Advanced Wind Turbine Research Articles

GMRT Rüzgar Türbünün Diğer Güç Rüzgar Türbünleriyle ile Efektif Olarak Karşılaştırılması

In this study, we investigated a special design, advanced wind turbine, which is comprised of Gelibolu Model Wind Turbine (GMRT) and three PTDW (power-treatment-directing-wing) type wings integrated. This model is vertical spindle turbines (DARRIEUS) type power wings. PTDW wings transform the negative wind powers into a positive additional vacuum power and this contribution multiplies the productivity of turbine’s power wings by as much as 5 times in proportion to other traditional vertical shaft wind turbines. It show that power balance is effective much more than other models .This model is more suitable for the environment that it is the conclusion gained from the data. Since the turbine’s aerodynamic effect zone is wide compared to the scanning area, the total cost of the turbine is less compared to the other wind turbines in terms of per kilowatt cost and full capacity cost. It comprises thanks to the superiority provided by its design. In this study, we used Monte Carlo computer simulation method for the calculations of turbine power and about effective .

The design of nonlinear observers for wind turbine dynamic state and parameter estimation

This contribution addresses the dynamic state and parameter estimation problem which arises with more advanced wind turbine controllers. These control devices need precise information about the system's current state to outperform conventional industrial controllers effectively. First, the necessity of a profound scientific treatment on nonlinear observers for wind turbine application is highlighted. Secondly, the full estimation problem is introduced and the variety of nonlinear filters is discussed. Finally, a tailored observer architecture is proposed and estimation results of an illustrative application example from a complex simulation set-up are presented.

Active Wind Turbine Deicing-Systems Produced via Plasma-Coating-Technology

Within the framework of the Renewable Energies Act, besides biomass power stations wind turbine systems enact a significant role since they produce power by using a primary source of renewable energies. As widespread and technical advanced wind turbines are, they still exhibit shortcomings when operating in cold temperatures. Therefore, especially in frigid regions, there is a high risk regarding icing and forming of hoarfrost. Iced rotor blades lead to considerable disadvantages during operation, like ice shedding, unbalanced or off-centered loads, and downtimes.Different heating systems that are already available show some disadvantages, such as the difficulties in integrating the installation of those systems directly in the production process. Thus, a new technology is presented which eliminates existing challenges and can be integrated into current production lines. Furthermore, the results of the investigations for the applicability of this new system for de-icing wind turbines is pictured. Due to an innovative plasma technology, the surfaces of rotor blades can be coated with a heating structure layer. The new technology is presented and the influence of different machine parameters of the coating process are shown based on several experimental results. In further tests, the metal structured rotor blades are examined under real conditions and the suitability of this technology for a series launch is rated.

System-friendly wind power: How advanced wind turbine design can increase the economic value of electricity generated through wind power

Previous studies find that the economic value of electricity (USD/MWh) generated by wind power drops with increasing market share. Different measures can help mitigate the value drop, including electricity storage, flexible conventional plants, expansion of transmission, and demand response. This study assesses another option: a change in design of wind power plants. “Advanced” wind turbines that are higher and have a larger rotor compared to rated capacity (lower specific rating) generate electricity more constantly than “classical” turbines. Recent years have witnessed a significant shift towards such advanced technology. Our model-based analysis for Northwestern Europe shows that such design can substantially increase the spot market value of generated electricity. At a 30% penetration rate, the value of 1MWh of electricity generated from a fleet of advanced turbines is estimated to be 15% higher than the value of 1MWh from classical turbines. The additional value is large, whether compared to wind generation costs, to the value drop, or to the effect of alternative measures such as electricity storage. Extensive sensitivity tests indicate that this finding is remarkably robust. The increase in bulk power value is not the only advantage of advanced turbines: additional benefits might accrue from reduced costs for power grids and balancing services. To fully realize this potential, power markets and support policies need to be appropriately designed and signal scarcity investors.

Wind Turbine Fault Detection through Principal Component Analysis and Statistical Hypothesis Testing

This paper addresses the problem of online fault detection of an advanced wind turbine benchmark under actuators (pitch and torque) and sensors (pitch angle measurement) faults of different type: fixed value, gain factor, offset and changed dynamics. The fault detection scheme starts by computing the baseline principal component analysis (PCA) model from the healthy or undamaged wind turbine. Subsequently, when the structure is inspected or supervised, new measurements are obtained are projected into the baseline PCA model. When both sets of data—the baseline and the data from the current wind turbine—are compared, a statistical hypothesis testing is used to make a decision on whether or not the wind turbine presents some damage, fault or misbehavior. The effectiveness of the proposed fault-detection scheme is illustrated by numerical simulations on a well-known large offshore wind turbine in the presence of wind turbulence and realistic fault scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed strategy provides and early fault identification, thereby giving the operators sufficient time to make more informed decisions regarding the maintenance of their machines.

