Language Paradigm Research Articles

The Performance Comparison of a Brute-Force Password Cracking Algorithm using Regular Functions and Generator Functions in Python

Python is used extensively in research, including algorithm testing. Python is a multi-paradigm programming language and supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming. In the functional side, it supports both regular functions and generator functions. This study tests both approaches in terms of usability cases and performance. A password-cracking algorithm is used for this tryout.

NATIVE-CENTEREDNESS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING MATERIALS: A MULTIMODAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON INDONESIAN ELT TEXTBOOKS’ COVER

This is a multimodal critical discourse analysis of three Indonesian English language teaching textbooks. The study focused on the representation of the visuals on the cover to describe English as an International Language paradigm in Indonesia. This study was a qualitative study where the data were presented in the form of a narrative story. The researcher also employed themes to answer the research questions. The result showed that the orientation of English language teaching in Indonesia was native-centeredness where correctness was the focus of the process. Meanwhile, the practice would not prepare the student to have cross-cultural communication where English was used as the Lingua Franca. The result was likely to be in accordance with the latest study on Indonesian teachers’ perspective of the EIL paradigm which showed reluctance.

Ассоциативно-вербальная сеть языка PLAUTDIETSCH немцев-меннонитов Сибири

The paper examines the language of the Mennonite Germans Plautdietsch from a psycholinguistic view point. First, the article describes the history of the Mennonite Germans, discusses the problem of determining their linguistic status in the dialect-Mundart- language paradigm and singles out Plautdietsch as an independent language. Further, a brief description of Mennonite lifestyle is given, in particular, that of the inhabitants of Neudachino village in Novosibirsk region, where the research material was collected. Due to the absence of an established written tradition, it was not possible to conduct the associative experiment in written form, both stimuli and reactions were recorded and then transcribed in Cyrillic, the spelling understandable to the informants. Based on the results of a pilot associative experiment conducted with 13 Plautdietsch speakers in 2021, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of stimuli and reactions were studied. By calculating the total brightness index, the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of Mennonite Germans’ linguistic consciousness have been distinguished. According to the semantics of the associations, a verbal-associative network that consists of five thematic groups and expresses the linguistic consciousness of Mennonite Germans (Everyday Life, Possessions, Space, Time and Conceptual Categories) was formed. Already at the stage of the pilot experiment, the conducted research allows us to draw conclusions about the uniqueness and autonomy of Plautdietsch, as well as to highlight the key features of the native speakers’ linguistic worldview.

Test-retest reliability of electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic measures elicited during language tasks: A literature review.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings during language processing can provide relevant insights on neuroplasticity in clinical populations (including patients with aphasia). To use EEG and MEG in a longitudinal way, the outcome measures should be consistent across time in healthy individuals. Therefore, the current study provides a review on the test-retest reliability of EEG and MEG measures elicited during language paradigms in healthy adults. PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant articles based on specific eligibility criteria. In total, 11 articles were included in this literature review. The test-retest reliability of the P1, N1 and P2 issystematically considered to be satisfactory, whereas findings are more variable for event-related potentials/fields occurring later in time. The within subject consistency of EEG and MEG measures during language processing can be influenced by multiple variables such as the stimulus presentation mode, the offline reference choice and the required amount of cognitive resources during the task. To conclude, most of the available results are favourable regarding the longitudinal use of EEG and MEG measures elicited during language paradigms in healthy young individuals. In view to the use of these techniques in patients with aphasia, future research should focus on whether the same findings apply to different age groups.

Expanding the English as an International Language paradigm from different native language perspectives

Abstract The present paper aims at expanding the English as an International Language (EIL) paradigm and providing new insights into the current status and role of EIL.1 The main focus of the study is on information structuring (IS) in dialogic speech events to show how IS affects the use of particular constructions, namely it-clefts, wh-cleft and topicalisation (left dislocation) which seem to show higher frequency in EIL than in standard English (Biber et al. 1998). For the purpose of this preliminary study, samples of spoken ELF data including private dialogues and academic discussions were selected from the VOICE (Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English) to investigate left-right asymmetries in EIL interactions, which is an area still lacking of attention with respect to lexical and other phrasal phenomena.

