized; the progress in doping strategies related to the increasing conductivity and dispersivity of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) materials is discussed; specific applications of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based materials in anode, cathode, electrolyte, and binder of zinc-ion batteries are explored; and the representative advancements for improving the electrochemical performance of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in zinc-ion batteries are emphasized. Finally, the current challenges of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as promising materials in zinc-ion batteries and an insight into their future research directions are pointed out.

Innovative Multielement Modification of Pitch-Derived Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanosheets as Anodes for Superior Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The development of advanced anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) using pitch-based carbon materials has the advantages of low cost, high electrical conductivity and easy structural modification. In this research, various well-established modification techniques for petroleum pitch are integrated, including the use of recrystallized NaCl as molten salt template, pretreatment and high-temperature carbonization under a pure oxygen atmosphere, and the introduction of heteroatoms (N and S) by hydrothermal methods. The resulting two-dimensional carbon nanosheets with multielement modification exhibit enhanced Na+ storage properties, thereby bringing higher cycling stability and superior rate performance. Due to its specific structure and chemical composition, NS-P-OPDC exhibited a high reversible capacity of 406.77 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and a superior rate performance of 193.20 mAh g-1 at a current density of 3 A g-1 after being applied to the anode of SIB half-cell. Especially, a capacity retention of 97.7% was still achieved after 4000 cycles. Meanwhile, the full-cell assembled by Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode and NS-P-OPDC anode could provide a reversible capacity of 235.30 mAh g-1 at a current density of 300 mA g-1. This application proves to advance petroleum pitch-based high-performance electrodes toward greater efficiency in electrochemical energy storage.

Phase Regulation Promotes High Rate‐Long Term Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have evoked much attention, benefiting from the advantages of low cost, high safety and excellent performance at low temperature. Especially, Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) cathode is considered to be one of the best candidates for SIBs cathode with abundant resources and long‐term cycling stability. However, the impurities of NaFePO4 (NFP) and Na2FeP2O7 (NFPO) formed synchronously with NFPP which restrict the further application of NFPP. It is meaningful to clear the formation process and regulate the contents of NFP and NFPO. Therefore, NFPP cathodes with different contents of NFP and NFPO were prepared through high energy ball milling cooperated with post‐heat treatment by controlling the Fe concentration in reactants. The NFPP‐2.85 showed the best electrochemical performance because of the high content of NFPP and transition zone between NFPP and NFPO which fasts the Na+ transport kinetics. When employed as cathode for SIBs, the as‐prepared NFPP‐2.85 showed a specific capacity of 111.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and maintained at 68.9 mAh g−1 even at 100 C. The retention ratio was as high as 93.6 % after 1500 cycles at 20 C, implying superior high rate‐long term cycling stability. This work provides a new way for impurities regulation and the improvement of NFPP electrochemical performance.

Persistent chemiluminescence-based nanosensor for portable point-of-care testing of H2O2.

Anovel glow-type chemiluminescence (CL)-based nanosensing system was developed for sensitive and rapid point-of-care testing (POCT) of H2O2 in food. CuSe nanoparticles (CuSeNPs) have excellent peroxidase-like activity. After being modified with thiols of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MBA) (CuSeNPs@MBA), luminol can be catalyzed to produce long-lasting CL in the presence of H2O2. The possible reason for the long-lasting glow-type CL behavior was explored. Under the optimized condition, H2O2 can be sensitively detected with improved repeatability. The limit of detection isas low as 0.30 μM. To meet the requirement of in situ and outside of laboratory detection, a 3D-printed portable device was designed which can eliminate the environmental interference to improve detection accuracy. The developed multifunctional platform also has the advantages of simple operation and low cost, suggesting its great potential for applications in food and agricultural fields.

