Advances In Tissue Culture Research Articles

Advances in Tissue Culture and Transformation Studies in Non-model Species: Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae).

In this chapter, we report advances in tissue culture applied to Passiflora. We present reproducible protocols for somatic embryogenesis, endosperm-derived triploid production, and genetic transformation for such species knowledge generated by our research team and collaborators in the last 20years. Our research group has pioneered the work on passion fruit somatic embryogenesis, and we directed efforts to characterize several aspects of this morphogenic pathway. Furthermore, we expanded the possibilities of understanding the molecular mechanism related to developmental phase transitions of Passiflora edulis Sims. and P. cincinnata Mast., and a transformation protocol is presented for the overexpression of microRNA156.

Advances in Tissue Culture and Transformation Studies in Non-model Species: Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae).

Over the years, our team has dedicated significant efforts to studying a unique natural dye-producing species, annatto (Bixa orellana L.). We have amassed knowledge and established foundations that support the applications of gene expression analysis in comprehending in vitro morphogenic regeneration processes, phase transition aspects, and bixin biosynthesis. Additionally, we have conducted gene editing associated with these processes. The advancements in this field are expected to enhance breeding practices and contribute to the overall improvement of this significant woody species. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol based on somatic embryogenesis and an optimized transformation protocol utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Recent advances in tissue culture and secondary metabolite production in Hypericum perforatum L.

Recent advances in tissue culture and secondary metabolite production in Hypericum perforatum L.

Plant resistance to pests and diseases: potency in coconut

Plant resistance to pests and diseases help avoid, tolerate or recover from an injury that would cause greater damage to plants of the same species under similar environmental conditions. In coconut, resistant traits are generally acquired traits against pests and diseases in conventional breeding programs and indirectly through the application of nutrients. The paper provides a list of existing resistant or tolerant coconut varieties reported against key pests and diseases. The use of resistant coconut varieties as part of the integrated pest management toolbox is considered to be an effective medium to long-term strategy. Thus, it is anticipated that resistant varieties will become increasingly important as a component of the IPM toolbox as we encounter invasive species and face the vagaries of climate change. This strategy may also be helpful for managing diseases caused by phytoplasmas. The paper alluded to a number of challenges faced in breeding resistant coconut varieties and the strategies for deploying them. The future projects interesting prospects for resistant variety development that are underpinned by the use of biotechnological tools such as Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) and Eco-TILLING and supported by advances in tissue culture and micropropagation that could be used to expedite conventional breeding programs.

Advances in Biotechnological Production and Metabolic Regulation of Astragalus membranaceus.

Legume medicinal plants Astragalus membranaceus are widely used in the world and have very important economic value, ecological value, medicinal value, and ornamental value. The bioengineering technology of medicinal plants is used in the protection of endangered species, the rapid propagation of important resources, detoxification, and the improvement of degraded germplasm. Using bioengineering technology can effectively increase the content of secondary metabolites in A. membranaceus and improve the probability of solving the problem of medicinal plant resource shortage. In this review, we focused on biotechnological research into A. membranaceus, such as the latest advances in tissue culture, including callus, adventitious roots, hairy roots, suspension cells, etc., the metabolic regulation of chemical compounds in A. membranaceus, and the research progress on the synthetic biology of astragalosides, including the biosynthesis pathway of astragalosides, microbial transformation of astragalosides, and metabolic engineering of astragalosides. The review also looks forward to the new development trend of medicinal plant biotechnology, hoping to provide a broader development prospect for the in-depth study of medicinal plants.

In Search of Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas with a Note on Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa

Phytoplasmas are phloem restricted, Gram positive bacteria without cell walls and are transmitted by phloem-sap feeding Hemiptera families such as Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Cixiidae, Derbidae, Psyllidae and rarely by Pentatomidae and Tingidae. In the first part, this review briefly presents information available on the interaction among the phytoplasmas, their insect vectors, host plants and also very briefly the environment. In the second part, it deals with the xylem restricted, vector transmitted, Gram negative, Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al.) and most likely candidate vectors if the organism gets accidentally introduced into India. Two proven vectors of X. fastidiosa in Taiwan namely, Kolla paulula (Walker) and Bothrogonia ferruginea (Fabricius) occur in India. In the third part, ways to search for the promising vectors of both the pathogens is dealt with. Emphasis is laid on for a close cooperation amongst insect taxonomists, molecular biologists and plant pathologists to look into investigations dealing with these organisms right from the initial stages. Brief account of confirmed and putative vectors of phytoplasmas in India and most likely groups of Auchecnorrhyncha that may vector X. fastidiosa are given and the species dealt with are illustrated for ease of preliminary identification. Use of recent advances in tissue culture, vector biology, artificial feeding of Hemiptera and molecular biology are suggested for fast tracking the search for vectors of these pathogens.

