Advanced Design Methodology Research Articles

A design methodology for highly reliable operation for 2T0C dynamic random access memory application based on IGZO channel-all-around ferroelectric field-effect transistors

In this paper, the memory characteristics of In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO)-channel ferroelectric FETs (FeFETs) with stackable vertical channel-all-around structure are investigated by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. The simulated drain current–gate voltage (I DS–V GS) curves of the IGZO FeFET show an on–off ratio of up to 107 and a memory window of 1.76 V, proving that ferroelectric hafnium oxide (FE-HfO2) is suitable for a 2T0C transistor. To solve the potential current-sharing problem of the 2T0C dynamic random access memory (DRAM) array, an advanced operation design methodology is proposed, which utilizes the bipolar polarization characteristics of FE-HfO2. This solution shows a remarkable current ratio between data “1” and data “0”, not only demonstrating the feasibility of the IGZO-based FeFET on 2T0C DRAM memory cells, but also providing an array design guideline for highly reliable 2T0C memory applications.

Intelligent co-design of material, process, and equipment for manufacturing high-quality traditional Chinese medicine preparations

In the context of Pharma 4.0, the design tools that support the pharmaceutical Quality by Design(QbD) are iterating fast toward intelligent or smart design. The conventional development methods for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations have the limitations such as over dependence on experience, low dimensions for the designed experiment parameters, poor compatibility between the process and equipment, and high trial-and-error cost during process scale-up. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposed the intelligent co-design involving material, process, and equipment for manufacturing high-quality TCM preparations, and introduced the design philosophy, targets, tools, and applications with TCM oral solid dosage(OSD) as an example. In terms of design philosophy, the pharmaceutical design tetrahedron composed of critical material attributes, critical process parameters, critical equipment attributes, and critical quality attributes was developed. The design targets were put forward based on the product performance classification system. The design tools involve a design platform that contains several modules, such a as the iTCM material database, the processing route classification system, the system modeling and simulation, and reliability-based optimization. The roles of different modules in obtaining essential and universal design knowledge of the key common manufacturing units were introduced. At last, the applications of the co-design methodology involving material, process, and equipment in the high shear wet granulation process development and the improvement of the dissolving or dispersion capability of TCM formula granules are illustrated. The research on advanced pharmaceutical design theory and methodology will help enhance the efficiency and reliability of drug development, improve the product quality, and promote the innovation of high-end TCM products across the industry.

INTEGRATED DESIGN METHODOLOGY: A PROPOSAL FOR A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH-BASED DESIGN PROCESS FOR STIMULI-RESPONSIVE PRODUCTS

AbstractComplex global problems, such as sustainable crop production, where conventional products do not fully solve the problem due to their low efficacy and negative environmental impact, require rationally designed products. Generally, these products are based on efficient technologies and stimuli-responsive and high-performance materials. Considering the product design approach with a science-based approach such as drug development through QbD. We propose to merge the most relevant elements of these approaches in an integrated design methodology. Regarding the conceptual analysis, we propose two phases: initially, an early phase with conceptual solutions, followed by an advanced phase based on QbD elements to define the research hypothesis. Hence, optimal product conditions defined in the design space must comply with the required performance of the stimuli-responsive product. So, with this proposed integration we pretend to potentialize and strengthen the established tools for product design, achieving an advanced and robust design methodology.

Numerical validation of structural fire design for steel framed car park buildings

The installed automatic sprinkler systems in car park buildings can control the fire spread between vehicles, leading to unique localized vehicle fire scenarios. An advanced structural fire design methodology specific to steel-framed car park buildings was proposed by Linus Lim [11] based on the overall performance of structures under localized fire. This paper aims to assess the accuracy and reliability of this design methodology through numerical modelling using ABAQUS. The validated approach of establishing finite element models for steel-framed structures is adopted to simulate an eight-bay car park frame under two different fire scenarios following the design procedure. The overall structural fire performance of simulated structures indicates that even though the structural beams generated plastic deformation in two fire scenarios, none reached failure in the simulation. The comparison of load between simulation and design shows that the structural fire design methodology overestimated the load on the structural components inducing a conservative design result, which can be used for the car park building structural fire design. It should be pointed out that the neighbouring beams at a lower temperature could sustain the additional load from the continuous bending beam right above the fire, resulting in better overall performance of steel beams in localized fire. The assumption of load redistribution between different beams was validated in simulation.