Using 3rd -Party Logistics Services OR Developing Own Capability to Cater to ECommerce Demands - A comparative Analysis

Ecommerce is an inseparable part of modern global lifestyle, connecting people across international borders and enabling sellers to access global. Despite growing massively over the last couple of decades, its growth is far from over. In fact, the pandemic has acted as an accelerator and the growth momentum is continuing despite people returning to the conventional brick and mortar shops. Ecommerce innovations are constantly being rehashed and improved – especially after the global pandemic this transition is now innovating at a much faster pace. For responding to the ever-increasing demand for swifter yet efficient fulfillment of customer order along with timely shipment, a larger number of e- commerce businesses are turning towards third-party logistics or 3PL providers. While it offers them the freedom from the hassles of storing and delivering finished products to the end-users, the human resource that is therefore freed, can then focus on core competencies of the business thus allowing them to give attention to product development, innovation along with marketing and sales. There is always the risk of poor fulfillment and delayed shipments or goods getting damaged in transit which deteriorates customer satisfaction and company profitability. This article compares the use of third-party logistics (3PL) against building in-house capabilities and highlights the virtue of careful selection and employment of experienced 3PL in helping an enterprise ride the anticipated growth wave by offering cost advantages and flexibility.

Metal‐Phosphonate‐Organic Network as Ion Enrichment Layer for Sustainable Zinc Metal Electrode with High Rate Capability

AbstractZinc (Zn) metal batteries could be the technology of choice for sustainable battery chemistries owing to its better safety and cost advantage. However, their cycle life and Coulombic efficiency (CE) are strongly limited by the dendritic growth and side reactions of Zn anodes. Herein, we proposed an in situ construction of a metal‐phosphonate‐organic network (MPON) with three‐dimensional interconnected networks on Zn metal, which can act as an ion enrichment layer for Zn anodes in Zn‐metal batteries. This MPON with abundant porous structure and phosphate sites possesses ion enriching properties and high Zn2+ transference number (0.83), which is beneficial for enhancing Zn2+ migration and self‐concentrating kinetics. Meanwhile, MPON offers hydrophobicity to effectively inhibit the water‐induced Zn anode corrosion. As a result, the Zn electrode exhibits superior Zn/Zn2+ reversibility of over 4 months at 3 mA cm−2 and a high CE of 99.6 %. Moreover, the Zn/NaV3O8 ⋅ 1.5H2O and Zn/MnO2 full cells using ultrathin Zn anodes (10 μm) exhibit high‐capacity retention of 81 % and 78 % after 1400 and 1000 cycles, respectively. This work provides a unique promise to design high‐performance anode for practical Zn‐metal‐based batteries.

Metal-Phosphonate-Organic Network as Ion Enrichment Layer for Sustainable Zinc Metal Electrode with High Rate Capability.

Zinc (Zn) metal batteries could be the technology of choice for sustainable battery chemistries owing to its better safety and cost advantage. However, their cycle life and Coulombic efficiency (CE) are strongly limited by the dendritic growth and side reactions of Zn anodes. Herein, we proposed an in situ construction of a metal-phosphonate-organic network (MPON) with three-dimensional interconnected networks on Zn metal, which can act as an ion enrichment layer for Zn anodes in Zn-metal batteries. This MPON with abundant porous structure and phosphate sites possesses ion enriching properties and high Zn2+ transference number (0.83), which is beneficial for enhancing Zn2+ migration and self-concentrating kinetics. Meanwhile, MPON offers hydrophobicity to effectively inhibit the water-induced Zn anode corrosion. As a result, the Zn electrode exhibits superior Zn/Zn2+ reversibility of over 4 months at 3 mA cm-2 and a high CE of 99.6 %. Moreover, the Zn/NaV3O8 ⋅ 1.5H2O and Zn/MnO2 full cells using ultrathin Zn anodes (10 μm) exhibit high-capacity retention of 81 % and 78 % after 1400 and 1000 cycles, respectively. This work provides a unique promise to design high-performance anode for practical Zn-metal-based batteries.

Employing Ammonia for the Synthesis of Primary Amines: Recent Achievements over Heterogeneous Catalysts.