In vitro plant regeneration and transformation studies in millets: current status and future prospects

Millets are a group of small seeded cereals and forage grasses grown in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa, where majority of cereals cannot be relied upon to provide sustainable yield. While major cereals such as wheat, rice and maize provide only food security, millets provide multiple securities, viz., food, fodder, health, nutrition, livelihood and ecological. Each of the millets is a reservoir of several nutrients in large quantity. They are nutritionally rich in minerals, dietary fiber, phenolics, vitamins, and are gluten-free. In the present review recent advances in tissue culture and genetic transformation studies conducted in millets to date have been summarized. Although there is a vast amount of literature available on millet tissue culture, only a limited number of transformation experiments have been conducted so far. Millets have been transformed primarily by particle bombardment, whereas Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is still lagging behind. Efforts need to be made to genetically improve millets by incorporating certain agronomically important traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, resistance to lodging, increased seed size and palatability along with softness of grain to make these crops more desirable for consumer.

팔레놉시스 조직배양 및 형질전환 최근 연구동향

This report describes recent advances in tissue culture and genetic transformation of commercial Phalaenopsis. Recently, an importance of Phalaenopsis has been increased due to its popularity with beautiful flowers and is widely used for pot plants as well as cut-flower. Its use is rapidly enlarging in worldwide. Thus, demands for the release of new elite cultivars in Phalaenopsis have been increased. During the last several decades, some critical progresses have been made in tissue culture and genetic transformation in Phalaenopsis species. Cooperation with these biotechnological methods are supposed to promote the release of commercial Phalaenopsis cultivars in the near future. Until now, no technical review on tissue culture and genetic transformation in Phalaenopsis has been reported in Korea. Therefore, we inquired the brief history and techniques of tissue culture system in Korea.

분자육종에 의한 장미 신품종 최근 개발 동향

This report describes recent advances in tissue culture, genetic transformation of commercial rose (Rosa hybrida) and in development of new rose cultivars by molecular breeding. Rose is one of major cut-flowers in global horticulture industry. Successful progresses were made in development of new cultivars for pathogen resistant, environmental stress resistant and petal color modification by molecular breeding. New cultivars, however, has not reported yet in korea, although lots of progresses were achieved in each field of conventional breeding, tissue culture and genetic transformation. Cooperation in these research fields will promote screening of useful genes to have specific traits on rose and exploiting of processes to improve in the efficiency of tissue culture and genetic transformation of rose, therefore, we hopefully expect that new rose cultivars by molecular breeding will be released in the near future.

A potential role for CD8+ T-cells as regulators of CNS vascular permeability

The role of immune cells in promoting central nervous system (CNS) vascular permeability is poorly understood. In recent years, there is a growing body of literature that suggests CD8+ T-cells are potent mediators of vascular permeability in peripheral viral infections as well as in immune mediated neurological diseases. This review outlines the recent advances in tissue culture and animal models used to study vascular permeability. In addition, we put forth our hypothesis that CD8+ T-cells promote the opening of tight junctions between cerebral endothelial cells, enabling the infiltration of white blood cells and in certain models even leading to microhemorrhages in the CNS. Determining the mechanism by which CD8+ T-cells and other immune cells promote CNS vascular permeability in animal models could define new targets for immune mediated neurological conditions characterized by vascular permeability.

In vitro plant regeneration from immature embryo axis and cotyledons of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is the most important economic species within the genus Phaseolus. It is grown in all parts of the world. Genetic improvement by conventional breeding has met considerable success, although production of hybrids between species within the genus has been limited due to sexual incompatibility. Recent advances in tissue culture have offered the opportunity to produce cultivars, which could not be obtained by conventional breeding methods. The use of tissue culture and genetic engineering is viewed as a logical approach to improve bean production. Gene transfer techniques will have a great impact on legumes. Although the concept of cell totipotency is widely proved, in vitro morphogenesis has not yet been achieved for a large number of cultivated beans. Regeneration protocols are strongly influenced by the genotype. In tissue and cell culture of beans, the factors controlling shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are still unknown. The reported data suggest a possible way for future research.

Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology

Members of the Chrysanthemum-complex include important floricultural (cut-flower) and ornamental (pot and garden) crops, as well as plants of culinary, medicinal and (ethno)pharmacological interest. The last 35 years have seen a tremendous emphasis on their in vitro tissue culture and micropropagation, while the latter 10–15 years has seen a surge in transformation experiments, all aimed at ameliorating aesthetic and growth characteristics of the plants. This review highlights all available literature that exists on ornamental Chrysanthemum in vitro cell, tissue and organ culture, micropropagation and transformation.