The language paradigm of social prejudice as a factor in the social exclusion of LGBTQI members

The primary objective of this research is to emphasize how social prejudice, which has not received enough attention, plays a role in the social exclusion of LGBTQI people. The researchers demonstrated that this issue also affects the sexual minority in society. This is a pressing topic that has to be discussed. Thus, it must be handled as well. The chief goal of this research study is to explicitly detail the language paradigm of social bias in the LGBTQI community. Two hundred survey participants who gave enthusiastic responses to the questionnaires were chosen. According to the information provided by the respondents, the study's findings cannot necessarily be generalized to students who do not identify as LGBTQI or are not enrolled at UM Tagum College. Queer Theory, developed in 1991 by Italian American feminist theorist Teresa de Laurentiis, serves as the theoretical foundation for this work. Because many people tend to exclude LGBTQI people from society due to their sexuality, romantic relationships, and lifestyle preferences, this theory was created.

Exploring individual differences in musical rhythm and grammar skills in school-aged children with typically developing language

A growing number of studies have shown a connection between rhythmic processing and language skill. It has been proposed that domain-general rhythm abilities might help children to tap into the rhythm of speech (prosody), cueing them to prosodic markers of grammatical (syntactic) information during language acquisition, thus underlying the observed correlations between rhythm and language. Working memory processes common to task demands for musical rhythm discrimination and spoken language paradigms are another possible source of individual variance observed in musical rhythm and language abilities. To investigate the nature of the relationship between musical rhythm and expressive grammar skills, we adopted an individual differences approach in N = 132 elementary school-aged children ages 5–7, with typical language development, and investigated prosodic perception and working memory skills as possible mediators. Aligning with the literature, musical rhythm was correlated with expressive grammar performance (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). Moreover, musical rhythm predicted mastery of complex syntax items (r = 0.26, p = 0.003), suggesting a privileged role of hierarchical processing shared between musical rhythm processing and children’s acquisition of complex syntactic structures. These relationships between rhythm and grammatical skills were not mediated by prosodic perception, working memory, or non-verbal IQ; instead, we uncovered a robust direct effect of musical rhythm perception on grammatical task performance. Future work should focus on possible biological endophenotypes and genetic influences underlying this relationship.

Development of an Immersive VR Experience Using Integrated Survey Technologies and Hybrid Scenarios

The paper was aimed to promoting and improving the knowledge of the Naples city’s monuments through an immersive visit experience, according to the paradigms of new digital languages. Thanks to the use of integrated technologies, some monuments of the city are presented in virtual way, with unusual viewpoints, that reveal previously unseen details, many of them not directly visible to tourists. A journey created by the use of integrated technologies, to discover historical facades and museums to be explored in total freedom, without physical constraints, without cognitive barriers. The technological basis supporting the visit consists of integrated solutions including digital photogrammetry, 3D modelling, virtual restoration and persuasive storytelling, all organised to provide a product for the general public, to be enjoyed with VR headsets. The available contents are organised on different reading levels, in according to three paths that include: a visit to the MANN (National Archaeological Museum of Naples), a visit within the virtual room dedicated to the most important museums of the city and a virtual walk through the decumani, the heart of historical centre. The virtual enjoyment of contexts no longer visible in original state or not accessible by tourists is resolved by the virtual reconstruction and re-location of artefacts in a virtual space, here called Virtual Room.

ANALISIS ISI: KARAKTERISTIK TEKS DALAM BUKU BAHASA INDONESIA PEGANGAN SISWA SMA

The research aims to identify the characteristics of the text in teaching materials in the form of Indonesian language textbooks for class XI students of junior high school. The type of text chosen is procedure text, Lectures, Short Stories, and Dramas on the basis of the choice that there is a new paradigm of language and text, curriculum development, the need to optimize learning references for teachers and students, the importance of improving students' analytical abilities, and to see the extent of feasibility use of these teaching materials. The research method is content analysis of the collected literature. Covers key aspects of reading and writing skills and assessment. Is a type of descriptive analysis with a type of qualitative research. Research as a tool is a collection of someone's writings in the form of hardcopy/softcopy so that they are in the form of a grid. The results of the data analysis showed that there were differences between the substance of the text content and the students' social backgrounds, and there were errors/errors/negligence in the preparation/presentation of the text, such as the use of punctuation marks. conjunctions, contradictions between titles and contents, and so on. So it is recommended to review.

Retracted: Analysis of Color Language and Aesthetic Paradigm of Print Art Based on GB-BP Neural Network.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/4383092.].

REPRESENTATION OF THE ANGER OF THE PROPHET MUSA IN THE QUR'AN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN ISLAM

This study aimed to analyze the anger of the Prophet Musa in the Qur'an from the perspective of the psychology of human intrapersonal communication in Islam. This research used qualitative methodology in the language paradigm, which aimed to find the essence of the meaning of words and sentences in a text. The subject of the study was the Qur'an verses related to the Prophet Musa's anger. Data collection techniques were library research and documentation. Data analysis techniques included collecting, reducing, presenting, and drawing credible conclusions. The results of the study stated that human psychology in a positive self-concept would have a self-confidence effect and have the strength and power to vent anger on people who make mistakes. In the psychological approach of human intrapersonal communication, Prophet Musa’s anger went through a long process of sensation, perception, memory, and thinking which determined the attitude of anger, which had a positive effect.