Primary amines represent highly privileged chemicals for synthesis of polymers, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, coatings, etc. Consequently, the development of efficient and green methodologies for the production of primary amines are of great importance in chemical industry. Owing to the advantages of low cost and ease in availability, ammonia is considered as a feasible nitrogen source for synthesis of N-containing compounds. Thus, the efficient transformation of ammonia into primary amines has received much attention. In this review, the commonly applied synthetic routes to produce primary amines from ammonia were summarized, including the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds, the hydrogen transfer amination of alcohols, the hydroamination of olefins and the arylation with ammonia, in which the catalytic performance of the recent heterogeneous catalysts is discussed. Additionally, various strategies to modulate the surface properties of catalysts are outlined in conjunction with the analysis of reaction mechanism. Particularly, the amination of the biomass-derived substrates is highlighted, which could provide competitive advantages in chemical industry and stimulate the development of sustainable catalysis in the future. Ultimately, perspectives into the challenges and opportunities for synthesis of primary amines with ammonia as N-resource are discussed.

Effects of pH on Enzyme Activity in Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of pH on enzyme activity in Pakistan. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that effects of pH on enzyme activity are significant because enzymes are highly sensitive to the pH levels in their environment. Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it functions most efficiently. Deviations from this optimal pH can lead to a decrease in enzyme activity. At extreme pH levels, enzymes may become denatured, altering their structure and impairing their ability to bind to substrates. This is because changes in pH can affect the ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds within the enzyme, altering its active site. As a result, enzyme activity typically increases as the pH approaches the optimal level, and decreases when the pH moves away from this point. Therefore, maintaining proper pH levels is crucial for the effective functioning of enzymes in biological systems. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Lock and key model, induced fit theory and chemical equilibrium theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effects of pH on enzyme activity in Pakistan. In practical applications, industries utilizing enzymes should prioritize the implementation of rigorous pH monitoring and control systems to maintain optimal conditions for enzymatic activity. From a policy perspective, it is crucial for policymakers to establish clear guidelines governing the use of enzymes in industrial applications, with a particular emphasis on the importance of pH control in achieving optimal performance.

Effectiveness of Mother Tongue Instruction on Literacy Rates in Primary Education in Kenya, Examining the Transition from Indigenous Languages to English in Urban and Rural Settings

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of mother tongue instruction on literacy rates in primary education in Kenya, examining the transition from indigenous languages to English in urban and rural settings Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Studies on the effectiveness of mother tongue instruction in Kenya's primary education reveal that using indigenous languages in early education significantly improves literacy rates, particularly in rural areas. In these settings, children who learn in their native languages during the early grades develop stronger foundational literacy skills compared to those taught in English from the start. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Sociocultural theory, cummins’ linguistic interdependence theory & transitional bilingual education theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effectiveness of mother tongue instruction on literacy rates in primary education in Kenya, examining the transition from indigenous languages to English in urban and rural settings. Schools, particularly in rural areas, need more resources like textbooks and teaching aids in indigenous languages to support early literacy development. Policymakers should implement flexible language policies that consider the different linguistic needs of urban and rural populations.

Comparative Analysis of Natural vs. Synthetic Antioxidants in Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the comparative analysis of natural vs. synthetic antioxidants in Nigeria. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that natural antioxidants, derived from plant sources such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, are often preferred for their bioavailability and health benefits, including their ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. They are associated with lower toxicity and potential health-boosting properties, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases. On the other hand, synthetic antioxidants, which are chemically manufactured, tend to have a more stable and consistent potency, making them more effective in industrial applications like food preservation. However, concerns about their long-term health effects, including potential toxicity and adverse side effects, have led to a growing preference for natural alternatives. While both types play important roles in protecting cells from damage, natural antioxidants are often seen as safer, though their effectiveness can vary depending on the source and concentration. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Free radical theory of aging, phytochemical hypothesis and toxicology of food additives may be used to anchor future studies on the comparative analysis of natural vs. synthetic antioxidants in Nigeria. In practical terms, health professionals should advocate for the incorporation of natural antioxidants into dietary guidelines, emphasizing foods rich in these beneficial compounds, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs. From a policy perspective, there is a pressing need for regulatory frameworks that impose stricter guidelines on the use of synthetic antioxidants in food products, prioritizing safety assessments and considering long-term health impacts.

