Advanced Stages Of Heart Failure Research Articles

231P Efficacy of tranilast in preventing exacerbating cardiac function and death from heart failure in muscular dystrophy patients with advanced-stage heart failure: a single-arm, open-label, multicenter study

231P Efficacy of tranilast in preventing exacerbating cardiac function and death from heart failure in muscular dystrophy patients with advanced-stage heart failure: a single-arm, open-label, multicenter study

Growth differentiation factor-15 and routine laboratory parameters are associated with one-year mortality in patients with end-stage heart failure undergoing heart transplantation evaluation.

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a hormone that regulates inflammatory responses, tissue repair, and cardiac remodeling, the three key processes underlying the development and progression of heart failure (HF). Furthermore, GDF-15 integrates information from cardiac and extracardiac disease pathways that are linked to multiorgan dysfunction in advanced stages of HF. This study aimed to determine which factors are associated with one-year mortality in patients with end-stage HF, with particular emphasis on GDF-15. We prospectively analyzed 315 consecutive hospitalized patients with end-stage HF who underwent heart transplantation evaluation between 2018 and 2022. The endpoint was all-cause mortality during one-year follow-up. We measured routine laboratory parameters and the serum GDF-15 concentration using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (SunRedBio Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China). The median age of the patients was 57 (50-62) years. During follow-up, 97 patients died. Higher serum concentrations of GDF-15 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.119; 95% CI, 1.095-1.144; P <0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HR, 1.140; 95% CI, 1.037-1.253; P = 0.006), fibrinogen (HR, 1.003; 95% CI, 1.001-1.005; P = 0.003), bilirubin (HR, 1.055; 95% CI, 1.027-1.084; P <0.001), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (HR, 1.342; 95% CI, 1.206-1.493; P <0.001), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (HR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.002-1.012; P = 0.003) were independently associated with one-year mortality. Higher GDF-15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations were independently associated with worse survival in patients with end-stage HF.

Retrograde Conduction in Left Bundle Branch Block: Insights From Left Bundle Branch Pacing.

Biventricular pacing is a well-established therapy for patients with heart failure (HF), left bundle branch block (LBBB) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has emerged as an alternative to biventricular pacing. The aim of this study was to assess the retrograde conduction properties of the left bundle branch in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and LBBB during LBBP and its clinical implications. Patients undergoing successful LBBP for nonischemic cardiomyopathy with LV ejection fraction (LVEF)≤35% and LBBB were included. Continuous recording of His potential was performed using a quadripolar catheter. Unidirectional block was defined as retrograde His bundle activation during LBBP with stimulus to His potential (SH) duration less than or equal to antegrade HV interval and bidirectional block as VH dissociation or SH duration greater than HV interval. HF hospitalization, ventricular arrhythmias, and mortality were documented. A total of 165 patients were included. The mean follow-up duration was 21.8 ± 13.1months. Bidirectional block (group I) was observed in 82% (n=136), and these patients were noted to have advanced HF stage and prolonged baseline QRS duration. Unidirectional block (group II) with intact retrograde conduction was observed in 18% (n=29) and was associated with narrow paced QRS duration and higher LVEF during follow-up. Super-response (LVEF≥50%) was observed in 54.4% (n=74) in group I compared with 73.3% (n=22) in group II (P=0.03). The OR for LVEF normalization was 4.1 (95%CI: 1.26-13.97; P=0.02), with unidirectional block compared with bidirectional block in patients with LBBB and LV dysfunction. Adverse clinical outcomes as measured by a composite of HF hospitalization, ventricular arrhythmias, and mortality were significantly higher in group I compared with group II (12.5% vs 0%; P=0.04). Bidirectional block in LBBB was characterized by advanced HF symptoms, while unidirectional block was associated with better clinical outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy by LBBP.

Electrocardiography changes and different stages of heart failure in central Iran: A cross-sectional study from Yazd Health Study.

