Advances In Battery Technology Research Articles

Powering Ahead: Current Landscape of Electric Vehicles (EV) in India

Electric vehicles have gained widespread acceptance globally, driven by increasing awareness of environmental issues and government initiatives promoting sustainable transportation. The market for electric vehicles has witnessed exponential growth, with major automotive manufacturers investing heavily in research and development to bring innovative and competitive electric models to the market. The core technology of electric vehicles revolves around electric powertrains, which replace traditional internal combustion engines with electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries. This shift not only reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also significantly decreases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Recent advances in battery technology, particularly in energy density and cost reduction, play a pivotal role in enhancing the range and affordability of electric vehicles. The transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant momentum in India, in recent years. This paper examines the current status of electric vehicles in the Indian market, including government initiatives, infrastructure development, challenges, and future prospects. The analysis highlights the key factors driving the adoption of EVs, the state of charging infrastructure, policy framework, and the impact of electric mobility on the environment and the economy.

Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode Innovations

The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in solid-state batteries (SSBs), with a focus on recent advancements in solid electrolytes and anodes. The paper begins with a background on the evolution from liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries to advanced SSBs, highlighting their enhanced safety and energy density. It addresses the increasing demand for efficient, safe energy storage in applications like electric vehicles and portable electronics. A major part of the paper analyzes solid electrolytes, key to SSB technology. It classifies solid electrolytes as polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based, discussing their distinct properties and application suitability. The review also covers advancements in anode materials for SSBs, exploring materials like lithium metal, silicon, and intermetallic compounds, focusing on their capacity, durability, and compatibility with solid electrolytes. It addresses challenges in integrating these anode materials, like the interface stability and lithium dendrite growth. This review includes a discussion on the latest analytical techniques, experimental studies, and computational models to understand and improve the anode–solid electrolyte interface. These are crucial for tackling interfacial resistance and ensuring SSBs’ long-term stability and efficiency. Concluding, the paper suggests future research and development directions, highlighting SSBs’ potential in revolutionizing energy storage technologies. This review serves as a vital resource for academics, researchers, and industry professionals in advanced battery technology development. It offers a detailed overview of materials and technologies shaping SSBs’ future, providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions in this rapidly evolving field.

X‐ray imaging for structural evolution and phase transformation dynamics of battery electrodes

AbstractThe impending energy crisis entails sustainable battery technologies with improved energy density, reliability, safety and lifetime. Hence, it is essential to gain detailed insights into the surface reactions, ionic diffusion, structural and morphological evolution, and degradation mechanisms of battery electrodes. Recently, X‐ray techniques emerged as revolutionary tools to reveal an in‐depth understanding of the battery during operations. This review provides an overview of the use of in situ/operando X‐ray techniques to understand the different functionalities of electrode materials inside the battery. It will focus on the phase transformation, structural evolution and dynamic properties of the battery electrodes, and discuss the relationship between battery failure and electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure in the electrode. Finally, the limitations of these methods are also discussed with the prospects for effective use of these techniques in the development of advanced battery technologies.

Life cycle assessment of lab-scale solid sodium-ion batteries: A sustainable alternative to liquid lithium-ion batteries

This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of liquid lithium-ion batteries (liquid LIB), liquid sodium-ion batteries (liquid SIB), and solid sodium-ion batteries (solid SIB) to evaluate their environmental impacts in a laboratory scale. The results emphasize the potential environmental benefits of adopting solid SIBs as they show considerable savings in toxicity categories compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, solid SIBs demonstrated the lowest abiotic depletion potential and photochemical oxidation. However, they exhibited higher impacts in ozone depletion and eutrophication compared to liquid LIBs and liquid SIBs. Liquid LIBs showed the lowest global warming potential, making them more climate-friendly than the other battery types. Moreover, the results showed that, energetically, liquid LIBs are the most competitive option. To determine the conditions in which the solid SIBs improve the environmental behaviour of the liquid LIBs, an energetic and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Solid SIBs using renewable energy like concentrated solar power (CSP) and dematerializing part of its electrolyte exhibited reduced Cumulative Energy Demand and improved the environmental performance in all categories compared to conventional liquid LIBs. Furthermore, the study assessed the specific heat capacity (Cp) of the solid sodium electrolyte (NASICON), revealing its potential suitability for advanced battery technologies that require efficient heat storage and thermal management. Globally, this study highlights some environmental benefits of adopting solid SIBs, especially those manufactured with renewable energy, as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

