Experimental Advances Research Articles

Overview of Recombinant Tick Vaccines and Perspectives on the Use of Plant-Made Vaccines to Control Ticks of Veterinary Importance.

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that affect animals, and some of them transmit a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to both animals and humans. Several vaccines have shown immunogenicity and protective efficacy against ticks in animal models and definitive hosts. After several decades on anti-tick vaccine research, only a commercial vaccine based on a recombinant antigen is currently available. In this context, plants offer three decades of research and development on recombinant vaccine production to immunize hosts and as a delivery vehicle platform. Despite the experimental advances in plant-made vaccines to control several parasitosis and infectious diseases, no vaccine prototype has been developed against ticks. This review examines a panorama of ticks of veterinary importance, recombinant vaccine experimental developments, plant-made vaccine platforms, and perspectives on using this technology as well as the opportunities and limitations in the field of tick vaccine research.

Self-Powered Flexible Sensors: From Fundamental Mechanisms toward Diverse Applications

Abstract Today, human life is inseparable from energy for clothing, food, housing, use and travelling, however, traditional resources can no longer meet our energy needs today. Self-powered sensing devices that can run consistently and sustainably without a source of power from the outside are top choices for new energy sources with their unique advantages. Based on advances in the field of materials and manufacturing techniques, it is able to autonomously extract energy from different sources. In this review, we focus on reviewing the current state of research on self-powered wearable sensors, providing a concise overview of energy harvesting technologies, energy conversion mechanisms, structural or material innovations, energy storage and processing platforms. Then，experimental advances in different energy sources are presented, showing their underlying mechanisms, and the potential for energy acquisition. In addition, we discuss applications of self-powered flexible sensors in medicine, sports and food. Despite considerable achievements in this field, widespread commercialization will necessitate enhanced sensor detection abilities, improved design factors for adaptable devices, and a harmony between sensitivity and standardisation.

Uncovering malate dehydrogenase: structure, function and role in disease.

Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) have been extensively studied since the 1960s due to their key roles in carbon metabolism and pathways such as redox balance and lipid synthesis. Recently, there has been renewed interest in these enzymes with the discovery of their role in the metabolic changes that occur during cancer and a widespread community of undergraduate teaching laboratories addressing MDH research questions, the Malate Dehydrogenase CUREs Community (MCC). This special issue describes different facets of MDH, including its physiological role, its structure-function relationships, its regulation through post-translational modifications, and perspectives on its evolutionary history. There are two human isoforms: a cytoplasmic isoform that carries out formation of NAD+ for glycolysis, and a mitochondrial isoform that plays a major role in the citric acid cycle. Although the sequences of these two isoforms vary, the structures of the enzymes are similar, and studies suggest that each isoform may form complexes with other enzymes in common pathways. Experimental and theoretical advances have helped to characterize the post-translational modifications of MDH, allowing us to ask more complex questions involving the regulation of the enzyme and substrate promiscuity in the context of cancer. Additionally, there are many unresolved questions on the role of malate dehydrogenase in other organisms, especially in parasites. The review articles in this issue seek to shed light on the latest advances in our understanding of MDH and highlight areas for future studies.

Denoising diffusion probabilistic models for generative alloy design

Inverse material design is an extremely challenging optimization task made difficult by, in part, the highly nonlinear relationship linking performance with composition. Quantitative approaches have improved significantly owing to advances in high throughput experimentation and computational thermodynamics. However, existing physics-based tools are mostly forward models; input a chemistry and obtain a prediction. More recently the materials community has leveraged advances in the machine learning community to establish novel inverse design frameworks. Very recently denoising diffusion probabilistic models have been shown to be extremely powerful generators producing synthetic data of various modalities e.g. images, text, audio, tables, etc.. In this work a novel framework for alloy design and optimization is proposed leveraging these class of models. Five key generative tasks are demonstrated (1) unconditional generation (2) composition conditioned generation (3) property conditioned generation (4) multi-feedstock conditioned generation and (5) generative optimization. These methods were tested on three case studies: high entropy alloy design, superalloy binder jet additive manufacturing, and in-situ dual-feedstock wire-arc additive manufacturing. Results indicate that the established models are extremely flexible, expressive, and robust. The architecture’s flexibility and training procedure empower the model to learn complex intra-compositional and composition-property relationships. Furthermore, the probabilistic nature of these models makes them well suited for addressing solution non-uniqueness and tackling uncertainty quantification tasks. While the fidelity and quantity of the underlying training data is paramount, we envision that future alloy design frameworks will make extensive use of these kinds of machine learning models as “search” tools bolstering the utility of experimental and computational approaches.