Electrocardiography (ECG) is a widely accessible, noninvasive, and cost-effective diagnostic instrument used to evaluate patients with suspected heart failure (HF). The aim of this study is to investigate electrocardiographic changes in patients with different stages of HF in a random population of Yazd city. This prospective cross-sectional study included 319 individuals, randomly selected, aged 40 years and more, registered in the Yazd Health Study was conducted from March 2022 to May 2023 at Afshar Hospitals. In accordance with the AHA/ACC guidelines, HF was classified into four stages (A, B, C, and D). The 159 individuals were classified in the stage 0 group, 77 were in Stage A, 65 were in Stage B, and 18 were in Stage C of HF. In the Stage 0, the PR interval (PRi) was 130.5 ± 18.1 ms, while in Stage C, it was 143.3 ± 21.9 ms, with a significant difference (p = 0.047). Similarly, the QRS interval (QRSi) increased with HF staging (p = 0.001). The frequency of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLP), chronic heart disease, alcoholism, and PRi, QRSi, QT interval levels were independent predictors of HF stage in multivariate regression analysis. The prevalence of HF stages, as classified by the AHA/ACC guidelines, was observed, with significant correlations between ECG parameters and HF progression. abnormal rhythms, left bundle branch block, ischemia, hypertrophy, and left atrial enlargement increased with higher HF stages. Major risk factors like DM and HTN exhibited a heightened prevalence in advanced HF stages, accentuating their pivotal role in the progression of HF.

Pregnancy-related cardiac outcomes among patients with congenital heart disease after formalization of a cardio-obstetrics program

The prevalence of pregnant patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasing, and these patients are at high risk for cardiac morbidity. This study aimed to examine the pregnancy outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease before and after the establishment of formal cardio-obstetrics collaboration between adult congenital heart disease and maternal-fetal medicine programs. This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients with congenital heart disease from 2002 to 2020 at a single urban academic institution in the United States. This study included patients with a singleton pregnancy who continued a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was a composite adverse maternal cardiac outcome, compared before (2002-2010) and after (2011-2020) the program. The secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, rate of labor induction, use of diuresis after delivery, and a composite maternal morbidity outcome. The number of pregnant patients with congenital heart disease increased after formalization of the cardio-obstetrics program (200 [postprogram group] vs 84 [preprogram group]; 0.48% of all deliveries in the postprogram group vs 0.25% of all deliveries in the preprogram group; P<.001). The postprogram group was more likely to undergo labor induction than the preprogram group (126 [63%] vs 34 [41%], respectively; P<.001). There were fewer patients in the postprogram group than in the preprogram group who were New York Heart Association class II to IV (23 [12%] vs 17 [22%], respectively; P=.04) or with systemic ventricular dysfunction (8 [4%] vs 12 [16%], respectively; P=.001). There was no difference in the primary outcome (38 [19%] in the postprogram group vs 14 [17%] in the preprogram group; P=.64), even after adjusting for confounders, including New York Heart Association class >I and systemic ventricular dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-5.4). Patients in the postprogram group were more likely to receive diuresis after delivery than patients in the preprogram group, even in the absence of heart failure or pulmonary edema (9 [4.5%] vs 0 [0.0%], respectively; P=.04). In the period after the establishment of a formal cardio-obstetrics program between adult congenital heart disease and maternal-fetal medicine, the number of patients with congenital heart disease delivering at our institution increased significantly. Overall, fewer patients entered pregnancy with advanced-stage heart failure or systemic ventricular dysfunction, possibly suggesting improved prepregnancy cardiac care or improved preconception counseling. Composite maternal cardiac outcomes were similar, but the rates of postpartum diuresis increased significantly, suggesting increased attention to volume status in the postpartum period. Formalized collaboration between congenital heart disease and maternal-fetal medicine may help better optimize patients' care before conception, during pregnancy, and after delivery.

Adaptation of the Serious Illness Conversation Guide to Singapore's Multicultural Setting for Patients With Heart Failure, Renal Failure, or Cancer.

The Serious Illness Conversation Guide (SICG) was developed by Ariadne Labs in the United States. However, there is a scarcity of literature on the cross-cultural adaptations of the SICG in Asian settings. We aimed to adapt the SICG for English-speaking patients with serious illnesses in Singapore. We purposively recruited 28 patients with advanced stages of heart failure, renal failure, or cancer from a tertiary hospital. A designated research team member conducted semistructured interviews to obtain participants' feedback on the SICG. The interviews were transcribed by the designated study team member. Participants' response to each item on the SICG was coded quantitatively into categories to denote participant acceptance, partial acceptance, or nonacceptance. Transcripts were further analyzed using content analysis to understand participants' rationale regarding feedback of the specific SICG item. Modifications to the SICG were iteratively made over time to obtain its current version. Participants indicated a preference for direct language with shorter sentences and inclusive pronouns. It was considered important that clinicians keep the conversation hopeful, individualize the conversation content according to the patient's journey, and use prompts where necessary to support the patient's elaboration. This study outlined a patient-centric approach to localizing the SICG in the English language to a new cultural context, marking the first such effort in an Asian setting. Further study is under way to evaluate the SICG in more disease populations and non-English languages used in Singapore.