Non-flammable electrolyte for large-scale Ni-rich Li-ion batteries: Reducing thermal runaway risks

We present a novel, non-flammable electrolyte for Ni-rich 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on a blend of triethyl phosphate (TEP) and fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the electrolyte, including electrochemical tests, safety evaluations, electrode surface characterizations, and quantum calculations, to elucidate its property-function relationship. We found that combining TEP with a concentrated FEC as a co-solvent (1.2 M LiPF6 in TEP/FEC, 30/70 %v) resulted in a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI) predominantly composed of lithium fluoride (LiF). This innovation improved the SEI's stability and suppressed electrolyte decomposition during extended cycling, leading to consistent battery performance. Our findings introduce a promising non-flammable electrolyte solution for LIBs that offers both thermal runaway prevention and seamless integration into existing battery manufacturing processes. This positions it as a potential alternative to solid-state electrolytes in advanced battery technology, with the potential to revolutionize the field.

Achieving Electric Aviation with Advanced Battery Technology and Nanomaterials

With the continuous development of industry, environmental problems continue to worsen, of which the environmental problems caused by the traditional aviation industry are particularly serious, but there are many problems with electric aircraft that have not been solved. Therefore, this paper explores the realization of electric aviation by using advanced battery technology and nanomaterials. The study found that there are a variety of advanced battery technologies and nanomaterials that contribute to the realization of electric aviation, among which Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)/ graphene-based composite phase change material technology has considerable potential. It has excellent battery thermal management performance and excellent high-power density. However, MWCNT/ graphene-based composite phase change material technology also has shortcomings at present, such as the production process is complex and difficult to mass produce. Although there are still many challenges, this paper believes that these challenges will be solved to enable electric aviation using advanced battery technology and nanomaterials.

Numerical study on effects of microstructure randomness on fatigue fracture of non-oriented electrical steel

Advances in battery technology and electrical drive systems has allowed for more versatility in mobile applications found in automotive, logistics and aerospace engineering. Rotor cores used for electrical motors are often made from thin sheet metals with a maximum thickness of 0.5 mm. During operation, this material is subjected to variable dynamic loading conditions. As a consequence, fatigue testing is required for a more complete material characterisation. However, experiments on thin metals are generally more challenging as they require finer testing equipment that can apply low loads with high precision. Therefore, a micro-fatigue machine can be implemented to identify the high cycle fatigue behaviour of thin electrical steel sheets. Further, the manufacturing process of electrical steels often results in non-oriented grain structures. In other words, the material properties can vary between adjacent grains at the surface, thereby influencing the fatigue crack initiation mechanism. To investigate this effect, a finite element analysis is performed that includes a randomly generated set of grains with different elastic material behaviour. Using a critical plane approach the impact on the fatigue life prediction is assessed.