Analyzing the Long-Term Effects of Eliminating School Fees on Access to and Quality of Education in Uganda, Considering the Policy's Implications for Gender Parity and Inclusive Education

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the long-term effects of eliminating school fees on access to and quality of education in Uganda, considering the policy's implications for gender parity and inclusive education. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The elimination of school fees in Uganda under the Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy has significantly increased access to education, particularly for children from low-income families and marginalized communities, as seen in the surge in enrollment rates. However, this increase in access has not been matched by improvements in educational quality, with overcrowded classrooms, underqualified teachers, and inadequate resources affecting learning outcomes. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, capability approach & social justice theory may be used to anchor future studies on the analyzing the long-term effects of eliminating school fees on access to and quality of education in Uganda, considering the policy's implications for gender parity and inclusive education. Special focus should be on training teachers in inclusive education to better support children with disabilities and gender-sensitive teaching methods that encourage the retention of girls in school. Policies should ensure free provision of essential materials, especially for the most vulnerable populations.

A Comparative Analysis of Structured Pedagogy Interventions in South Africa and Their Impact on Student Performance in Mathematics and Science Subjects

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the comparative analysis of structured pedagogy interventions in South Africa and their impact on student performance in mathematics and science subjects. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: A comparative analysis of structured pedagogy interventions in South Africa reveals that these targeted educational approaches have positively impacted student performance in mathematics and science subjects. Studies show that interventions such as curriculum-aligned teaching materials, teacher training, and standardized assessments significantly improved students' understanding and achievement in these areas. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Constructivist learning theory, bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives & sociocultural theory may be used to anchor future studies on the analyzing the comparative analysis of structured pedagogy interventions in South Africa and their impact on student performance in mathematics and science subjects. Schools should integrate structured lesson plans and data-driven instruction into everyday practice to enhance teacher efficacy and student performance. Policymakers should implement nationwide curriculum reforms that standardize content delivery across all schools, ensuring consistency in teaching quality, particularly in mathematics and science.

Challenges and Opportunities of Implementing Education Technology in Rural and Underserved Areas of Tanzania, Assessing the Sustainability and Educational Impact of Such Initiatives

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the challenges and opportunities of implementing education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania, assessing the sustainability and educational impact of such initiatives. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The implementation of education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania presents both challenges and opportunities. Key challenges include limited access to reliable electricity and internet connectivity, a lack of digital literacy among teachers and students, and insufficient infrastructure and resources to support tech-based learning. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovation theory, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) & socio-constructivist learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on the challenges and opportunities of implementing education technology in rural and underserved areas of Tanzania, assessing the sustainability and educational impact of such initiatives. Teachers should receive ongoing, hands-on training to integrate digital tools into their pedagogy, which would enhance both teaching effectiveness and student engagement. Policies should incentivize telecommunication companies to offer affordable data packages for educational purposes and extend mobile learning platforms to areas with limited connectivity.

Role of Ionic Strength in Solubility of Salts in India

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the role of ionic strength in solubility of salts in India. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Ionic strength increases, the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged ions in the salt and the surrounding ions in the solution are weakened, leading to changes in solubility. Higher ionic strength often results in greater solubility of salts due to the shielding effect, which reduces ion pairing and prevents precipitation. However, in some cases, extremely high ionic strength may lead to the "salting out" effect, where solubility decreases as ions compete for solvation. This relationship is essential in fields like chemistry and environmental science, where understanding solubility is crucial for processes such as crystallization and precipitation reactions. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Debye-hückel theory, van’t hoff factor and colligative properties theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of ionic strength in solubility of salts in India. Industries involved in chemical manufacturing and wastewater treatment should adopt protocols that account for ionic strength when designing their processes. Policymakers should establish regulatory frameworks that promote the inclusion of ionic strength considerations in environmental assessments.

