Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes Research Articles

Designing micro-3D hierarchical HZCNF@ZS-LDH@MX as advanced electrodes for flexible supercapacitors

The design of electrode materials is the core for enhancing the practicality of supercapacitors. Herein, we report an electrode material with a micro-3D structure, in which the template-shaped ZnS nanorods are fixed on the hollow carbon nanofibers. Subsequently, ZnCo-LDH nanosheets grow on the surface of ZnS nanorods directionally and form a 3D structure. Finally, an MXene layer is coated on the material surface by electrostatic spraying. Experimental analysis shows that due to the construction of a stable polymetallic compound array and a conductive network, the HZCNF@ZS-LDH@MX electrode can maintain rapid charge transfer, thereby significantly improving the kinetics of ion/electron reactions. Taking these advantage, HZCNF@ZS-LDH@MX has a high specific capacitance of 830 F g−1, a specific surface area of 740 m2 g−1, and good cycling stability over 20,000 cycles. In addition, the assembled flexible device reaches an energy density of 65.1 Wh kg−1, which is sufficient to power an LED board. This study proposes an effective strategy for enhancing the ion and charge transport within the hierarchical structure. By making full use of the advantages of two-dimensional materials and designing micro-3D structures, it has opened up new approaches for the development and utilization of supercapacitor electrodes. In addition, according to the special nature of the material, the ability of electromagnetic wave absorbing is further tested. The results showed that the maximum reflection loss is −60 dB, and there is a potential application possibility of dual functions of energy storage and wave absorption.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework@graphene oxide nanocomposites for efficient supercapacitor electrodes

Despite advancements in nanoscale electrode materials, the pursuit of dependable, effective, and environmentally sound supercapacitors continues. This study explores the potential of zeolitic imidazolate framework@graphene oxide (ZIF@GO) nanocomposites as a viable option by revealing their improved electrochemical performance, including enhanced charge storage capacity and prolonged cycling stability. The ZIF-8@GO electrode exhibited an exceptional specific capacitance of 1372.67F/g at 1 A/g, indicating remarkable energy storage capacity. Furthermore, it showed exceptional cycling stability and durability by maintaining 96.02% of its capacitance after 20,000 cycles. To further evaluate ZIF-8@GO for energy storage, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the engineered electrode and activated carbon as the cathode and anode, respectively. The ZIF-8@GO nanostructure device demonstrated outstanding energy storage capability, maintaining a high specific capacitance of 165.29F/g at 1 A/g. Additionally, the device exhibited remarkable stability and endurance after 20,000 cycles, retaining 87.47% of its initial value. The promising electrochemical performance and ability of ZIF-8@GO nanocomposite to maintain capacitance across multiple cycles suggest a potential for advanced supercapacitor electrode materials.

Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes: Trimetallic Co–Mn–Fe Selenide Nanoflowers Encased in Reduced Graphene Oxide

Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes: Trimetallic Co–Mn–Fe Selenide Nanoflowers Encased in Reduced Graphene Oxide

Synergistic interface engineering of ZnCo2O4/NiMnCo-layered double hydroxides for boosted reactivity in advanced supercapacitor electrodes

NiMn layered double hydroxide (LDH) exhibits high redox activity as a cathode material for hybrid supercapacitors, but it has the disadvantages of low conductivity and poor stability. In this work, the electrochemical properties of NiMnCo-LDH with different Co contents prepared by electrodeposition were tested. The results showed that the addition of an appropriate amount Co increased the adsorption of OH− on NiMn-LDH and improved the reactivity of the material. ZnCo-MOF grown on carbon cloth was transformed into flake ZnCo2O4 by calcination, and NiMnCo-LDH was electrodeposited on it to prepare ZnCo2O4/NiMnCo-LDH composite electrode. The core-shell structure increases the reaction area between the LDH material and the electrolyte. Physical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the structure and electronic distribution of ZnCo2O4/NiMnCo-LDH at the heterogeneous interface are reconstructed, which increases the valence state of Co and Mn elements, and finally exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance. Due to the existence of this synergistic effect, the specific capacity of the electrode is as high as 231.5 mAh g−1, with excellent stability demonstrated after 5000 cycles compared to the NiMnCo-LDH. The assembled hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 39.4 Wh kg−1, and has high cycle stability (90 % after 5000 cycles).