Valve unit instead of intensive or intermediate care unit admission following transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair is safe and reduces postprocedural complications.

Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (M-TEER) is often performed in general anesthesia, and postprocedural monitoring is usually warranted on an intensive or intermediate care unit (ICU/IMC). We evaluated the implications of a dedicated valve unit (VU) instead of an ICU/IMC for monitoring after M-TEER. In total, 624 patients were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 312 patients were primarily transferred to either ICU or IMC following M-TEER, and 312 patients were scheduled for the VU in the absence of indications for ICU/IMC treatment. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in VU patients (median 6.0days (interquartile range (IQR) 5.0 - 8.0) vs. 7.0days (IQR 6.0 - 10.0), p < 0.001) and their risk for infections (2.9 vs. 7.7%, p = 0.008) and delirium (0.6 vs. 2.6%, p = 0.056) was substantially lower compared to ICU/IMC patients. In-hospital mortality was similar in both groups (0.6% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.41). Fifty patients (16.0%) in the VU group had to cross over to unplanned ICU/IMC admission. The most frequent indication was prolonged need for catecholamines (52.0%). Patients with ICU/IMC crossover had more advanced stages of heart failure (LV-EF < 30% in 36.0 vs. 16.0%, p = 0.001; severe concomitant tricuspid regurgitation in 48.0 vs. 27.8%, p = 0.005) and an LV-EF < 30% was independently associated with unplanned ICU/IMC admission. Following M-TEER postprocedural monitoring on a VU instead of an ICU/IMC is safe, reduces complications, and spares ICU capacities. Patients with advanced heart failure have a higher risk for unplanned ICU/IMC treatment after M-TEER.

Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a progressive clinical course marked by frequent exacerbations and repeated hospitalizations, leading to considerably high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with HF present with a constellation of bothersome symptoms, which range from physical to psychological and mental manifestations. With the transition to more advanced HF stages, symptoms become increasingly more debilitating, interfere with activities of daily living and disrupt multiple domains of life, including physical functioning, psychological status, emotional state, cognitive function, intimate relationships, lifestyle status, usual role activities, social contact and support. By inflicting profuse limitations in numerous aspects of life, HF exerts a profoundly negative impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). It is therefore not surprising that patients with HF display lower levels of HRQOL compared not only to the general healthy population but also to patients suffering from other chronic diseases. On top of this, poor HRQOL in patients with HF becomes an even greater concern considering that it has been associated with unfavorable long-term outcomes and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, HRQOL may differ significantly among patients with HF. Indeed, it has consistently been reported that women with HF display poorer HRQOL compared to men, while younger patients with HF tend to exhibit lower levels of HRQOL than their older counterparts. Moreover, patients presenting with higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (III-IV) have significantly more impaired HRQOL than those in a better NYHA class (I-II). Furthermore, most studies report worse levels of HRQOL in patients suffering from HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) compared to patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Last, but not least, differences in HRQOL have been noted depending on geographic location, with lower HRQOL levels having been recorded in Africa and Eastern Europe and higher in Western Europe in a recent large global study. Based on the observed disparities that have been invariably reported in the literature, this review article aims to provide insight into the underlying differences in HRQOL among patients with HF. Through an overview of currently existing evidence, fundamental differences in HRQOL among patients with HF are analyzed based on sex, age, NYHA functional class, ejection fraction and geographic location or ethnicity.