Impact of Temperature on Reaction Rate in Catalytic Reactions

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of temperature on reaction rate in catalytic reactions. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that as higher temperatures generally increase the rate at which reactions occur. This is due to the fact that elevated temperatures provide the reactant molecules with more kinetic energy, enabling them to collide more frequently and with greater force, which is necessary to overcome the activation energy barrier. In catalytic reactions, temperature not only accelerates the intrinsic rate of the reaction but can also affect the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. However, too high a temperature can lead to catalyst deactivation through processes such as sintering or coke formation, where the catalyst surface is altered or blocked. Thus, an optimal temperature range is crucial to balance enhanced reaction rates while maintaining catalyst integrity and performance. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Arrhenius equation, transition state theory and collision theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of temperature on reaction rate in catalytic reactions. In practical applications, industries should implement advanced temperature control systems to maintain optimal reaction conditions during catalytic processes. Policymakers have a critical role in shaping the landscape of catalytic reactions by developing regulatory guidelines focused on temperature management.

Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Korea

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery in Korea. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy and precision of therapeutic interventions. Nanoparticles offer several advantages, such as improved bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled release of drugs. Various methods are employed in their synthesis, including chemical reduction, sol-gel processes, and biological methods using natural organisms. These nanoparticles can be engineered to carry a wide range of drugs, including chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and vaccines. Their small size allows them to navigate biological barriers and deliver drugs directly to specific tissues or cells, reducing side effects and improving treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as scalability, toxicity, and regulatory hurdles remain, necessitating further research to optimize their clinical applications. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Brownian motion theory, nanoscale phenomena theory, thermodynamic theory of nanoparticle stability may be used to anchor future studies on the synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery in Korea. Practitioners in the field should prioritize the enhancement of synthesis techniques and the focus on biocompatibility and safety to improve the practical applications of nanoparticle drug delivery systems. To ensure the safe and effective use of nanoparticles in drug delivery, policymakers must establish clear guidelines and regulations governing their application.

Nickel-Nitrogen Doped MnO2 as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst for Aluminum Air Batteries.

Aluminum-air battery has the advantages of high energy density, low cost and environmental protection, and is considered as an ideal next-generation energy storage conversion system. However, the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air cathode leads to its unsatisfactory performance. Here, we report an electrode made of N and Ni co-doped MnO2 nanotubes. In alkaline solution, Ni/N-MnO2 has higher oxygen reduction activity than undoped MnO2, with an initial potential of 1.00 V and a half-wave potential of 0.75 V. This is because it has abundant defects, high specific surface area and sufficient Mn3+ active sites, which promote the transfer of electrons and oxygen-containing intermediates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that MnO2 doped with N and Ni atoms reduces the reaction overpotential and improves the ORR kinetics. The peak power density and energy density of the Ni/N-MnO2 air electrode increased by 34.03 mW cm-2 and 316.41 mWh g-1, respectively. The results show that N and Ni co-doped MnO2 nanotubes are a promising air electrode, which can provide some ideas for the research of aluminum-air batteries.

Correlation between Teacher Motivation, Remuneration and Student Outcomes in Nigeria, with a Focus on Public versus Private Educational Institutions

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between teacher motivation, remuneration, and student outcomes in Nigeria, with a focus on public versus private educational institutions Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The investigation into the correlation between teacher motivation, remuneration, and student outcomes in Nigeria reveals a clear link between teacher incentives and student performance, with notable differences between public and private institutions. In private schools, where teachers generally receive higher salaries and better working conditions, student outcomes are significantly better, as measured by exam performance and retention rates. Conversely, in public schools, low teacher remuneration, lack of incentives, and inadequate working conditions result in low teacher motivation, which negatively impacts student outcomes. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Herzberg’s two-factor theory, expectancy theory & equity theory may be used to anchor future studies on the correlation between teacher motivation, remuneration, and student outcomes in Nigeria, with a focus on public versus private educational institutions. Performance-based remuneration systems should be implemented in public schools to enhance teacher motivation. Policymakers should establish a national remuneration framework that aligns public and private sector teacher pay, ensuring equity in compensation and reducing the motivation gap between the sectors.