Free-standing snowflake-like Mn-doped ZnO@CoCo2O4 nanofilm boosting cycle stability and energy density of supercapacitor

CoCo2O4 is considered as one of the most promising electrode materials owing to its inherently electrochemical performance and low cost. Nevertheless, the further practical application of CoCo2O4 as high-performance electrode material is hindered by its weak cycle stability. Herein, a free-standing snowflake-like Mn-doped ZnO@CoCo2O4 (MZCC) nanofilm is synthesized via hydrothermal method. The unique snowflake structure of this nanofilm composite exhibits obviously large specific surface area, thus promoting the redox reaction of the electrode material. The specific capacitance of the MZCC attains 1245F g−1 at 0.5 A/g. Furthermore, the assembled supercapacitor device with the MZCC and active carbon shows an energy density of 25.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1. The device also demonstrated intriguingly outstanding cyclic stability, maintaining its original specific capacitance of 80.1 % after 3000 cycles at 2 A/g. This study delivers an effective method to construct high-performance free-standing metal oxide nanofilm electrodes for advanced supercapacitors.

Carbonization of bacterial cellulose with structure retention and Nitrogen/Sulfur/Oxygen doping for application in supercapacitors electrode

Bacterial cellulose (BC) presents great potential as an economical and sustainable biomass for the preparation of porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. However, it is a challenge to maintain the natural structural advantages of BC and regulate the chemistry during the carbonization, significantly hindering the practical application. This study proposes a straightforward and efficient approach to rationally control the carbonization process of BC for improving structure retention and endowing multiple atomic doping, contributing an advanced electrode for supercapacitors. The addition of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) is instrumental in promoting the early dehydration carbonization, forming a carbon layer with thermal insulation. This thermal barrier suppresses the volatile organic compound formation, resulting in the inhibition of volume shrinkage and boosted carbon yield. Moreover, the air activation combined with the addition of (NH4)2SO4 contributes to a Nitrogen/Sulfur/Oxygen-doped carbon electrode. The well-maintained hollow structure and diverse chemistry provide sufficient active sites and enhanced ion diffusion, resulting in a specific capacitance of 268.2 F/g at a current of 0.5 A/g and outstanding capacitance retention of 99.46 % after 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g. This work provides a deep insight into the development of cost-effective biomass in developing advanced carbon electrodes for efficient energy storage.

Advanced supercapacitor electrodes: Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of graphene oxide-bismuth metal-organic framework composites for superior performance

The primary requirements for a viable supercapacitor electrode material are increased energy density, high specific capacitance, and excellent cycle stability. The desired outcome may be attained by combining diverse active materials. In this research, two Bi-MOFs with 1,4-benzenetdicarboxylic (H2BDC) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic (H3BTC) organic linkers were synthesized by facile solvothermal method and bonded on the surface of graphene oxide to produce FGO-Bi(BTC) and FGO-Bi(BDC) composites. The electrochemical characteristics of the two electroactive compounds were evaluated by GCD, CV, and EIS tests in a three-electrode setup. Comparative electrochemical analyses demonstrated that the composites exhibit remarkable performance with reduced charge transfer resistance. In the three-electrode configuration, FGO-Bi(BDC) and FGO-Bi(BTC) exhibited specific capacitances of 559 and 422 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, respectively. After conducting 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge at 8 A g-1, the FGO-Bi(BDC) and FGO-Bi(BTC) electrodes exhibited impressive retention rates of 97.6% and 95.64% for their initial specific capacitance (Cs). Notably, the three-electrode system's results indicated superior electrochemical performance of the FGO-Bi(BDC) electrode over the FGO-Bi(BTC) electrode. This superiority is attributed to the FGO-Bi(BDC)'s larger specific surface area (SSA) and reduced oxygen concentration. For a more practical assessment, the FGO-Bi(BDC) composite was selected for evaluation in the two-electrode system. The FGO-Bi(BDC)//FGO-Bi(BDC) two-electrode system demonstrated a cyclic stability of 94.2% over 10,000 cycles, attaining a substantial Cs of 295 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. Moreover, it accomplished a power density of 750 W kg-1 and an energy density of 34.61 Wh kg-1, emphasizing the exceptional electrochemical attributes that position the FGO-Bi(BDC) composite as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