Abstract 16481: Comparative Measures of Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Subclinical Heart Failure or Coronary Artery Calcium in the Project Baseline Health Study

Introduction: While exercise stress test is the traditional method for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 10-meter walk test (10MWT) can be inexpensive alternatives for physical activity and fitness evaluation. We aim to identify conditions where 6MWT and 10MWT show comparable diagnostic yield to metabolic equivalents of task (MET). Methods: All participants in the Project Baseline Health Study (PBHS) with no missing data were included. Participants were assigned a heart failure (HF) stage according to the 2022 AHA/ACC HF guidelines. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were described for each measurement by HF stages: 0 (healthy), A (presence of risk factors (RF)), and B (presence of RF and LVEF&lt;50%, diastolic dysfunction or LVH); and by coronary artery calcium (CAC) score subgroups: 0, 1-99, ≥100 Agatson units (AU). Multinomial regression was applied to estimate the association of each measurement with HF stage and CAC subgroups adjusted for relevant covariates. Results: 2,181 (87%) of 2,502 PBHS participants had complete data on METs, 6MWT, and 10MWT. The mean (SD) age was 50.1 (17.1) years, with 1224 (56.1%) females. The cohort consisted of participants with Stage 0, A, B (n=711, 742, 372) and CAC = 0, 1-99, ≥ 100 (n=1275, 471, 348). The overall mean (SD) for 6MWT, 10MWT, and METs were 479.8 (79.1) m, 2.0 (0.5) m/s, and 11.6 (4.3), respectively. Each SD decrease of METs was significantly associated with increased odds for more advanced HF stages and CAC subgroups ( Figure A1-B2 ). The 10MWT and 6MWT were also able to differentiate significantly between subclinical stages of HF and compare CAC subgroups 1-99 and ≥100 to CAC=0, although with smaller odds ratios (Figure A1, A2, B1). Conclusions: METs, as measured in a graded exercise test, demonstrated the strongest association with HF stage or CAC subgroup. Based on our findings, there is potential for utilizing the simpler assessments of 10MWT and 6MWT to differentiate between subclinical HF stages.

Acausal Modelling of Advanced-Stage Heart Failure and the Istanbul Heart Ventricular Assist Device Support with Patient Data.

In object-oriented or acausal modelling, components of the model can be connected topologically, following the inherent structure of the physical system, and system equations can be formulated automatically. This technique allows individuals without a mathematics background to develop knowledge-based models and facilitates collaboration in multidisciplinary fields like biomedical engineering. This study conducts a preclinical evaluation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) in assisting advanced-stage heart failure patients in an acausal modelling environment. A comprehensive object-oriented model of the cardiovascular system with a VAD is developed in MATLAB/SIMSCAPE, and its hemodynamic behaviour is studied. An analytically derived pump model is calibrated for the experimental prototype of the Istanbul Heart VAD. Hemodynamics are produced under healthy, diseased, and assisted conditions. The study features a comprehensive collection of advanced-stage heart failure patients' data from the literature to identify parameters for disease modelling and tovalidate the resulting hemodynamics. Regurgitation, suction, and optimal speeds are identified, and trends in different hemodynamic parameters are observed for the simulated pathophysiological conditions. Using pertinent parameters in disease modelling allows for more accurate results compared to the traditional approach of arbitrary reduction in left ventricular contractility to model dilated cardiomyopathy. The current research provides a comprehensive and validated framework for the preclinical evaluation of cardiac assist devices. Due to its object-oriented nature, the featured model is readily modifiable for other cardiovascular diseases for studying the effect of pump operating conditions on hemodynamics and vice versa in silico and hybrid mock circulatory loops. The work also provides a potential teaching tool for understanding the pathophysiology of heart failure, diagnosis rationale, and degree of assist requirements.

Cardiac Related Psychosocial Distress and Traumatic Distress in Individuals with Advanced Heart Failure

Guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this study explored relationships between cardiac related psychosocial distress, traumatic distress, and the number of lifetime traumas in people with advanced heart failure. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, a convenience sample of participants with advanced heart failure who received treatment in Washington, DC, completed standardized measures. Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant difference in mean number of exposures and distress associated with advanced heart failure therapies and linear relationships between exposures and traumatic distress, distress and traumatic distress, and exposures and distress, as well as between the number of exposures and distress and traumatic distress and between the distress and traumatic distress. Multivariate analysis suggested that the higher the number of reported traumatic events, the higher the distress, and the higher the distress, the higher the traumatic distress. Social workers and allied team members should consider how a patient’s distress relates to traumatic distress in the advanced stage heart failure population.