Advanced Theoretical Models for Broadband Klystron Development

Broadband klystrons (BBKs) offer the potential of both high power and broad-bandwidth performance as microwave amplifiers. Staggered tuned bunching circuit and filter-loaded output cavity are the mainstream techniques adopted for developing such devices. However, in the design and optimization stage, the accurate and fast theoretical models are still missing before final particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are conducted. In this article, the small-signal theory of klystron has been derived from accurate large-signal models used in KlyC, where complex mode field distribution, relativistic effects, mode coupling, and precise space charge model are fully considered in the final analytic formulas compared with existing simplified models. Furthermore, mode coupling theory with partially beam-loading conditions has been developed in KlyC to analyze the filter-loaded output cavity and overall klystron performance in the large-signal domain. An example of the retrofit design of 100-kW five-cavity <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${X}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band klystron is then presented to demonstrate the advanced design methodology based on the above fast theoretical models. The 3-D PIC simulation finally verifies this BBK design, showing −1-dB bandwidth of 200 MHz is attainable with output power over 100 kW, where the maximum discrepancy between theoretical models and PIC is within 2% in the whole bandwidth.

Methodology to Aircraft Design – Market Study &amp; Design Optimization

In the last few years Aircraft have grown to be large-scale products with an increasing number of complicated systems, components, parts, and capabilities. Every single one of them. Various fields and technologies are included. Multiple sets of tools, procedures and methods are also included, as a result, to fully define, design, and develop an aircraft A comprehensive and methodic approach is required. Aircraft design that serves as a pillar in the evolution of the life cycle A balanced system solution that satisfies the needs of the customer. To accompany these characteristics. system engineering provides an interdisciplinary organization but is still flexible in many ways. This paper introduces the ideas of the system and the significance of the life cycle in developing cost-effective and competitive outlets. In addition, the topic includes definitions that describe system engineering as well as instances of process models. Finally, it finishes with the system engineering method, which is used in aircraft design. It begins by defining the concept of a system and then covers the role of the life cycle in the development of competitive and cost-effective goods. This study defines systems engineering and provides an example of a system engineering process model. Finally, it depicts the systems engineering method as used in aircraft design. Advanced design methodology, aircraft conceptual design, design process, design space exploration, functional analysis, requirement analysis, systems design, systems engineering system the life cycle in airplane transactions by investors mostly determined is by objective assessments of the specific aspects that have an effect on its residual value over a given period.

Design of a Gough–Stewart Platform Based on Visual Servoing Controller

Designing a robot with the best accuracy is always an attractive research direction in the robotics community. In order to create a Gough–Stewart platform with guaranteed accuracy performance for a dedicated controller, this paper describes a novel advanced optimal design methodology: control-based design methodology. This advanced optimal design method considers the controller positioning accuracy in the design process for getting the optimal geometric parameters of the robot. In this paper, three types of visual servoing controllers are applied to control the motions of the Gough–Stewart platform: leg-direction-based visual servoing, line-based visual servoing, and image moment visual servoing. Depending on these controllers, the positioning error models considering the camera observation error together with the controller singularities are analyzed. In the next step, the optimization problems are formulated in order to get the optimal geometric parameters of the robot and the placement of the camera for the Gough–Stewart platform for each type of controller. Then, we perform co-simulations on the three optimized Gough–Stewart platforms in order to test the positioning accuracy and the robustness with respect to the manufacturing errors. It turns out that the optimal control-based design methodology helps get both the optimum design parameters of the robot and the performance of the controller {robot + dedicated controller}.

Gas Turbine Intake Air Hybrid Cooling Systems and a New Approach to Their Rational Designing

Gas turbine intake air cooling (TIAC) by exhaust gas heat recovery chillers is a general trend to improve turbine fuel efficiency at increased ambient temperatures. The high efficiency absorption lithium–bromide chillers of a simple cycle are the most widely used, but they are unable to cool inlet air lower than 15 °C. A two-stage hybrid absorption–ejector chillers were developed with absorption chiller as a high temperature stage and ejector chiller as a low temperature stage to subcool air from 15 °C to 10 °C and lower. A novel trend in TIAC by two-stage air cooling in hybrid chillers has been substantiated to provide about 50% higher annual fuel saving in temperate climate as compared with absorption cooling. A new approach to reduce practically twice design cooling capacity of absorption chiller due to its rational distribution with accumulating excessive refrigeration energy at decreased thermal loads to cover the picked demands and advanced design methodology based on it was proposed. The method behind this is issued from comparing a behavior of the characteristic curves of refrigeration energy required for TIAC with its available values according to various design cooling capacities to cover daily fluctuation of thermal loads at reduced by 15 to 20% design cooling capacity and practically maximum annual fuel reduction.