Design and Fabrication of Island‐Like CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/Biomass Carbon Heterostructure as Advanced Electrodes for High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors

AbstractThe utilization of heterostructured electrodes offers an effective approach to boost the energy density of supercapacitors without sacrificing their power density. However, the adoption of such materials is frequently impeded by sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, an island‐like CoNi2S4@NiCo‐layered double hydroxide/biomass carbon (CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/BC) heterostructure is synthesized by embedding CoNi2S4 in the interlayer of NiCo‐LDH nanosheets on BC through a partial in situ sulfidation process. Theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that this unique structural configuration lowers transport barriers and enhances ion adsorption capacity, leading to a significant improvement in ion/electron reaction kinetics. In addition, the embedded structural design effectively alleviates the significant volume expansion during charge–discharge process, while the robust BC framework prevents electrode degradation, thereby enhancing stability. These advantages enable the developed electrode material to achieve a high specific capacity (1655.75 C g−1 at 1 A g−1) and an extended cycle life (86.82% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles). Significantly, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/BC// activated carbon demonstrates a remarkable energy density of 95.57 Wh kg−1 at 866.61 W kg−1 and exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 95.16% capacity after 10 000 cycles. This research offers an effective strategy to promote ion/charge transfer and adsorption capacity of heterostructure and provides a new approach to the development of advanced supercapacitor electrodes.

Redox behavior in hydrothermally synthesized thistle flower-like Co3O4–NiO-GO composite for advanced supercapacitor electrodes

The advancement in carbon derivatives has significantly boosted the efficacy of recently produced electrodes designed for energy storage applications. Utilizing the hydrothermal technique, conductive single and composite electrodes comprising Co3O4–NiO-GO were synthesized and utilized in supercapacitors within three-electrode systems. The Co3O4–NiO-GO composite electrode demonstrated better rate capability and excellent long-term reliability, as well as a noteworthy energy density at comparatively large power levels. The Co3O4–NiO-GO hybrid electrode had an ideal capacitance of 986.5 F/g at an applied current density of 1 A/g, according to the data. Furthermore, after 5000 cycles, this composite electrode displayed an outstanding cycling stability of 90.4 %. The results indicate that the combined electrode surpasses individual metallic oxide electrodes, with the addition of graphene oxide contributing to the improved performance. When the efficiency of the three samples was evaluated, it was clear that this Co3O4–NiO-GO electrode outperformed the GO/Co3O4 and GO/NiO electrodes. This improvement can be due to the composite electrode's synergistically impact from Co3O4, NiO, and GO.

Structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of NiO-added NiCo2O4 electrode materials synthesized by sol-gel, Co-precipitation and ultrasonication methods and their electrochemical supercapacitor response

In this study, NiO-added NiCo2O4 composite samples were prepared using three distinct synthesis methods to study the impact of synthesis technique and NiO addition on the electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4. The chosen methods, sol-gel, co-precipitation, and ultrasonication, represent a range of approaches that yield different particle structures and morphologies. The structural and morphological studies of composite samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), respectively. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline composition, revealing the presence of two distinct phases: NiO and NiCo2O4. The Rietveld analysis of the composite samples supports the dual phases in the samples. FESEM analysis confirms the change in size and shape of the particles with the synthesis procedure. Optical properties, measured via UV–visible absorbance spectra, demonstrated that the energy gap varied with the synthesis method. The sol-gel samples exhibited the highest energy gap at 2.20 eV. The magnetic properties were measured using the vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), and the results confirm that the synthesis procedure influences magnetic loops and coercivity. The electrochemical performance of the samples in a 3 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte revealed that the co-precipitation method produced the highest capacitance of 398 Fg-1 at a 10 mV/s sweep rate, indicating superior energy storage capacity compared to pure NiCo2O4. Adding NiO phase to the NiCo2O4 matrix is believed to enhance electrochemical performance by creating additional charge at the grain boundaries, leading to a synergistic effect and improved electron and ion transport. The exceptional electrochemical performance of these composite materials suggests that the synthesis methods and the addition of NiO play a critical role in determining the overall efficiency and applicability of battery-type supercapacitors. These findings pave the way for further research into optimizing synthesis parameters to enhance energy storage capacity and inspire the development of advanced spinel metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors and other energy storage applications.