Heart transplantation in end-stage heart failure secondary to cardiac sarcoidosis: an updated systematic review.

The prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis is increasing with improved cardiac imaging and may lead to severe heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias that warrant heart transplant consideration. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of heart transplantation in sarcoidosis. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified 15 articles that examined patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. The study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of heart transplantation in cardiac sarcoidosis. We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified 15 studies that examined 1075 patients with cardiac sarcoidosis who underwent heart transplantation. A total of five studies reported individual patient data. Forty-two patients have been pooled for further analysis. There were 22 male patients, 14 female patients, and 7 patients whose gender was not reported. Among these patients, 10 patients had concomitant pulmonary sarcoidosis at the time of diagnosis. The mean survival was reported for all 42 patients. The mean survival in months was 71.4months, with a range of 2days to 288months. Three patients died of graft failure, 2 patients from septic shock, 2 patients from pneumonia, 1 patient from cervical cancer, and 1 patient from sudden cardiac death. One patient developed a malignant arrythmia in the setting of CMV myocarditis post-heart transplant. Sarcoidosis recurrence after heart transplant was reported in 3 of 30 patients..Patients with cardiac sarcoidosis have shown to have favorable outcomes after heart transplant. Despite these outcomes, some centers still hesitate to pursue heart transplant for CS patients. Carefully selected patients with advanced-stage heart failure due to cardiac sarcoidosis have encouraging outcomes after transplantation. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the outcomes of heart transplantation in sarcoidosis.

Metformin confers longitudinal cardiac protection by preserving mitochondrial homeostasis following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with systemic oxidative stress, cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Metformin has been recognized to attenuate cardiomyocyte apoptosis. However, the longitudinal effects and pathomechanism of metformin on the regulation of myocardial mitohormesis following I/R treatment remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal effects and mechanism of metformin in regulating cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis by serial imaging with the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 18F-FDPA. Myocardial I/R injury was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, which were treated with or without metformin (150mg/kg per day). Serial gated 18F-FDG and 18F-FDPA PET imaging wereperformed at 1, 4, and 8weeks after surgery, followed by analysis of ventricular remodelling and cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis. The correlation between Hsp60 and 18F-FDPA uptake was analyzed. After PET imaging, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, immunostaining, and western blot analysis were performed to analyze the spatio-temporal effects and pathomechanism of metformin for cardiac protection after myocardial I/R injury. Oxidative stress and apoptosis increased 1week after myocardial I/R injury (before significant progression of ventricular remodelling). TSPO expression was correlated with Hsp60 expression and was co-localized with inflammatory CD68+ macrophages in the infarct area, and TSPO uptake was associated with an upregulation of AMPK-p/AMPK and a downregulation of Bcl-2/Bax. However, these effects were reversed with metformin treatment. Eight weeks after myocardial I/R injury (representing the advanced stage of heart failure), 18F-FDPA uptake in myocardial cells in the distal non-infarct area increased without CD68+ expression, whereas the activity decreased with metformin treatment. Taken together, these results show that a prolonged metformin treatment has pleiotropic protective effects against myocardial I/R injury associated with a regional and temporal dynamic balance between mitochondrial homeostasis and cardiac outcome, which were assessed by TSPO-targeted imaging during cardiac remodelling.

Toward equitable utilization of durable left ventricular assist device therapy in advanced heart failure-Raising the veil of health disparities.

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive disease with high attendant morbidity and mortality. Contemporary guideline-directed medical therapies have led to remarkable improvements in HF outcomes. However, in a subset of patients, progression to advanced HF stages requiring durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and or heart transplantation is inevitable. LVADs improve survival and quality of life in eligible patients with advanced HF. However, access to LVAD therapy is marked by disparities, attributable to race and ethnicity, social-economic status, geography, and sex and gender categories. This commentary addresses the findings by Jones and colleagues on "The Impact of Race on Utilization of Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure" and also highlights the importance of social determinants of health in defining health disparities as well as the urgent work needed to improve HF clinical outcomes by dismantling these disparities.