Fabrication and Simulation of an E-Vehicle

An electric vehicle is one that is powered by on-board electric sources and is driven by electric motors. Electric vehicles have emerged only because of the rise in cost of fuels and pollution. As they are ecologically sound, they are referred to as green transportation. The electric motor based was selected based on its rating of energy efficient. The rated values of the vehicle dynamics include on various parameters e.g motor output, power, traction-torque and speed. The motor rating is adjusted according to the carrying load, so as to achieve the characteristics of traction. The IC engine of the traditional vehicles is replaced by the electric motor which would act as the leading prime mover component used to drive the E-vehicle. Thus, the selected electric motor provides an adequate power for traction purpose. The structural optimization of the vehicle in-terms of deflection, proof-resilience and Von-misses stress analysis has been carried out using FEA software. EVs are gaining popularity due to their low emissions, reduced operating costs and advances in battery technology, which have increased their range and performance.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Electric Vehicle Adoption, Environmental Impact and Future Prospects

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly transforming transportation, offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to gasoline-powered cars. This paper delves into the history of EVs, highlighting their rise and fall, followed by the current resurgence driven by environmental concerns and technological breakthroughs. Government support and regulations play a crucial role in promoting wider adoption. The analysis examines the current landscape of EVs, marked by a booming market, advancements in battery technology, expanding charging infrastructure, and a growing variety of vehicle models. However, challenges such as range anxiety, limited charging options, battery cost, and consumer awareness still need to be addressed. The paper emphasizes the significant environmental benefit of EVs – zero tailpipe emissions when charged with renewable energy sources. It compares the pollution generated by EVs and fuel-based vehicles, showcasing the environmental advantages of EVs. The exploration of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power provides sustainable solutions for EV charging, with a comparison highlighting the most effective options. The conclusion acknowledges the cost and accessibility hurdles but underscores the importance of government incentives and cost-effective models in accelerating EV adoption. By highlighting the environmental and economic benefits of EVs, the paper reinforces their potential to combat climate change and pave the way for a more sustainable future.

Modeling the Market-Driven Composition of the Passenger Vehicle Market during the Transition to Electric Vehicles

The automotive market is currently shifting away from traditional vehicles reliant on internal combustion engines, favoring battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The widespread acceptance of these vehicles, especially without government subsidies, hinges on market dynamics, particularly customers opting for vehicles with the lowest overall cost of ownership. This paper aims to model the total cost of ownership for various powertrains, encompassing conventional vehicles, HEVs, PHEVs, and BEVs, focusing on both sedans and sports utility vehicles. The modeling uses vehicle dynamics to approximate the fuel and electricity consumption rates for each powertrain. Following this, the analysis estimates the purchase cost and the lifetime operational cost for each vehicle type, factoring in average daily mileage. As drivers consider vehicle replacements, their choice tends to lean towards the most economical option, especially when performance metrics (e.g., range, acceleration, and payload) are comparable across the choices. The analysis seeks to determine the percentage of drivers likely to choose each vehicle type based on their specific driving habits. Advances in battery technology will reduce the battery weight and cost; further, the cost of electricity will decrease as more renewable energy sources will be integrated into the grid. In turn, the total cost of ownership will decrease for the electrified vehicles. By following battery trends, this study is able to model the makeup of the automotive market over time as it transitions from fossil-fuel based vehicles to fully electric vehicles. The model finds until the cost of batteries and electricity is significantly reduced, the composition of the vehicle market is a mixture of all vehicle types.

Study on the Supply Issue of Vehicle Microcontroller Chips in Post-pandemic Era in China

As the pandemic subsides, there's a noticeable revival in the automotive consumer market. China's automobile industry, now at a pivotal moment, is making strides on the global stage, spurred by its transition towards new energy. While the world's car market has been historically dominated by German and Japanese brands, Chinese automakers were often labeled as mere imitators producing inferior quality vehicles. But this narrative is changing. Now equipped with advanced battery technologies and innovative designs, Chinese carmakers are poised to redefine the global automotive landscape. Their progress challenges the deep-seated dominance of traditional automotive powerhouses. However, this ascent is not without hurdles. External pressures, such as ongoing trade tensions, weigh on the industry. Moreover, there's an internal challenge to grapple with: the critical semiconductor sector, particularly the micro-control chips essential for modern vehicles, has yet to achieve self-sufficiency. Production constraints persist, and the desired levels of self-reliance remain elusive. This paper delves deep into the automotive microcontrol chip industry, with an emphasis on the upstream and midstream sectors of the supply chain. By shedding light on the current situation and drawing from global best practices, we aim to propose actionable recommendations. These suggestions will be aimed at enhancing production capacities, improving quality, and ultimately driving China's automobile industry towards a more self-reliant and globally competitive future.