Relocating English Studies and SoTL in the Global South: Towards Decolonizing English and Critiquing the Coloniality of Language

South Africa has policies and frameworks for curriculum design, transformation, and quality assurance in each public institution of higher education (HE). These policies influence the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL), particularly at the departmental and disciplinary levels of English Studies. Despite the policy narratives and rhetoric, English Studies still carries vestiges of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa. Similarly, in other disciplines, scholars in the Global South have highlighted coloniality, epistemicides, epistemic errors, and epistemic injustices, but not in a dual critique of SoTL and the English language. Hypercritical self-reflexivity by academics should be the norm in SoTL, and this should be linked to language-based curriculum reforms and module content designs. All of these self-reflexive efforts should foreground how the mission to transform and decolonize is entangled with Eurocentric paradigms of English language teaching. This paper characterizes the nexus between SoTL and the coloniality of language within South African higher education. It also discusses and critiques the nature of an English department in a post-apartheid and postcolonial South Africa. In addition, it critiques the coloniality of language and imperial English language paradigms often embraced by higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa, and delineates curriculum transformation, Africanization, and decolonizing English within this educational sector. Finally, the paper challenges Eurocentric SoTL practices and colonialist English language paradigms by framing its argument within a critical southern decolonial perspective and a post-Eurocentric SoTL.

Discrepancies between CLT Principles and the Romanian Language and Literature for Hungarian Minority Curriculum and Its Implementation

Abstract The study of the Romanian language and literature is a compulsory subject for students of Hungarian minority in Romania. However, the most effective language learning methods and paradigms take into account and exploit students’ language awareness and linguistic repertoire. Such a didactic approach builds on students’ language skills and teaches children to use their language resources through teaching situations embedded in everyday school life that focus on observing and comparing different languages. In recent years, there have been several attempts to bring about a paradigm shift in the teaching of the Romanian language and allow Hungarian students to learn Romanian as a foreign language. However, a significant shift can be observed between the levels and contents of the 4th-and 5th-grade textbooks, causing serious difficulties for 5th graders. Our study presents the initial stage of a textbook analysis. We examine the extent to which the available textbooks for the 5th grade follow the methodological changes in communicative and post-communicative language teaching and the extent to which they take advantage of the language opportunities provided by students’ linguistic repertoire.

Strategies for Improving Chinese Writing Exercises of Senior Grade Students in the Primary School of the Yi Ethnic Group

There has been a strong consensus among previous researchers that first language interferes with second language acquisition. A limited number of studies have been conducted to examine this interference in writing Chinese. Chinese writing exercises for primary school students of the Yi ethnic group in rural areas tend to encourage students to incorporate their native language habits into Chinese writing practices. This enables students to apply modern Chinese word order to the Yi language paradigm. Consequently, they are prone to grammatical errors, word order errors, and collocation errors in their compositions. This study focuses on elementary school students' writing abilities in order to alleviate their fears associated with Chinese writing. It also assists them in grasping the second language writing paradigm, and enjoying writing. In addition, by analyzing the composition errors of the students in the corpus, we propose some practical recommendations from three perspectives: educators, students, and institutions. These recommendations will enhance language and writing education within ethnic communities through theoretical and practical strategies.