Aeroacoustic design and broadband noise predictions of a fan stage with serrated outlet guide vanes

This work, realized in the framework of the European project TurboNoiseBB, presents an advanced aeroacoustic design methodology of Outlet Guide Vanes (OGVs) with leading edge serrations, including details on their broadband noise and aerodynamic performance. The serrated OGV corresponds to a modified stator from an aeroengine fan stage tested at the AneCom AeroTest’s facility (Germany). Sinusoidal leading edge patterns with varying amplitude and wavelength along the span are designed in collaboration with Safran Aircraft Engines. Serrations are adjusted to account for the turbulence characteristics provided by Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) calculations. Optimal parameters are found using simple design rules discussed in this paper. Down selection of serrated OGV designs (patent pending) is conducted through a RANS control of aerodynamic performances and in accordance with industrial specifications, ensuring acceptable penalties on the loss coefficient and isentropic efficiency. Broadband noise simulations are performed using a computational aeroacoustic (CAA) code that solves the linearized Euler equations with a synthetic turbulence model. Additionally, the acoustic response of the serrated leading edge airfoils is also estimated using the most relevant analytical formulation in the literature, based on the Wiener–Hopf technique. Numerical predictions at approach conditions are compared to available experimental measurements (on the untreated baseline case) and analytical Amiet-based and Wiener–Hopf solutions, showing satisfactory agreement in the sound power spectrum in the bypass duct. Finally, the acoustic performances estimated at the design stage are numerically assessed by both the CAA and Wiener–Hopf methods, providing around 2.5 dB and 3.5 dB reduction in the overall power level, respectively.

Hardening Concrete Exposed to Realistic Curing Temperature Regimes and Restraint Conditions: Advanced Testing and Design Methodology

Early age cracking (EAC) is a well-known problem area when it comes to concrete structures. The driving forces behind EAC are thermal dilation and autogenous deformation, but EAC is also strongly dependent on material and geometrical properties such as hydration heat development, tensile strength, E-modulus, creep, cross-sectional dimensions, and degree of restraint. The current document contains a description of the EAC design methodology that is currently being implemented in Norway. The basis of the methodology is to define and describe the material properties of a given concrete through laboratory testing and succeeding model fitting. The obtained material parameters are then evaluated and calibrated by comparing (1) stress development measured in a Temperature-Stress Testing Machine with (2) stress development calculated by using the obtained material properties and various multiphysical EAC calculation approaches. Special consideration is given to the effect of realistic curing temperature regimes on the various material properties and consequently on the EAC.

Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Applied to a New Eco-Motorbike

The primary purpose of this work is to organize, in the best possible way, the design of an ecological transport vehicle, using an advanced design methodology, namely design for six sigma (DFSS). The DFSS is indeed a design approach, able to implement, in a logical and integrated way, other advanced methodologies of systematic design, such as quality function deployment (QFD), TRIZ (in Russian, Teorija Rešenija Izobretatel'skich Zadač), benchmarking, top-flop analysis and others, in order to propose design solutions oriented both to quality and innovation, for satisfying customers. The above described has been demonstrated through the application of DFSS to a case study in which the set up phase of an industrial project was completed, without having overlooked any aspect useful for obtaining a new attractive product. The case study concerns the application of DFSS to a new low-polluting motorcycle. At the end of the work, the designer obtained the achievement of the conceptual project.