Interfacial regulation of biomass-derived carbon towards high-performance supercapacitor

Interfacial regulation for carbon-based materials plays critical role for supercapacitive performance improvement and the strategies about introducing heteroatomic groups and tuning specific surface area can be proposed to effectively address the low specific capacitance issues. Thus, the approaches about activation treatment with nitric acid (APC-H800) and copper chloride (APC-C800) for biomass-derived carbon materials have been raised and systematically investigated. Consequently, though the above chemical activation treatment, the oxygen and nitrogen functional groups can be introduced for APC-H800. Meanwhile, the specific surface area of APC-C800 has been significantly increased. Significantly, the upper specific capacitance of 384 F g−1 and 423 F g−1 for APC-H800 and APC-C800 electrodes can be achieved at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, what matters more is that two symmetric devices offer superior energy density and desirable cycling stability (no decrease that occurs after 10,000 cycles) are successfully assembled by employing APC-H800 and APC-C800 electrodes, respectively. More significantly, desirable energy density about 11.18 Wh kg−1 and 12.5 Wh kg−1 at 249.98 W kg−1 and 250 W kg−1 have been achieved for the symmetric supercapacitor devices of APC-H800//APC-H800 and APC-C800//APC-C800. These modification strategies shed insight into the sensible design of a further stage of advanced art carbon electrodes for powerful performance supercapacitors.

Facile synthesis of NiMoO4@MnO2 nanoflower and waste biomass-derived N, P, and S self-doped carbon for advanced asymmetric supercapacitor electrode materials

Green energy storage technologies have been demonstrated by the use of sustainable biomass-derived carbon as an electrode. Herein, for a high performance all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor, we used biowaste material to derive multi-heteroatom doped carbon as a non-faradaic electrode along with NiMoO4@MnO2 Nano-flower-like hybrid structure on nickel foam as a Faradaic electrode. Due to the combined effect of the large specific surface area, hierarchical porous structure of biomass-derived activated carbon (FDAC3) and the highly specific capacitance of the NiMoO4@MnO2 hybrid, designed all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor achieved a remarkable specific capacitance of 109.1 F g−1 at 1.4 A g−1 and maximum specific energy of 54.7 Wh/kg within a voltage window of 1.8 V. Moreover, for the practical application of designed cell devices, two different devices were connected in a series to light up different colors light emitting diodes (LEDs). These findings provide new insights to realize the full utilization of biomass waste and a novel low-cost pathway for producing high-performance materials for energy storage applications.

Rational design and synthesis of a 3D hierarchical NiCo-LDH/C/GF composite foam as advanced electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

Rational design and synthesis of a 3D hierarchical NiCo-LDH/C/GF composite foam as advanced electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

Nickel-cobalt layer double hydroxide @ lignin-based hollow carbon quasi core-shell structure for high-performance supercapacitors