Systematic simulation of tumor cell invasion and migration in response to time-varying rotating magnetic field.

Cancer invasion and migration play a pivotal role in tumor malignancy, which is a major cause of most cancer deaths. Rotating magnetic field (RMF), one of the typical dynamic magnetic fields, can exert substantial mechanical influence on cells. However, studying the effects of RMF on cell is challenging due to its complex parameters, such as variation of magnetic field intensity and direction. Here, we developed a systematic simulation method to explore the influence of RMF on tumor invasion and migration, including a finite element method (FEM) model and a cell-based hybrid numerical model. Coupling with the data of magnetic field from FEM, the cell-based hybrid numerical model was established to simulate the tumor cell invasion and migration. This model employed partial differential equations (PDEs) and finite difference method to depict cellular activities and solve these equations in a discrete system. PDEs were used to depict cell activities, and finite difference method was used to solve the equations in discrete system. As a result, this study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of RMF in tumor treatment, and a series of in vitro experiments were performed to verify the simulation results, demonstrating the model's reliability and its capacity to predict experimental outcomes and identify pertinent factors. Furthermore, these findings shed new light on the mechanical and chemical interplay between cells and the ECM, offering new insights and providing a novel foundation for both experimental and theoretical advancements in tumor treatment by using RMF.

Non-Invasive Bio-Impedance Imaging and Sensing for Medical Diagnostics and Industrial Applications

Bio-impedance-based imaging technique stands at the intersection of medical/industrial imaging techniques and is also known as electrical impedance tomography (EIT), imparting a non-invasive, value-powerful approach for imaging biological tissues and procedures. We begin by elucidating the essential standards underlying EIT, focusing on the size of impedance variations inside an object (plastic pipe) to reconstruct its inner conductivity distribution. Subsequently, we delve into the numerous programs of EIT across numerous fields and discuss recent experimental strategies and advancements aimed at mitigating these boundaries, such as novel electrode configurations, advanced reconstruction algorithms, and incorporation of complementary imaging modalities. Finally, we underscore the importance of experimental research in advancing the capabilities and packages of EIT as a valuable device in industrial monitoring, specifically in bedside tracking, process pipelines, tank monitoring and also used for other medical or industrial detection, even as additionally exploring its rising roles in commercial and environmental applications.

J-TEXT achievements in turbulence and transport in support of future device/reactor

Following the reconstruction of the TEXT tokamak at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China, renamed as J-TEXT, a plethora of experimental and theoretical investigations has been conducted to elucidate the intricacies of turbulent transport within the tokamak configuration. These endeavors encompass not only the J-TEXT device’s experimental advancements but also delve into critical issues pertinent to the optimization of future fusion devices and reactors. The research includes topics on the suppression of turbulence, flow drive and damping, density limit, non-local transport, intrinsic toroidal flow, turbulence and flow with magnetic islands, turbulent transport in the stochastic layer, and turbulence and zonal flow with energetic particles or helium ash. Several important achievements have been made in the last few years, which will be further elaborated upon in this comprehensive review.

VUV imaging of type-I ELM filamentary structures and their temporal characteristics on EAST

In the H-mode experiments conducted on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), fluctuations induced by the so-called edge localized modes (ELMs) are captured by a high-speed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging system. Clear field line-aligned filamentary structures are analyzed in this work. Ion transport induced by ELM filaments in the scrape-off layer (SOL) under different discharge conditions is analyzed by comparing the VUV signals with the divertor probe signals. It is found that convective transport along open field lines towards the divertor target dominates the parallel ion particle transport mechanism during ELMs. The toroidal mode number of the filamentary structure derived from the VUV images increases with the electron density pedestal height. The analysis of the toroidal distribution characteristics during ELM bursts reveals toroidal asymmetry. The influence of resonance magnetic perturbation (RMP) on the ELM size is also analyzed using VUV imaging data. When the phase difference of the coil changes periodically, the widths of the filaments change as well. Additionally, the temporal evolution of the ELMs on the VUV signals provides rise time and decay time for each single ELM event, and the results indicate a negative correlation trend between these two times.