Fault Diagnosis of Advanced Wind Turbine Benchmark using Interval-based ARRs and Observers

This paper proposes a model-based fault diagnosis (FD) approach for wind turbines and its application to a realistic wind turbine FD benchmark. The proposed FD approach combines the use of analytical redundancy relations (ARRs) and interval observers. Interval observers consider an unknown but bounded description of the model parametric uncertainty and noise using the the so-called set-membership approach. This approach leads to formulate the fault detection test by means of checking if the measurements fall inside the estimated output interval, obtained from the mathematical model of the wind turbine and noise/parameter uncertainty bounds. Fault isolation is based on considering a set of ARRs obtained from the structural analysis of the wind turbine model and a fault signature matrix that considers the relation of ARRs and faults. The proposed FD approach has been validated on a 5-MW wind turbine using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory FAST simulator. The obtained results are presented and compared with that of other approaches proposed in the literature.

Advanced Concept Offshore Wind Turbine Development

Development of novel offshore wind turbine designs and technologies are necessary to reduce the cost of offshore wind energy since offshore wind turbines need to withstand ice and waves in addition to wind, a markedly different environment from their onshore counterparts. This paper focuses on major design challenges of offshore wind turbines and offers an advanced concept wind turbine that can significantly reduce the cost of offshore wind energy as an alternative to the current popular designs. The design consists of a two-blade, downwind rotor configuration fitted to a fixed bottom or floating foundation. Preliminary results indicate that cost savings of nearly 25% are possible compared with the conventional upwind wind turbine designs.

Fault Diagnosis of Advanced Wind Turbine Benchmark using Interval-based ARRs and Observers

In this paper, the problem of the fault diagnosis of an advanced wind turbine benchmark will be addressed using analytical redundant relations (ARRs) and observers that considers uncertainty in a bounded context, using the so-called interval approach. The fault detection test is based on checking the consistency between the measurements and the model by finding if the formers are inside the interval bounds provided by the interval model. In case a fault is detected, using the theoretical fault signature matrix against the full set of residuals available on-line, the fault is isolated. Two fault isolation schemes are compared. One based in the classical column matching and the other one using the row-reasoning inspired in the DX fault diagnosis approach. Finally, the proposed approach will be tested using the advanced wind turbine benchmark proposed in the literature.

Friction and wear behaviour of boron based surface treatment and nano-particle lubricant additives for wind turbine gearbox applications

Abstract Gears and other mechanical assemblies are some of the key components for conversion of wind energy to electrical energy in wind turbines, but their durability and efficiency are severely impaired by some tribological issues like micro-pitting, wear, scuffing, and spalling. To address these issues, in this study, a combinational approach is proposed to incorporate surface treatment (electrochemical boriding) in coordination with the use of nano-colloidal lubricant additives. Boron nitride based solid lubricants were manufactured and flat gear steel samples were borided using a novel electrochemical boriding process. Combinations of nano-colloidal lubricant additives and borided surfaces are tested for their tribological performance, mainly friction and wear, over a wide range of contact conditions using a sliding contact linear reciprocating rig. Post-test surface analyses were carried out to investigate tribochemical interactions of colloidal lubricants with the steel surface and the chemical characterization of the tribofilms was investigated using XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). Wear was also characterized and measured using optical profilometry. The borided surfaces enhanced the mechanical properties of the surface layer, leading to improved wear resistance. Moreover, it was observed that boron nitride stayed well dispersed within the oil and formed a stable tribofilm which was important to achieve improved tribological performance. The results of this current investigation are expected to aid in ongoing research efforts aimed at prolonging durability and efficiency of drivetrain components in advanced wind turbines.

Advances in Wind Energy Technologies in the Context of Smart Grid

Advances in technology at all levels of the power system enable the integration of wind energy into the emerging smart grid efficiently and reliably. This synergy works both ways. A smart grid will allow connectivity of the wind turbines as intermittent sources of energy, and the advanced wind turbines with power electronics controls and other devices can support a grid with reactive power and protect the equipment during severe grid disturbances. Interconnection of large wind farms with the power grid using such technologies as high-voltage dc (HVDC) and SVC with Energy Storage can add a new degree of control to the power system, mitigate the intermittency of the wind energy production and the impact of electrical disturbances.

A Techno-Economic Analysis of a Proposed 1.5 MW Wind Turbine with a Hydrostatic Drive Train

This paper presents a techno-economic feasibility study for a proposed 1.5 MW wind turbine utilizing a continuously variable ratio hydrostatic drive train between the rotor and the generator. The estimated cost of energy is compared to that of a conventional wind turbine of equivalent rated power. The annual energy production is estimated for the hydrostatic turbine using an assumed wind speed distribution and a turbine power curve resulting from a steady state performance model of the turbine. The initial capital cost of the turbine is estimated using cost models developed for various components unique to the hydrostatic turbine as well as economic parameters and models developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) in the WindPACT advanced wind turbine drive train study. The resulting cost of energy, along with various performance characteristics of interest, are presented and compared to those of the WindPACT baseline turbine intended to represent a conventional utility scale wind turbine.