The physicochemical properties of an advanced supercapacitor electrode material can be co-tailored by incorporating various active materials into a hierarchical micro-/nano-architecture with a core-shell structure. Herein, we presented the development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials of quasi core-shell architectures based on nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides supported on lignin-based hollow carbon (NiCoLDH@LHC) nanocomposites. The synthesis involves a novel approach combining enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) as a carbon source and magnesium oxide (MgO) as a template, utilizing evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) followed by carbonization. The manipulation of the mass ratio of NiCoLDH/LHC can induce alterations in its apparent morphology, stratified porosity, and active site, thereby an influence on its electrochemical performance. The optimal NiCoLDH@LHC90 nanocomposites display a unique flower-like spherical structure with open pores, a substantial specific surface area (SSA), and numerous electrochemically active sites. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the higher density of Ni3+/Co3+ cations induced by the incorporation of LHC can increase the conductivity of NiCoLDH materials. Notably, these nanocomposites exhibit a remarkable specific capacitance of up to 640 C g−1 at 1 A g−1, with exceptional cycling stability (93.66% retention over 10,000 cycles). Furthermore, an assembled NiCoLDH@LHC90//LHC asymmetric supercapacitor demonstrates an impressive energy density (power density) of 35.44 Wh kg−1 (200.01 W kg−1). The physicochemical properties of an advanced supercapacitor electrode material can be finely tuned by incorporating various active materials into a hierarchical micro-/nano-architecture with a core-shell structure.

Design strategy for metal–organic framework assembled on modifications of MXene layers for advanced supercapacitor electrodes

The poor electronic conductivity and instability of metal–organic framework (MOFs) nanomaterials have been considered as the main reasons that hinder their practical application. Here, the bimetallic NiCo-MOF is in-situ grown by two-dimension expanded MXene to construct promising hierarchical electrodes. Benefitting from the hydroxyl group on the surface of MXene attracts metal (Ni, Co) ions by weak coordination, leading to oxygen vacancies during NiCo-MOF formation. At the same time, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation displays that the redox active center of NiCo-MOF is guaranteed to possess excellent electron and ion transport performance. Moreover, the open morphology based on expanded MXene by the hard template method can solve the re-stacking problem of MXene and provide a larger growth area for NiCo-MOF. The electrode design engineering strategy significantly improves the capacitance performance by increasing the electrochemically active site and promoting the ion dynamics. Specifically, the integrated solid-state hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with MXene@NiCo-MOF and activated carbon (AC) exhibits energy density of 40.23 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 1495.07 W·kg−1 and 84.4 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles via adopting this strategy. The strategy also provides a new route to improve the performance of flexible MXene-based supercapacitors with polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel electrolytes.

Crafting advanced supercapacitor electrodes with calcium manganese oxide in synergy with rGO and MWCNTs

Despite significant progress in developing metal oxide composite electrodes, methods to improve conductivity and integrate them with carbon nanocomposites remain scarce. Herein, we have synthesized carbon variants – metal oxide composite electrodes with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This study outlines the process of synthesizing CaMn3O6 microbeads (∼0.4 μm), which are dispersed within reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The synthesis involves a hydrothermal reaction followed by a calcination process. The synthesized samples are fabricated as a pouch type asymmetric supercapacitor device. The electrodes labelled as CMO–G and CMO–M were tested in three electrode system wherein CMO–M delivered a capacitance of 483 F/g and CMO-G delivered a capacitance of 356 F/g. Low resistance, excellent cycling stability makes CMO–M a suitable electrode for practical applications. The device CMO–M||AC delivered capacitance of 140 F/g and showed a capacity retention up to 84 % even after 20,000 cycles. CMO–M||AC device delivered energy density of 43.81 Wh kg−1 at 750 W kg−1 power density. Our results distinctly demonstrate the significant potential achieved through the synergistic effect in CaMn3O6 and carbon variants. This understanding could prove valuable in the creation of advanced energy storage solutions.