The onset of parametric decay of lower hybrid waves during lower hybrid current drive experiments on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

Abstract An ad hoc calculation is presented to interpret the growth of sideband waves during lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). We adopt the solution of the non-linear dispersion relation for parametric instabilities to describe the growth rate of ion cyclotron quasi-modes (ICQMs) in the peripheral plasma, and use the WKB solution of the propagation of electrostatic waves in two dimensions to model the variation of the electric field in the scrape-off-layer (SOL). We then calculate the growth rates and amplification factors of the sideband waves associated with ICQM in the parallel and perpendicular coupling limits. The onset and substantial growth of the first down-shifted sideband of lower hybrid waves (LHWs) are associated with elevation of the plasma density in the outer SOL where the growth rate of ICQM in the parallel coupling limit increases sharply after the density is elevated. The peak frequencies associated with the first harmonic of ICQM obtained from calculating the amplification factors in the parallel coupling limit ( A para ) agree very well with the observed frequencies of the first down-shifted sideband of 2.45 GHz LHWs in EAST pulse 43 772 and 86 521. The consistency between the calculation and the observation indicates that the sideband waves are associated with parametric decay instability of ICQM excited in the outer SOL through parallel coupling. The amplitude of A para obtained from a single pass of LHWs through the SOL of EAST is, however, one order of magnitude smaller than unity, meaning that it remains elusive whether the substantial growth of sideband waves mainly occurs in front of the antenna or requires multiple passes of LHWs across the SOL region.

Significant enhancment of the accuracy of impurity determination in vacuums using classification one-point laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a highly promising technique for the in-situ, real-time diagnosis of impurity deposits on the inner walls of tokamak devices. The deposited impurity on plasma-facing materials (PFCs) pose a significant risk to the steady-state operation of the tokamak. Under vacuum conditions, an accurate quantitative analysis of the thin co-deposition layers is a technical challenge. In this study, 30 co-deposited layer samples of tungsten (10.0–92.3 a.t.%), molybdenum (2.0–77.8 a.t.%), iron (2.9–12.1 a.t.%) and copper (1.2–18.7 a.t.%) were prepared to simulate the co-deposition layers found on PFCs in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A variation of the CF-LIBS algorithm, the so-called One Point Calibrated LIBS (OPC-LIBS), was employed to analyze these co-deposited layer samples under conditions of 5 × 10−5 mbar. It was found that the matrix matching degree among the measured samples and the selection of standard samples play a decisive role in the quantitative analysis capability of OPC-LIBS. In actual situations, the composition of the co-deposited impurity layers at different locations in the Tokamak will be quite different. We addressed this challenge by developing the Classified OPC-LIBS (COPC-LIBS) model, an enhanced version of OPC-LIBS with pre-classification to offset matrix effects in LIBS analysis. For tungsten in the co-deposition layers, the root mean square (RMSE) calculated by the CF-LIBS method was 14.7, the OPC-LIBS method was 11.5, and the newly invented COPC-LIBS was reduced to only 5.1. The COPC-LIBS method is a highly efficient technique that can precisely measure the distribution of co-deposited layers on the surface of inner wall materials. The diagnostic data obtained from this method will provide valuable insights into the interaction between plasma and wall materials during the operation of fusion devices.

Recent Advances in Ammonia Synthesis Modeling and Experiments on Metal Nitrides and Other Catalytic Surfaces

In this review, we explore the recent progress in catalytic materials for the ammonia syntheses that are based on metal nitrides and other catalytic surfaces. It comprises a detailed overlook of the various techniques used in ammonia synthesis research and the state-of-the-art modeling techniques employed to investigate new reaction mechanisms and more efficient processes for sustainable ammonia synthesis production. The review is discussed in the context of the reaction mechanisms developed and the recent progress that has been made with respect to thermal, electrochemical, and photocatalytic ammonia synthesis.