Sensitivity Analysis Based on Portfolio Option Models Using Tesla and Nio as Examples

The electric vehicle (EV) industry is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by environmental concerns, advancements in battery technology, and changing consumer preferences. Companies like Tesla and China's NIO are at the forefront of this revolution, showcasing the global potential of EVs. This study undertook a sensitivity analysis of these two leading EV manufacturers, Tesla and NIO, to understand the dynamics of their stock prices and implications for investment strategies. Data was meticulously collected from various financial databases to capture daily stock prices, which were then used to compute monthly returns. The study also delved into options, focusing on the strike prices and volatility of Tesla and NIO options. Using a combination of stock prices, strike prices, and volatility, the intrinsic and time value of these options were analyzed. The research employed a composite option model to describe the price variation of an option, considering factors like asset price volatility, risk-free rate, and dividend yield. The findings revealed that stock prices and option prices exhibited certain sensitivities to market variables. For instance, Tesla's option prices showed an upward trend with rising stock prices, while NIO's option prices displayed varied responses to stock price changes. The study underscores the importance of understanding these sensitivities for informed investment decisions in the evolving EV market.

Assessment of vehicle-side costs and profits of providing vehicle-to-grid services

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle market brings a huge stock of batteries, which can potentially serve as distributed energy storage systems to provide grid services through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. Existing research on V2G's economic viability often simplifies intricate technical details and neglects the influence of key parameters on the results. To address these gaps, a technology-rich model was developed to evaluate the vehicle-side costs and profits of V2G. Given the current state of V2G-related technologies and costs, V2G's levelized cost of storage ranges from $0.085/kWh to $0.243/kWh, and its net present value ranges from $-1,317 to $3,013, depending on the operational strategies implemented. The variations in assessment results due to changes in key parameters were further evaluated to analyze the impacts of technological advancements and user behavior. With advancements in battery technologies, the net present value of V2G is expected to reach approximately $7,000. These findings underscore V2G's potential cost competitiveness against mainstream stationary energy storage technologies and suggest that, with appropriate technological development and usage scenarios, V2G could play a pivotal role in the new electricity system with renewable energy sources as the main component, offering substantial profitability.

Advancements in Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Analysis of Recent Developments

Numerous recent innovations have been attained with the objective of bettering electric vehicles and their components, especially in the domains of energy management, battery design and optimization, and autonomous driving. As a result, the eco-system becomes more efficient and long-lasting, and the technology for electric cars of the future is advanced. Insights into cutting-edge e-mobility research and developments, including electric cars (EVs) and other novel, inventive, and promising technologies, are provided by this study. These developments may be feasible by 2030. Digital twins that are linked to the Internet in Things (Iota) are one example of an appropriate modelling and design strategy covered in this research. Thanks to the concept of the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles could improve road safety, fuel efficiency, and supply drivers more time for other tasks. Additionally discussed in this article is the technology that allows a vehicle to leave a parking spot, drive along a lengthy roadway, and finally park at its destination. The information gathered for use on real roads is crucial to the advancement of autonomous vehicles. Proposals for intelligent, autonomous vehicles and research needs are also present. The description includes numerous societal problems, one of which is the reason of an accident involving an autonomous car. We quickly go over a smart gadget that can detect unusual driving habits and stop accidents in their tracks. Additionally, every area of study pertaining to electric vehicles is addressed, along with the anticipated difficulties and gaps in understanding in each. This includes areas such as environmental evaluation, market research, power electronics, powertrain engineering, and power battery material sciences.