Guitar Music of Celso Garrido-Lecca: Modern Projections of Peruan Traditions

The relevance of the article is to deepen the analytical aspect of knowledge about Peruan guitar music of the late 20th – early 21st centuries in the context of the renewal of genre traditions of Andean music on the example of works by Celso Garrido-Lecca. Main objective of the study is to determine the influence of Peruvian traditions on the guitar music of Celso Garrido-Lecca in the conditions of modern creative contexts. The methodology includes methods of historical, comparative, phenomenological, structural and functional analysis for: contextual consideration of the composer's creative activity; study of genre and style elements of Peruvian music traditions of folk, professional and non-academic origin in their interaction with the academic language of new music; comparison of the genealogy of rhythmic structures and their manifestations in the researched works; correlation of associative-figurative series with timbral connotations, specific genres and intonation and chord patterns. Results and conclusions. The study of the guitar music of the contemporary Peruvian composer Celso Garrido-Lecca performed by masters of academic art opens interesting pages of the new South American repertoire. Loyalty to the folklore traditions of his country, the study of timbre specificity and aesthetics of the Andean sound, the organology of ancient aerophones and local analogues of the charango, the collective practice of music making, as well as the ethnic language elements of the music of the coastal regions have affected the author's guitar works. Household traditions of Peruvian culture are identified in the sound atmosphere of the new vocabulary of the European model - polytonal “collage” music layers, constructivist modal octatonic arrangements, in the context of serial elements and polystylistic overlays of “foreign” texts. The genealogy of the rhythms deciphered in the composer's guitar opuses indicates a closeness to specific genre features: the Andean rhythm formulas of the huáyno, the Afro-Peruvian festejo, the ancient figures of the landó, the Creole samacueca, the tondero and the marinera with Iberian roots. The author resorted to quoting folklore sources in "Popular Andean Dances" with their updating with musical means of modern vocabulary; imitated the timbres of Andean flute orchestras in the cycle “Poetics” in the guitar parts; introduced the Andean charango of the Ayacuchan model into the scores of the orchestral versions of his suites; in the part of the instrumental duet of charango and guitar. In Celso Garrido-Lecca's guitar works, syntheses of archaic thinking of folkloric Andean chants, hybrid origins of poetics of local Creole and Afro-Peruvian rhythms with new language and intonation paradigms of academic art are organically embodied. Research perspectives are seen in the study of the influence of Peruvian culture on the modern non-academic traditions.

NCOG-14. INTRAOPERATIVE COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC MAPPING GUIDED BY VISUALIZATION OF GAMMA BAND MODULATION ELECTROCORTICOGRAMS: PROOF OF CONCEPT IN A PATIENT WITH LEFT TEMPORAL AND OCCIPITAL LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA

Abstract OBJECTIVE Determine the feasibility and preliminary utility of a novel approach to intraoperative brain mapping guided by visualization of electrocorticography (ECoG) heat maps. METHODS A 39-year-old male with a biopsy-proven left posterior temporal and occipital WHO grade II IDH-mutant astrocytoma underwent awake craniotomy with intraoperative language mapping. Language mapping utilized a dual iPad stimulus presentation system (NeuroMapper) coupled to a portable real-time neural signal processing system capable of both recording cortical activity and delivering direct cortical stimulation in a closed-loop fashion. An ECoG grid (4x8 with 1cm pitch) which covered the majority of the left temporal lobe was used to assess oscillatory cortical activity during administration of language paradigms including object, action, auditory descriptive, and written descriptive naming. ECoG recording and cortical stimulation were synchronized with stimulus presentation via a photosensor attached to the patient-facing tablet. Gamma band modulations in response to language paradigms at each electrode were processed in real-time and visualized as heat maps in MATLAB/Simulink. Following recording and visualization, bipolar direct cortical stimulation from the grid was conducted for each neighboring electrode pair (up to an intensity of 6 mA) during administration of language tasks. RESULTS Despite mild fluent aphasia, a large set of reliable baseline stimuli were obtained for the language mapping paradigms. All naming paradigms resulted in strongest heat map activation at electrode 12 located in the anterior to mid superior temporal gyrus. During stimulation, consistent speech arrest was observed across all paradigms when stimulating electrode pair 11-12, indicating good correspondence with ECoG heat map recordings. Additionally, this region corresponded well with posterior language network representation via resting-state fMRI. CONCLUSION Intraoperative real-time visualization of task-based ECoG gamma band modulation is feasible and may help identify targets for direct cortical stimulation. If validated, this may improve the efficiency and accuracy of intraoperative language mapping.

Automatic detection of bearing faults

The potential for machine Condition Monitoring (CM) to enhance system performance and forestall harmful failures has been rising considerably. It is applicable to all or any rotating machinery where preventive fault diagnosis could be a must like Engines, drive trains, gearboxes, pumps, turbines, compressors, fans etc. Detection of bearing faults is one in all the foremost challenging tasks in bearing health condition monitoring, especially when the fault is at its initial stage. The defects in bearing unless detected in time may result in malfunctioning of the machinery. Acquisition of vibration signals coming from various machine components, performing its analysis for prediction of faults and understanding the root cause for high vibrations has been an established practice. However, while performing analysis of vibration signals, it is close to impossible to separate out and focus on ‘bearing frequencies’ especially in the presence of strong masking signals from other machine components. In this paper a study and implementation of ‘advanced’ vibration analysis technique viz envelope analysis for localization of bearing frequencies from the masking signals generated by other machine components is discussed. A smart graphical user interface-based software tool has been developed for automatic detection of bearing faults. The automatic detection techniques presented in this paper can be very helpful for condition monitoring especially for early diagnosis of bearing faults. This may help industries for minimizing the downtime due to machine breakdown. With the help of vibration sensor (accelerometer), FFT analyzer, set of faulty bearings installed with rotating arrangement and a graphical user interface-based software tool designed with the help of multi-paradigm programming language, the setup for automatic detection of bearing faults has been validated.