Evaluating the Viability and Optimization of Plasma Pilot Plants

Nuclear fusion stands as a promising avenue for achieving a sustainable and abundant energy source. Central to this endeavor is the development of effective pilot plants capable of demonstrating the feasibility of fusion power on a commercial scale. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of three leading magnetic confinement fusion configurations: the Advanced Tokamak (AT), Spherical Tokamak (ST), and Compact Stellarator (CS).The Tokamak, characterized by its toroidal shape and strong magnetic fields, has been the most researched and developed fusion device. The analysis focuses on the challenges related to maintaining stability and minimizing disruptions. Furthermore, the optimization strategies involving advanced materials, superconducting magnets, and innovative plasma control techniques are discussed to enhance the Tokamak's viability. In contrast, the Spherical Tokamak, a variant with a more compact and spherical design, promises improved current advancements including the handling of higher heat loads and magnetic field configurations. The Stellarator, with its complex, twisted magnetic field structure, eliminates the need for continuous external current drive, addressing some intrinsic issues of the Tokamak. By comparing these configurations, the paper identifies the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach in terms of confinement efficiency, operational stability, and engineering feasibility. The evaluation is supported by recent experimental data, simulation results, and technological advancements. Finally, the paper proposes a roadmap for the future development of fusion pilot plants, highlighting the need for an integrated approach that leverages the strengths of each configuration while addressing their individual challenges. The synthesis of this evaluation underscores the importance of continued research, cross-collaboration, and investment in advanced technologies to realize the goal of practical and economically viable fusion energy. This comparative analysis aims to provide a strategic framework for policymakers, researchers, and engineers in the fusion community, fostering informed decisions and prioritizing research efforts towards the most promising fusion energy configurations.

First results of a newly-built hard-X-ray/soft-Gamma spectrometer imaging system: on the aspect of plasma disruptions

Abstract A new Hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray spectrometer imaging System (HXS) has been built for the 2-Dimensional measurements of plasma emitted photons on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The system uses a 2-D Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detector and an integrated electronics, which is as a whole shielded by a tungsten box with a pinhole and is tangential to the toroidal field. Three classes of typical energy spectra have been summarized in differently experimental scenarios over the past campaigns. After performing tomography calculations, the local emissivity contours have been obtained in different energy ranges which obviously show the asymmetry on the plasma cross section. The spatial perturbation structure is similar to the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) modes with low mode numbers. In particular, the runaway island found by an infrared camera [R. Jaspers et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 4093 (1994)] is also measured by the HXS. There exists a reversal population on the energy spectra in both slide-away and strong neutral beam injection (NBI) shots. It is consistently observed that the count rate is increased in the low energy range before the plasma disruptions. Calculations in phase space indicate that the accelerated momentum flux can be deflected back to the low energy region by the large pitch-angle scattering. In the post-disruption phase the plasma current is not replaced by runaway electrons due to tearing modes or transiently bursting instabilities. This paper constructs the basics for the proper use of HXS for Hard X-ray and Soft Gamma-ray measurements in future investigations of plasma disruptions.

Spectroscopic analysis of tungsten spectra in extreme-ultraviolet range of 10-480 Å observed from EAST tokamak with full tungsten divertor