Integrator-Backstepping Based Control for Nonlinear Roll-to-Roll Web Dynamics

The paper presents a method for control analysis and design of roll-to-roll (R2R) dynamic system for printed electronics technology. The research provides an advanced control analysis and design methodology for a general multioutput multi-input (MIMO) strict-feedback class of nonlinear dynamic systems. The research starts with an integrator-backstepping control (IBSC) law formulation for the system by defining the modified tracking error in term of integral of normal tracking error. Considering each sublayer of control design process via a chosen Control Lyapunov function (CLF) and parameter assignment results in anIBSC law. Then, an IBSC law-based control strategy is provided for the design model. For the application of the proposed method, dynamic analysis on roll-to-roll (R2R) web system is made to transform a general nonlinear R2R web dynamics into a standard MIMO strict-feedback form for control analysis and design purposes. With the achieved model, an IBSC-based control algorithm is provided for numerical simulation and experiments. A control software is developed for implementing studies of numerical simulation and experiments to validate the reliability and feasibility of the proposed method.

Exosome Biochemistry and Advanced Nanotechnology for Next-Generation Theranostic Platforms.

Recent marked technological advances in the field of exosome nanotechnology have provided unprecedented opportunities to bloom the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics, which have laid a solid basis for scientific community to design exosome-based nanotheranostic platforms. The unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics of exosomes as natural nanocarriers, as well as their fascinating physicochemical/biochemical properties, which underpin their special physiopathological roles, have triggered the concept that these cell-derived nanovesicles with intrinsic biological functions can be highly competent for the establishment of next-generation nanomedicine. Herein, efforts are made to give a comprehensive overview on the recent advances of exosome nanotechnology based on the representative examples of the current state of the art of exosome-based research, ranging from their formation, biological function, preparation, and characterization to their extensive nanomedical applications. It is highly expected that the better and clearer elucidation of the fundamental principles for advanced nanotechnology in constructing exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms, as well as integrating the intrinsic advantages of exosomes as endogenous cell-derived nanocarriers with the advanced design methodology of traditional nanomedicine, will help to unlock the innate powers of exosomes for the establishment of next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms.

Analysis of cash waqf development in Indonesia using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)

This study aims to identify the main factors that were obstacles to develop the implementation of cash waqf in Indonesia using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. ISM is an advanced design methodology used to identify, to analyze, and to summarize different relationship among factors that elucidate a problem, model or issue. The development of cash waqf in Indonesia with ISM framework is divided into three criteria: (1) Challenges (aspects) faced in developing cash waqf, (2) Strategy or foundation required within the framework of developing cash waqf, and (3) Stakeholders or actors involved in the development of the cash waqf. The result shows that the core problems and challenges faced in the development of cash waqf institution are: System aspect, product, regulation and information technology. The core strategies or foundations that are needed in a framework of cash waqf development are Transparency and accountability of waqf institutions, Quality development of nadzir, and Innovative marketing strategy from waqf institution.

Review of Robust Aerodynamic Design Optimization for Air Vehicles

The ever-increasing demands for risk-free, resource-efficient and environment-friendly air vehicles motivate the development of advanced design methodology. As a particularly promising design methodology considering uncertainties, robust aerodynamic design optimization (RADO) is capable of providing robust and reliable aerodynamic configuration and reducing cost under probable uncertainties in the flight envelop and all life cycle of air vehicle. However, the major challenges including high computational cost with increasing dimensionality of uncertainty and complex RADO procedure hinder the wider application of RADO. In this paper, the complete RADO procedure, i.e., uncertainty modeling, establishment of uncertainty quantification approach as well as robust optimization subject to reliability constraints under uncertainty, is elaborated. Systematic reviews of RADO methodology including uncertainty modeling methods, comprehensive uncertainty quantification approaches, and robust optimization methods are provided. Further, this paper presents a brief survey of the main applications of RADO in the aerodynamic design of transonic flow and natural-laminar-flow, and discusses the application prospects of RADO methodology for air vehicles. The detailed statement of the paper indicates the intention, i.e., to present the state of the art in RADO methodology, to highlight the key techniques and primary challenges in RADO, and to provide the beneficial directions for future researches.

High Fidelity Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Downscaled Cusped Field Thruster

The Cusped Field Thruster (CFT) concept has demonstrated significantly improved performance over the Hall Effect Thruster and the Gridded Ion Thruster; however, little is understood about the complexities of the interactions and interdependencies of the geometrical, magnetic and ion beam properties of the thruster. This study applies an advanced design methodology combining a modified power distribution calculation and evolutionary algorithms assisted by surrogate modeling to a multi-objective design optimization for the performance optimization and characterization of the CFT. Optimization is performed for maximization of performance defined by five design parameters (i.e., anode voltage, anode current, mass flow rate, and magnet radii), simultaneously aiming to maximize three objectives; that is, thrust, efficiency and specific impulse. Statistical methods based on global sensitivity analysis are employed to assess the optimization results in conjunction with surrogate models to identify key design factors with respect to the three design objectives and additional performance measures. The research indicates that the anode current and the Outer Magnet Radius have the greatest effect on the performance parameters. An optimal value for the anode current is determined, and a trend towards maximizing anode potential and mass flow rate is observed.