Nanoporous Activated Carbon Material from Terminalia chebula Seed for Supercapacitor Application

High-surface-area porous carbon materials with high porosity and well-defined pore structures are the preferred advanced supercapacitors electrode materials. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of novel high-porosity activated carbon materials prepared from biowaste Terminalia chebula (Harro) seed stones involving zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation. Activation is achieved by mixing ZnCl2 with Harro seed powder (1:1 w/w) followed by carbonization at 400–700 °C under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The amorphous carbon materials obtained exhibit excellent performance as electrical double-layer capacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid) due to high specific surface areas (as high as 1382.6 m2 g−1) based on well-developed micropore and mesopore structures, and partial graphitic structure containing oxygenated surface functional groups. An electrode prepared using material having the optimal surface textural properties achieved a large specific capacitance of 328.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode cell setup. The electrode achieved a good capacitance retention of 44.7% at a high 50 A g−1 current density and outstanding cycling performance of 98.2% even following 10,000 successive charge/discharge cycles. Electrochemical data indicate the significant potential of Terminalia chebula seed-derived porous carbons as high-performance electrode materials for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications.

A general synthetic strategy for converting metal−organic frameworks to hydroxides as advanced electrodes for supercapacitors by magnetic field assistance

Herein, a general magnetic field-assisted strategy of transforming Ni/Co-MOF into porous layered Ni/Co hydroxide has been formulated to enhance the charge storage performance of the material. In the process of alkaline hydrolysis assisted by magnetic field, the magnetic dipoles of Ni/Co-containing magnetic materials are modulated in the same direction as the magnetic field, accelerating the nucleation rate of Ni/Co hydroxide nanosheets, regulating the migration behavior of ions, and thus optimizing the conductivity and morphology of electrode materials. Consequently, the hydroxide of Ni0.5Co0.5(OH)2-3c derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of Ni/Co-MOF with magnetic field assistance provides a much better specific capacity of 1367 C g−1 at 1 A g−1 than that without magnetic field assistance (1007 C g−1). Furthermore, the hybrid supercapacitor composed of Ni0.5Co0.5(OH)2-3c and active carbon (AC) exhibited an energy density of 35.5 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 806.8 W kg−1 and possesses the remarkable cycling stability with the capacity retention of 86.5% after 20,000 cycles.

Industrial Waste-Derived Carbon Materials as Advanced Electrodes for Supercapacitors.

Strategically upcycling industrial wastes such as petroleum coke and dye wastewater into value-added materials through scalable and economic processes is an effective way to simultaneously tackle energy and environmental issues. Doping carbon electrodes with heteroatoms proves effective in significantly enhancing electrochemical performance through alterations in electrode wettability and electrical conductivity. This work reports the use of dye wastewater as the sole dopant source to synthesize N and S co-doped petroleum coke-based activated carbon (NS-AC) by the one-step pyrolysis method. More importantly, our wastewater and petroleum coke-derived activated carbon produced on a large scale (20 kg/batch) shows a specific surface area of 2582 m2 g-1 and an energy density of about 95 Wh kg-1 in a soft-packaged full cell with 1 M TEATFB/PC as the electrolyte. The scalable production method, together with the green and sustainable process, can be easily adopted and scaled by industry without the need for complex processes and/or units, which offers a convenient and green route to produce functionalized carbons from wastes at a low cost.

Atomic Layer Deposition-A Versatile Toolbox for Designing/Engineering Electrodes for Advanced Supercapacitors.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become the most widely used thin-film deposition technique in various fields due to its unique advantages, such as self-terminating growth, precise thickness control, and excellent deposition quality. In the energy storage domain, ALD has shown great potential for supercapacitors (SCs) by enabling the construction and surface engineering of novel electrode materials. This review aims to present a comprehensive outlook on the development, achievements, and design of advanced electrodes involving the application of ALD for realizing high-performance SCs to date, as organized in several sections of this paper. Specifically, this review focuses on understanding the influence of ALD parameters on the electrochemical performance and discusses the ALD of nanostructured electrochemically active electrode materials on various templates for SCs. It examines the influence of ALD parameters on electrochemical performance and highlights ALD's role in passivating electrodes and creating 3D nanoarchitectures. The relationship between synthesis procedures and SC properties is analyzed to guide future research in preparing materials for various applications. Finally, it is concluded by suggesting the directions and scope of future research and development to further leverage the unique advantages of ALD for fabricating new materials and harness the unexplored opportunities in the fabrication of advanced-generation SCs.