Tungsten spectra in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range of 10-480 Å have been observed from high-temperature plasmas in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with full tungsten divertor using four fast-time-response EUV spectrometers of EUV_Short (5-45 Å), EUV_Long_a (40–180 Å), EUV_Long_c (130–330 Å) and EUV_Long_b (270–480 Å) and two space-resolved EUV spectrometers of EUV_Short2_d (45–70 Å) and EUV_Long2_d (40–130 Å). The wavelength of measured spectra is accurately calibrated based on several well-known spectral lines emitted from low-Z (He, Li, C, N and O), medium-Z (Fe and Cu) and high-Z (Mo) impurity ions. Measurements of the tungsten spectra were taken from discharges accompanied with a transient tungsten burst event, which creates a pulsed influx of tungsten atoms into the EAST plasma. The tungsten spectra observed before and after the burst event are carefully analyzed with temporal behavior and radial profile distribution of the tungsten line intensity. As a result, 213 tungsten lines are successfully confirmed in the spectra observed after the tungsten burst, and the results are summarized in tables. These tungsten lines include line identifications of 78 lines of W XXIII - W XLVI (W22+ - W45+) at 10–140 Å and 88 lines of W V - W IX (W4+ - W8+) at 160–480 Å, while 47 tungsten lines at 50–380 Å could not be clarified the transition. In addition, quasi-continuum spectra called unresolved transition array (UTA) from tungsten ions in low- and high-ionization stages are also analyzed in three wavelength ranges of 18–38 Å, 45–70 Å and 150–280 Å at which W XXIII - W XXXVIII (W22+ - W37+), W XXVII - W XLVI (W26+ - W45+) and W VI—W IX (W5+ - W8+) are dominantly emitted, respectively. Through the analysis it is found that charge state distributions of tungsten UTA at 140–220 Å significantly vary with decrease in the electron temperature. Ionization stages of all observed tungsten lines including both isolated and quasi-continuum lines are experimentally reconfirmed by comparing the radial intensity profile with the electron temperature profile. Finally, spectral lines useful for tungsten diagnostic in fusion plasmas are selected and marked in the tables.

A long-pulse small edge-localized-mode high-confinement plasma with detachment feedback control by floating potential in an experimental advanced superconducting tokamak in a metal wall environment

Abstract One of the key challenges facing the magnetic fusion research is to demonstrate the compatibility between high confinement and radiative divertor in long-pulse discharges with a metal wall environment. A small edge localized mode (ELM) high confinement plasma is obtained in the upgraded lower divertor of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with an energy confinement factor H98~1.1 and a Greenwald density fraction fGW ~ 0.65 maintained for 26 s, and periodical detachment is achieved through active control of neon impurity seeding in this long-pulse discharge. For the divertor region, partial detachment is achieved periodically on the outer divertor target plates with the plasma temperature near the outer strike point decreased to below 5 eV and peak surface temperature on the outer divertor target plates maintained below 350C. The peak heat flux of the lower outer divertor decreases significantly and its profile along the target becomes very flat in the detached state. Two low-frequency (<10 kHz) fluctuations that are related to rippling mode caused by a resistive instability appear in the detached state. For the pedestal region, the electron pressure profile is flatter and ELM amplitude is smaller in the detached state than that in the attached state. Edge coherent mode (ECM) appears in the attached state and disappears in the detached state. To achieve this experimentally, a new impurity seeding feedback control scheme is applied, where the floating potential measured by divertor Langmuir probes is used as the feedback sensor, which is more reliable in the long-pulse discharges with high heat fluxes, thus more suitable for application in future devices. This work provides a new approach for the actively controlled radiative divertor as a solution to the divertor heat loads of the future fusion reactors.

Advances in the field of RNA 3D structure prediction and modeling, with purely theoretical approaches, and with the use of experimental data.

Recent advancements in RNA three-dimensional (3D) structure prediction have provided significant insights into RNA biology, highlighting the essential role of RNA in cellular functions and its therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the latest developments in computational methods, particularly the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning, which have improved the efficiency and accuracy of RNA structure predictions. We also discuss the integration of new experimental data types, including cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) techniques and high-throughput sequencing, which have transformed RNA structure modeling. The combination of experimental advances with computational methods represents a significant leap in RNA structure determination. We review the outcomes of RNA-Puzzles and critical assessment of structure prediction (CASP) challenges, which assess the state of the field and limitations of existing methods. Future perspectives are discussed, focusing on the impact of RNA 3D structure prediction on understanding RNA mechanisms and its implications for drug discovery and RNA-targeted therapies, opening new avenues in molecular biology.