Optimal wireless power transfer to hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles: A comparative analysis of machine learning-based model-free controllers

Wireless charging technology for electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining popularity as a result of advancements in battery technology and government incentives. It offers convenience, efficiency, and safety, and is much quicker than traditional plug-in charging. However, optimal power transfer in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system remains a challenge. To design an effective control system for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), it is important to have an accurate and reliable model of the system. But still, no model can fully represent the nonlinearity of the system. So model-free controllers are designed to operate without an explicit model, using feedback from sensors to adjust the control inputs. This article presents an LCC series-series network-based WPT-HESS model, supported by literature. The HESS system consists of a supercapacitor (SC) and a battery connected to the WPT system through a bidirectional DC–DC buck-boost converter. Three types of machine learning-based model-free controllers, i.e., an artificial neural network controller, a fuzzy logic controller, and a reinforcement learning-based deep Q-network controller, are designed for the HESS DC–DC converters aimed at tracking optimal power. During charging, the supercapacitor is given priority due to its faster charging time, and current references are generated based on the state-of-charge (SoC) of the supercapacitor and battery. The proposed controllers for WPT-HESS are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and hardware validation is carried out by doing a hardware-in-loop experiment with the C2000 Delfino™ and the MCU F28379D LaunchPad, which has a TMS320F28379D dual-core CPU and runs at 200 MHz.

Resolving Deactivation of Low-Spin Fe Sites by Redistributing Electron Density toward High-Energy Sodium Storage.

Prussian blue (PB) has been an emerging class of cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, their working voltage and capacity are substantially restricted due to the deactivation of low-spin Fe sites. Herein, we demonstrate a universal strategy to activate the low-spin Fe sites of PB by hybridizing them with the π-π conjugated electronic conductors. The redistribution of electron density between π-π conjugated conductors and PB effectively promotes the participation of low-spin Fe sites in sodium storage. Consequently, the low-spin Fe-induced plateau is greatly aroused, resulting in a high specific capacity of 148.4 mAh g-1 and remarkable energy density of 444.2 Wh kg-1. In addition, the excellent structural stability enables superior cycling stability over 2500 cycles and outstanding rate performance. The work will provide fundamental insight into activating the low-spin Fe sites of PB for advanced battery technologies.

Application of lithium batteries, hydrogen fuel cells and solar energy in transportation field

The transportation sector has a significant impact on worldwide energy use and carbon emissions. With the growing concern about climate change and the need for sustainable development, the transition of the transport system to clean energy has become a top priority. Because of high energy density and long cycle life, lithium batteries have made significant progress in the application of electric cars. Hydrogen fuel cells offer a viable alternative because they provide efficient and emission-free propulsion for various types of vehicles. The integration of solar energy into the transportation system provides opportunities for renewable energy generation. The energy transformation of transport systems has great potential. Continued advances in battery technology, widespread adoption of hydrogen infrastructure, and innovations in solar integration will play a key role in helping to build a more efficient and resilient transportation network. This research explores three key technologies that promise to enable the clean energy transition in transportation, including lithium batteries, hydrogen fuel cells and solar energy. The implications of the transport sector's transition to these sustainable energy technologies are profound. It will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also enhance energy security, diversify resources, and support economic growth by creating new jobs. In addition, the shift to clean transportation will improve air quality, mitigate health risks and promote sustainable urban development.

Activated Carbon Coconut Shell as Base of Anode Battery: A Review

Presently, there is a rapid and significant advancement in battery technology. Consequently, there is a concurrent rise in the demand for energy to fulfil every day, industrial, and transportation requirements. A promising avenue for diminishing reliance on non-renewable energy sources is the innovative conversion of waste materials into alternative energy reservoirs. In this context, the conversion of discarded coconut shells into activated carbon emerges as a valuable strategy for fabricating battery anodes. Several constituents, including activated carbon, LiOH, TiO2, and adhesives, can be employed in the production of battery anodes. The amalgamation of activated carbon with LiOH yields an electrical conductivity of 2.064 x 10-3 Sm-1, along with a specific capacitance of 4.46154 F/g for activated carbon derived from coconut shells. Alternatively, other carbon composites exhibit superior electrical conductivity, registering a value of 15.31 x 10-2 Sm-1, accompanied by a specific capacitance of 140.2 F/g. This comprehensive literature review aims to serve as a pivotal resource for selecting optimal raw materials in the synthesis of battery anodes. The result of this review substantiates that activated carbon sourced from coconut shells is one of favourable materials for crafting battery anodes.