Variable Speed Control of Wind Turbines Via Memory-Based Firing Angle Sequence Adjustment

Maximum electric power extraction out of available wind power is directly linked to advanced variable speed wind turbine control. The paper presents a memory-based method for variable speed adjustment of wind energy conversion systems. The fundamental idea behind the method is to use certain memorized information (i.e., current rotor speed tracking error, most recent speed tracking error, and previous control experience) to directly modify the firing angle control command sequences. The salient feature of the proposed approach lies in its simplicity in design and implementation. Furthermore, the total required memory space does not grow with time and is much smaller than most existing learning control methods. It is shown that this method, when applied to firing angle control of wind turbines, is able to ensure rotor speed tracking in the presence of varying operation conditions, as verified via computer simulation.

Wind turbines: New challenges and advanced control solutions

Wind turbines: New challenges and advanced control solutions

James Blyth — Britain's First Modern Wind Power Pioneer

The American, Charles Brush is often credited with being the first person to use a wind powered machine to generate electricity, which operated for the first time during the winter of 1887. However, earlier in July 1887, Professor James Blyth, a Scottish academic of Anderson's College, Glasgow (which later became Strathclyde University) was undertaking very similar experiments to Brush, which culminated in a UK patent in 1891. Likewise the Dane, Poul La Cour, is known to have constructed relatively advanced wind turbines throughout the 1890s, which were also used to generate electricity which was then used to produce hydrogen. This paper investigates Professor Blyth's life, seeking to understand his motivation to generate electricity from the wind and his association with contemporaries, including Lord Kelvin. The paper argues that it was Blyth and not Brush, who was the first to produce wind-powered electricity.

Development of Advanced Wind Turbine Systems for Remote Islands

The Japanese government development of 100 kW wind turbines has been undertaken by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) since 1999 and was completed successfully in March 2003. The turbine system is to for remote island communities which have electricity supply from mini-grids with diesel-engine generators. Such islands commonly have weak grid supply and poorly constructed infrastructure. Winds are strong, so wind turbine generation is attractive; however the likelihood of strong typhoons makes most existing wind turbines unsuitable. The purpose of this government development is to establish wind power generation suitable for such isolated and remote islands, and to operate in parallel with constantly running diesel sets. The main task is diesel-fuel saving. Two 100 kW wind turbines were developed and evaluated on a remote island in Okinawa. All the development targets i.e. high strength, easy construction, high penetration into the diesel grid etc have been demonstrated successfully. This updated paper follows the final report of the development.

Advanced Wind Turbine Design

Garrad Hassan have a project in progress funded by the U.K. Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) to assess the prospects and Cost benefits of advanced wind turbine design. In the course of this work, a new concept, the coned rotor design, has been developed. This enables a wind turbine system to operate in effect with variable rotor diameter augmenting energy capture in light winds and shedding loads in storm conditions. Comparisons with conventional design suggest that a major benefit in reduced cost of wind-generated electricity may be possible.

5527152 Advanced wind turbine with lift cancelling aileron for shutdown : Coleman Clin; Juengst Theresa; Zuteck Michael Warren, VT, United States assigned to Northern Power Systems Inc

5527152 Advanced wind turbine with lift cancelling aileron for shutdown : Coleman Clin; Juengst Theresa; Zuteck Michael Warren, VT, United States assigned to Northern Power Systems Inc

Wind program technological developments in the United States

Under its wind energy research and development program, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) works as a partner with industry to improve understanding of wind system technology and to develop and deploy advanced wind turbines in multi-regional markets. Installed capacity in the U.S. reached 1720 MW by the end of 1995. This figure however does not include some capacity that was retired or taken off line. Growth of about 140 MW during 1995, is attributed to improved and lower cost turbines and was stimulated in part by the availability of energy tax credits and production and financial incentives. In addition, there are nearly 500 MW of firm contracts for new domestic wind plants. Recently, there has been substantial growth outside the U.S. Europe went from 1671 MW in 1994 to 2478 MW in 1995 and the rest of the world went from 192 MW in 1994 to 642 MW in 1995. Commercial projects are currently producing electricity in the $0.05 to $0.07/kWh range operating at moderate (5.8 m/s average) wind sites. The U.S. DOE Wind Energy Systems Program is continuing broad based research and technology development, focusing on advanced wind turbine development. Contracts have been placed with industry for next generation design studies, innovative subsystems applied research, and value engineering to improve existing turbines. Some of these turbines are now being deployed in utility verification projects. Over the past year, the U.S. opened its National Wind Technology Center, located near Golden, Colorado. The center will include a new user facility to serve as a wind turbine blade and system testing and research center for industry.

‘Wind farm’ producing electric power

The nation's first ‘wind farm,’ featuring three of the largest advanced wind turbine systems, is nearing completion. The turbines are the seventh, eighth, and ninth wind turbines to be built under a portion of the federal wind energy program. The first of the three new machines began producing electricity for the Bonneville Power Administration at Goodnoe Hills, near Goldendale, Wash., late last year. The second machine will be fully assembled and begin to generate electricity in February. The third machine is expected to be fully assembled and running late this spring.