Advances in tissue culture of adult larch

This paper reviews some of the recent research on micropropagation of mature larch (Larix) trees. Different methods are reported concerning the use of the organogenic and embryogenic potential of adult plant material. Successful plant regeneration of adult larch trees by combining tissue culture methods is presented. The growth behavior of regenerated plants was compared with seedlings. Special attention was focused on preconditioning of donor material. Possible basic principles, responsible for a successful propagation of adult donor trees, are discussed.

Efficient in vitro shoot regeneration responses of Phaseolus vulgaris and P. coccineus

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is the most important economic species within the genus Phaseolus, and it is grown in all parts of the world. Genetic improvement by conventional breeding has met considerable success, although production of hybrids between species within the genus has been limited due to sexual incompatibility or other evolutionary lethalities. Recent advances in tissue culture have offered the opportunity to produce cultivars which could not be obtained by conventional breeding methods, but regeneration protocols are influenced by the genotype. A standard regeneration procedure was assessed for its applicability to elite breeding lines of P. vulgaris L. and landraces of P. coccineus L. from seedling explants containing a cotyledon and a small portion of the split embryonic axis. In vitro culture response and regeneration ability varied significantly between species and amongst genotypes. P. coccineus produced more shoots per explant with a higher rooting efficiency than P. vulgaris. These significant genotype effects suggest that genetic factors are important in the response to in vitro tissue culture. Different genotypes were identified, which were more competent to in vitro culture and could produce highly responsible hybrids. This in vitro culture system carry a high potential for propagation of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus, and subsequent exploitation of hybrid forms, which could also be incorporated into somatic cell approaches to improve these species.

Advances in Tissue Culture and Progress Towards Genetic Transformation of Cereals

Advances in Tissue Culture and Progress Towards Genetic Transformation of Cereals

The use of hormone-supplemented serum-free media in primary cultures

Recent advances in tissue culture and endocrinology have made possible the growth of established cell lines in hormone-supplemented serum-free media. The hormone requirements differ for different cell types but are similar or identical for the same cell types. The hormone supplements derived for four different cell types, a melanoma, GH3 pituitary tumor, and testicular cell lines TM3 and TM4 are used in preparing primary cultures for organs to detect melanoma metastasis, and grow normal pituitary and normal Leydig and Sertoli cells, respectively. This hormone supplementation and the concomitant elimination or reduction of the serum requirement is shown to have several advantages in the preparation of primary cultures including prolonged viability and function, partial or total selection of the desired cell type and inhibition of fibroblast overgrowth. It is felt that such culture systems will significantly expand the range of problems which can be approached using primary culture systems.

Synapse formation and neurotrophic effects on muscle cell lines.

To understand synaptic specificity and neurotrophic interactions at the molecular level, it is desirable to have a system in which the techniques of electrophysiology, electron microscopy and biochemistry can be applied together under well-controlled conditions. Recent advances in tissue culture have made it possible to study synapse formation in vitro. The advantages of the in vitro system over in vivo studies include the ease of controlling the experimental conditions and the possibility of avoiding many of the uncontrollable variables inherent in animal studies.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY: Some Recent Advances in Tissue Culture

SECTION OF BIOLOGY: <i>Some Recent Advances in Tissue Culture</i>

Third International Congress of Experimental Cytology

THE third International Congress of Experimental Cytology will be held at Cambridge on August 21–26. The international president is Prof. Th. Huzella, professor of anatomy in the University of Debrecen, whose presidential address will be entitled “Culture des tissus en ses relations aux problèmes générates de la biologie et aux problèmes speciales de la médecine”. The chief feature of the Congress will be discussions on the following topics: “Cell Respiration and Cell Metabolism”; “Cell Form and Function as demonstrated by Recent Advances in Tissue Culture”; “The Electro-Physiology of the Cell”; “Entwicklungsmechanik und Explantation”; “The Cultivation of Animal and Plant Viruses”. Papers will be presented by authors from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Hungary, U.S.S.R., United States, Poland, Italy, Holland, Czechoslovakia, France, Switzerland, Denmark, and Japan. Among the distinguished foreign visitors will be Prof. H. Wieland (Munich), Prof. A. Szent-Gyorgyi (Budapest), Prof. R. Chambers (New York), Prof. W. J. V. Osterhout (New York), Prof. J. Michaelis (New York), Prof. S. C. Brooks (Berkeley), and Dr. K. Landsteiner (New York). Further information concerning the Congress can be obtained from Dr. Honor B. Fell, Strangeways Research Laboratory, via Cherryhinton, Cambridge.