Applications of Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review.

Polymer electrolytes, a type of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries, combine polymers and ionic salts. Their integration into lithium-ion batteries has resulted in significant advancements in battery technology, including improved safety, increased capacity, and longer cycle life. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing ion transport mechanism, fundamental characteristics, and preparation methods of different types of polymer electrolytes, including solid polymer electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, this work explores recent advancements in non-aqueous Li-based battery systems, where polymer electrolytes lead to inherent performance improvements. These battery systems encompass Li-ion polymer batteries, Li-ion solid-state batteries, Li-air batteries, Li-metal batteries, and Li-sulfur batteries. Notably, the advantages of polymer electrolytes extend beyond enhancing safety. This review also highlights the remaining challenges and provides future perspectives, aiming to propose strategies for developing novel polymer electrolytes for high-performance Li-based batteries.

An Effective Polysulfide Trapping Strategy for the Development of a Scalable, High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Battery

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries represent an attractive, “beyond Li-ion”, battery technology because they offer a high specific energy of 2,500 Wh/kg at the material level1 and 550 Wh/kg at the cell level.2 However, Li-S batteries face substantial technical challenges that have thus far prevented the realization of the battery’s tremendous performance potentials.3 One of the major technical challenges is low practical specific capacity and fast performance degradation due to the formation, migration, and shuttling of intermediate lithium polysulfides (PSs). Several strategies have been used to trap the PS species either chemically or physically; however, they either incur increased cost due to the use of expensive catalysts4 or suffer from the reduced battery specific energy due to added inactive weights from the cell design.5,6 We will present a novel strategy to address the PS-shuttle issue using a nanolayer polymer modified high surface area carbon (NPC) as a new type of PS-trapping material.7 When thin films of NPC were coated on sulfur electrodes (NPC-S), we found that our NPC-S based Li-S battery demonstrated a high discharge specific capacity (~1,600 mAh/g) that is nearing sulfur’s theoretical specific capacity. Our molecular dynamics simulation suggests such an excellent performance is attributed to NPC’s strong PS trapping capability via dipole-dipole interactions. We will show that, using a sustainable starting material, our approach is low-cost and economically scalable for the advanced Li-S battery technology. References Zhang, S. S., Journal of Power Sources 2013, 231, 153-162.Manthiram, A.; Fu, Y.; Su, Y.-S., Accounts of Chemical Research 2013, 46 (5), 1125-1134.Chen, Z. X.; Zhao, M.; Hou, L. P.; Zhang, X. Q.; Li, B. Q.; Huang, J. Q., Advanced Materials 2022, 2201555.Hamal, D.; Awadallah, O.; El-Zahab, B., Catalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Cathodes for Improved Performance and Stability. In 242nd The Electrochemical Society Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2022.Chung, S.-H.; Han, P.; Singhal, R.; Kalra, V.; Manthiram, A., Advanced Energy Materials 2015, 5 (18).Singhal, R.; Chung, S.-H.; Manthiram, A.; Kalra, V., Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015, 3 (8), 4530-4538.Hasan, W.; Hyynh, K.; Razzaq, A.; Smdani, G.; Shende, R.; Paudel, T.; Xing, W., "Scalable, High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries". In NASA Battery Workshop, November 15-17, 2022 , Huntsville, AL, USA, 2022. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Larry and Linda Pearson Endowed Chair at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakoda School of Mines and Technology and by the South Dakota Governor’s Research Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Figure 1