Altered compositions of monocyte, T lymphocyte and NK cell subsets in heart failure of adult congenital heart disease

BackgroundAdults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) display changes in adaptive immunity related to early open-heart surgery and subsequent incidental thymectomy. In acquired heart failure (HF) systemic inflammation, innate and adaptive immune cells play an important role. However, cellular immune alterations of monocyte, T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell subsets have not been related to HF in ACHD. Methods and resultsThis cross-sectional study included 209 ACHD outpatients (mean age: 35.3 ± 11.0 years; NYHA class I/II/III-IV 64.1%/21.5%/14.4%; 59.8% male) and 21 healthy controls (29.8 ± 12.6 years; 47.6% male). Patients with clinical signs of infection, inflammatory diseases or malignancies were excluded. Flow cytometry of fresh whole blood revealed significantly elevated levels of CD14++CD16+ (Mon2) and CD14+CD16++ (Mon3) monocytes that increased in advanced NYHA class. Immature CD14+HLA-DRneg/low monocytes were significantly higher in ACHD, but did not relate to NT-proBNP or NYHA class. Frequencies of Mon2, CD14+HLA-DRneg/low and neutrophils related to plasma S100A8/A9 levels. Furthermore, ACHD had decreased T helper and cytotoxic T cell counts, however NKT and CD3bright T cells remained unchanged compared to control. The cytokine-producing CD56bright NK subset related to NT-proBNP and expanded in advanced HF stages. Patients with elevated Mon2 and CD14+HLA-DRneg/low monocytes exhibited a worse outcome regarding all-cause mortality/cardiac decompensations after a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. High Mon2, low total lymphocyte and low T helper cell counts were independent prognostic markers for the onset of adverse cardiac events. ConclusionsAltered immune cell compositions related to heart failure and exhibited prognostic relevance. This suggests an important link between immunity, inflammation and HF in ACHD bearing potential for refined clinical risk stratification.

Carvedilol versus Metoprolol in Patients with Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias.

The study investigates the prognostic role of treatment with carvedilol as compared to metoprolol in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. A large retrospective registry was used including consecutive patients on beta-blocker (BB) treatment with episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) from 2002 to 2015. Patients treated with carvedilol were compared to patients with metoprolol. The primary prognostic outcome was all-cause mortality at three years. Secondary endpoints comprised a composite arrhythmic endpoint (i.e., recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapies) and cardiac rehospitalization. Kaplan–Meier survival curves, multivariable Cox regression analyses, and propensity score matching were applied for statistics. There were 1098 patients included, 80% treated with metoprolol and 20% with carvedilol. Patients with carvedilol were older, more often presenting with VT (78% vs. 62%; p = 0.001) and with more advanced stages of heart failure. Treatment with carvedilol was associated with comparable all-cause mortality compared to metoprolol (20% vs. 16%, log rank p = 0.234; HR = 1.229; 95% CI 0.874–1.728; p = 0.235). However, secondary endpoints (i.e., composite arrhythmic endpoint: 32% vs. 17%; p = 0.001 and cardiac rehospitalization: 25% vs. 14%; p = 0.001) were more frequently observed in patients with carvedilol, which was still evident after multivariable adjustment. After propensity score matching (n = 194 patients with carvedilol and metoprolol), no further differences regarding the distribution of baseline characteristics were observed. Within the propensity-score-matched cohort, higher rates of the composite arrhythmic endpoint were still observed in patients treated with carvedilol, whereas the risk of cardiac rehospitalization was not affected by the type of beta-blocker treatment. In conclusion, carvedilol and metoprolol are associated with comparable all-cause mortality in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, whereas the risk of the composite arrhythmic endpoint was increased in patients with carvedilol therapy.

A Comparative Study for Time-to-Event Analysis and Survival Prediction for Heart Failure Condition using Machine Learning Techniques