Physical Insight into Fuel-Air Mixing for Upstream-Fuel-Injected Scramjets via Multi-Objective Design Optimization

Fuel injection and mixing into air play a crucial role in the operation of hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems, particularly scramjet engines featuring upstream fuel injection. This study applies an advanced design methodology combining computational fluid dynamics and evolutionary algorithms assisted by surrogate modeling to a multi-objective optimization for fuel injection in a Mach 5.7 crossflow after the initial compression in a scramjet intake operating at Mach 7.6. Optimization is performed for elliptical injector configurations defined by four design parameters (i.e., the injection angle, spanwise spacing, aspect ratio, and radius of the injector), simultaneously aiming to maximize three objectives, that is, fuel/air mixing, total pressure saving, and fuel penetration into the crossflow. Statistical methods based on global sensitivity analysis are employed to assess the optimization results in conjunction with surrogate models to identify key design factors with respect to the three design objectives and additional performance measures. Major effects of the injection angle and aspect ratio have been observed on all considered design criteria. The spanwise spacing has been found to have considerable influence on the total pressure recovery, fuel penetration, and lateral spread when the injection pressure is adjusted to maintain a constant fuel/air equivalence ratio. Low-angle fuel injection through a highly elliptic orifice with wide spanwise spacing demonstrated the most comprehensive advantages in overall aspects.

Investigation of Compact Balun-Bandpass Filter Using Folded Open-Loop Ring Resonators and Microstrip Lines

A balun-bandpass filter was proposed by using two folded open-loop ring resonators (OLRRs) to couple three microstrip lines. By tuning the size of the OLRR, the operating frequency of the balun-bandpass filter could be tuned to the needed value. By tuning the size of open stub at the end of microstrip lines, the balanced impedance of the balun-bandpass filter could also be tuned. The fabricated balun-bandpass filter had a wide bandwidth and a low insertion loss at center frequency of the passband. The balun-bandpass filter presented an excellent in-band balanced performance with common-mode rejection ratio more than 20 dB in the passbands. An advanced design methodology had been adopted based on EM simulation for making these designed parameters of OLRRs and microstrip lines. Good correlation was seen between simulation and measurement, and the result was that first run pass had been achieved in the majority of our designs.

Fabrication of Compact Microstrip Line-Based Balun-Bandpass Filter with High Common-Mode Suppression

A new type of balun-bandpass filter was proposed based on the traditional coupled-line theory and folded open-loop ring resonators (OLRRs) configuration. For that, a new device with both filter-type and balun-type characteristics was investigated and fabricated. Both magnetic and electric coupling structures were implemented to provide high performance balun-bandpass responses. The fabricated balun-bandpass filters had a wide bandwidth more than 200 MHz and a low insertion loss less than 2.51 dB at a center frequency of 2.6 GHz. The differences between the two outputs were below 0.4 dB in magnitude and within 180 ± 7° in phase. Also, the balun-bandpass filter presented an excellent common-mode rejection ratio over 25 dB in the passband. An advanced design methodology had been adopted based on EM simulation for making these designed parameters of OLRRs, microstrip lines, and open stubs. The measured frequency responses agreed well with simulated ones.

Development of a novel point absorber in heave for wave energy conversion

This paper presents an advanced design methodology for electric power generation from the vast ocean wave energy. A novel single-buoy heaving device called wave energy converter (WEC) based on hydrostatic transmission (HST), or can be shortened as HSTWEC, is proposed to convert mechanical energy generated by ocean waves into electric energy. Modeling and simulations with both regular and irregular waves were then carried out to investigate working performances of the designed HSTWEC. The results showed that more than 78% of wave energy can be absorbed. In addition, an adaptive controller was designed to improve the performance of the suggested device. Effectiveness of the overall HSTWEC control system was finally proved by simulations.