Theoretical insights into the structures and fundamental properties of pnictogen nitrides

Abstract Recent experimental advancements reported a chemical reaction between antimony and nitrogen under high temperature and high pressure, yielding crystalline antimony nitride (Sb3N5) with an orthorhombic structure. Motivated by this statement, we calculate the stability, elastic properties, electronic properties and energy density of the Cmc21 structure for pnictogen nitrides X 3N5 (X = P, As, Sb, and Bi) using first-principles calculations combined with particle swarm optimization algorithms. Calculations of formation enthalpies, elastic constants and phonon spectra show that P3N5, As3N5 and Sb3N5 are thermodynamically, mechanically and kinetically stable at 35 GPa, whereas Bi3N5 is mechanically and kinetically stable but thermodynamically unstable. The computed electronic density of states shows strong covalent bonding between the N atoms and the phosphorus group atoms in the four compounds, confirmed by the calculated electronic localization function. We also calculate the energy densities for Sb3N5 and find it to be a potentially high-energy-density material.

EAST plant data storage system based on IoTDB time series database

EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) has been in operation since 2006. With increasing operation time, the volume of plant data stored in MySQL has steadily grown to several billion rows. The current storage architecture centered around the relational database has shown poor performance when facing massive time series data, so it is crucial to adopt TSDB (Time Series Database) for storing plant data. In initial testing, IoTDB demonstrated a performance advantage of at least 2 times over other TSDBs in terms of both write throughput and large-scale queries for plant data management. However, as the inflexible underlying infrastructure of EAST, the plant database cannot be easily modified directly. To remedy this problem, we propose a MySQL-IoTDB Hierarchical Mechanism (MIHM). Specifically, we utilized a MySQL master–slave to IoTDB cluster design to seamlessly transfer the performance burden from relational database to TSDB IoTDB. Extensive tests on the EAST plant data demonstrate that MIHM-based plant data storage system has increased the write throughput by 20 times and the large-scale data querying speed by 100 times compared to previous systems.

Time-Resolved Circular Dichroism in Molecules: Experimental and Theoretical Advances.

Following changes in chirality can give access to relevant information on the function or reactivity of molecular systems. Time-resolved circular dichroism (TRCD) spectroscopy proves to be a valid tool to achieve this goal. Depending on the class of molecules, different temporal ranges, spanning from seconds to femtoseconds, need to be investigated to observe such chiroptical changes. Therefore, over the years, several approaches have been adopted to cover the timescale of interest, especially based on pump-probe schemes. Moreover, various theoretical approaches have been proposed to simulate and explain TRCD spectra, including linear and non-linear response methods as well as non-adiabatic molecular dynamics. In this review, an overview on both experimental and theoretical advances in the TRCD field is provided, together with selected applications. A discussion on future theoretical developments for TRCD is also given.

Activation of Inert Supports for Enzyme(s) Immobilization Harnessing Biocatalytic Sustainability for Perennial Utilization.

Although Nature's evolution and intelligence have gifted humankind with noteworthy enzyme candidates to simplify complex reactions with ultrafast, overselective, effortless, mild biological reactions for millions of years, their availability at minute-scale, short-range time-temperature stability, and purification costs hardly justify recycling/or reuse. Covalent immobilization, particularly via multipoint bonds, prevents denaturing, maintains activities for long-range time, pH, and temperature, and makes catalysts available for repetitive usages; which attracts researchers and industries to bring more immobilized enzyme contenders in science and commercial progressions. Inert-support activation, the most crucial step, needs appropriate activators; under mild conditions, the activator's functional group(s) still present on the activated support rapidly couples the enzyme, preventing unfolding and keeping the active site alive. This review summarizes exciting experimental advances, from the 1950s until today, in the activation strategies of various inert supports with five different surface activators, the cyanogen bromide, the isocyanate/isothiocyanate, the glutaraldehyde, the carbodiimide (with or without N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)), and the diazo group, for the immobilization of diverse enzymes for broader applications. These activators under mild pH (7.5 ± 0.5) and temperature (27 ± 3 °C) and ordinary stirring witnessed support activation and enzyme coupling and put off unfolding, harnessing addressable activities (CNBr: 40 ± 10%; -N═C═O/-N═C═S: 32 ± 7%; GA: 70 ± 15%; CDI: 60 ± 10%; -N+≡N: 80 ± 15%), while underprivileged stability, longevity, and reusabilities keep future investigations alive.