Heart Failure, an ailment in which the heart isn’t functioning as effectively as it should, causing in an insufficient cardiac output. The effectual functioning of the human body is dependent on how well the heart is able to pump oxygenated, and nutrient rich blood to the tissues and cells. Heart failure falls into the category of cardiovascular diseases - the disorders of the heart and blood vessels. One of the leading causes of global deaths resulting in an estimated 17.9 million deaths globally every year. The condition of heart failure results out of structural changes to the cardiac muscles majorly in the left ventricle. The weakened muscles cause the ventricle to lose its ability to contract completely. Since the left ventricle generates the required pressure for blood circulation, any kind of a failure condition results in the reduction of cardiac power output. This study aims to conduct a thorough survival analysis and survival prediction on the data of 299 patients classified into the class III/IV of heart failure and diagnosed with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Survival analysis involves the study of the effect of a mediation assessed by measuring the number of subjects survived after that mediation over a period of time. The time starting from a distinct point to the occurrence of a certain event, for example death is known as survival time and the corresponding analysis is known as survival analysis. The analysis was performed using the methods of Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates and Cox Potential Hazard regression. KM plots showed the survival estimates as a function of each clinical feature and how each feature at various levels affect survival over the period of time. Cox regression modelled the hazard of death event around the clinical features used for the study. As a result of the analysis, ejection fraction, serum creatinine, time and age were identified as highly significant and major risk factors in the advanced stages of heart failure. Age and rise in level of serum creatinine have a deleterious effect on the survival chances. Ejection Fraction has a beneficial effect on survival and with a unit increase in the in the EF level the probability of death event decreases by ~5.2%. Higher rate of mortality is observed during the initial days post diagnosis and the hazard gradually decreases if patients have lived for a certain number of days. Hypertension and anemic condition also seem to be high risk factors. Machine learning classification models for survival prediction were built using the most significant variables found from survival analysis. SVM, decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM algorithm were implemented, and all the models seem to perform well enough. However, the availability of more data will make the models more stable and robust. Smart solutions, like this can reduce the risk of heart failure condition by providing accurate prognosis, survival projections, and risk predictions. Technology and data can combine together to address any disparities in treatment, design better care plan, and improve patient health outcomes. Smart health AI solutions would enhance healthcare policies, enable physicians to look beyond the conventional practices, and increase the patient satisfaction levels not only in case of heart failure conditions but healthcare in general.

CFD analysis of the HVAD's hemodynamic performance and blood damage with insight into gap clearance.

Mechanical circulatory support using ventricular assist devices has become commonplace in the treatment of patients suffering from advanced stages of heart failure. While blood damage generated by these devices has been evaluated in depth, their hemodynamic performance has been investigated much less. This work presents the analysis of the complete operating map of a left ventricular assist device, in terms of pressure head, power and efficiency. Further investigation into its hemocompatibility is included as well. To achieve these objectives, computational fluid dynamics simulations of a centrifugal blood pump with a wide-blade impeller were performed. Several conditions were considered by varying the rotational speed and volumetric flow rate. Regarding the device's hemocompatibility, blood damage was evaluated by means of the hemolysis index. By relating the hemocompatibility of the device to its hemodynamic performance, the results have demonstrated that the highest hemolysis occurs at low flow rates, corresponding to operating conditions of low efficiency. Both performance and hemocompatibility are affected by the gap clearance. An innovative investigation into the influence of this design parameter has yielded decreased efficiencies and increased hemolysis as the gap clearance is reduced. As a further novelty, pump operating maps were non-dimensionalized to highlight the influence of Reynolds number, which allows their application to any working condition. The pump's operating range places it in the transitional regime between laminar and turbulent, leading to enhanced efficiency for the highest Reynolds number.

Cardiac Cachexia Revisited: The Role of Wasting in Heart Failure.

Cardiac cachexia is a co-morbidity of heart failure (HF) defined by a non-edematous weight loss of ≥6% within the previous 6-12 months. Cachexia affects about 10-39% patients with HF and occurs typically in advanced stages of HF, especially in the presence of congestive right ventricular dysfunction. This review elucidates the approaches and pitfalls in the diagnosis of cachexia. It summarizes the prevalence and impact of cardiac cachexia. It also discusses changes in body composition over the course of HF and provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in wasting in HF.

ANMCO Position paper: Care pathway for advanced heart failure patients candidate for heart transplantation/ventricular assist device

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome with a severe prognosis, despite therapeutic progress. The management of the advanced stages of the syndrome is particularly complex in patients who are referred to palliative care as well as in those who are candidates for cardiac replacement therapy. For the latter group, a prompt recognition of the transition to the advanced stage as well as an early referral to the centers for cardiac replacement therapy are essential elements to ensure that patients follow the most appropriate diagnostic-therapeutic pathway. The aim of this document is to focus on the main diagnostic and therapeutic aspects related to the advanced stages of heart failure and, in particular, on the management of patients who are candidates for cardiac replacement therapy.