Task-based profiles of language impairment and their relationship to cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

ObjectiveParkinson’s Disease (PD) is associated with both motor and non-motor problems, such as cognitive impairment. Particular focus in this area has been on the relationship between language impairment and decline in other cognitive functions, with the literature currently inconclusive on how the nature and degree of language impairment relate to cognition or other measures of disease severity. In addition, little information is available on how language problems identified in experimental task set-ups relate to competency in self-generated language paradigms such as picture description, monologues or conversations. This study aimed to inform clinical management of language impairment in PD by exploring (1) language performance across a range of experimental as well as self-generated language tasks, (2) how the relationship between these two aspects might be affected by the nature of the cognitive and language assessment; and (3) to what degree performance can be predicted across the language tasks.Methods22 non-demented people with PD (PwPD) and 22 healthy control participants performed a range of cognitive and language tasks. Cognitive tasks included a screening assessment in addition to tests for set shifting, short term memory, attention, as well as letter and category fluency. Language was investigated in highly controlled grammar tasks as well as a Sentence Generation and a Narrative.ResultsThe study highlighted impaired ability in set-shifting and letter fluency in the executive function tasks, and a higher rate of grammatical and lexical errors across all language tasks in the PD group. The performance in the grammar task was linked to set shifting ability, but error rates in Sentence Generation and Narrative were independent of this. There was no relevant relationship between performances across the three language tasks.ConclusionsOur results suggest that there is a link between executive function and language performance, but that this is task dependent in non-demented PwPD. This has implications for the management of language impairment in PD, both for assessment and for designing effective interventions.

Long-term memory predictors of adult language learning at the interface between syntactic form and meaning.

Recent neurocognitive models of second language learning have posited specific roles for declarative and procedural memory in the processing of novel linguistic stimuli. Pursuing this line of investigation, the present exploratory study examined the role of declarative and procedural memory abilities in the early stages of adult comprehension of sentences in a miniature language with natural language characteristics (BrocantoJ). Thirty-six native Italian young adults were aurally exposed to BrocantoJ in the context of a computer game over three sessions on consecutive days. Following vocabulary training and passive exposure, participants were asked to perform game moves described by aural sentences in the language. Game trials differed with respect to the information the visual context offered. In part of the trials processing of relationships between grammatical properties of the language (word order and morphological case marking) and noun semantics (thematic role) was necessary in order reach an accurate outcome, whereas in others nongrammatical contextual cues were sufficient. Declarative and procedural learning abilities were respectively indexed by visual and verbal declarative memory measures and by a measure of visual implicit sequence learning. Overall, the results indicated a substantial role of declarative learning ability in the early stages of sentence comprehension, thus confirming theoretical predictions and the findings of previous similar studies in miniature artificial language paradigms. However, for trials that specifically probed the learning of relationships between morphosyntax and semantics, a positive interaction between declarative and procedural learning ability also emerged, indicating the cooperative engagement of both types of learning abilities in the processing of relationships between ruled-based grammar and interpretation in the early stages of exposure to a new language in adults.

The depth of anesthesia under sevoflurane can be monitored based on calling names language paradigm and Ag/AgCl electrooculogram electrode

In the depth of anesthesia monitoring, electrooculogram is usually treated as an artifact of EEG. However, the amplitude of the electrooculogram is much greater than that of electroencephalography. Its requirements for electrode materials and detection circuits are also far lower than electroencephalography. In this prospective cohort study, we use a new language paradigm that elicited rhythmic ocular muscle activity to explore whether the electrooculogram can be used for monitoring the depth of anesthesia. Thirty-three patients inhaled sevoflurane via a laryngeal mask for induction of anesthesia. According to the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration, patients were studied under three depth of sedation. Throughout all periods, the rhythmic calling of the patient’s own name script was sporadically played at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We found that the electrooculogram was synchronized to the language paradigm during induction with sevoflurane, and the Ag/AgCl electrode has a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio and 0.5 hz spectral peak value than other electrode. With the increase in the sevoflurane concentration, the synchronizing ability gradually weakened and eventually disappeared. Based on this evidence, we proposed a new method that can improve the performance of the anesthesia prediction monitoring model.