Advanced Encryption Standard Research Articles

An Energy-Efficient Cluster Head Selection and Secure Data Transmission in WSN using Spider Monkey Optimized Algorithm and Hybrid Cryptographic with Security

To conserve energy in wireless sensor networks, clustering is the well-known strategies. However, choosing a cluster head that is energy efficient is crucial for the best clustering. Because data packets must be transmitted between cluster members and the sink node, improper cluster head selection (CHs) uses more energy than other sensor nodes. As a result, it lowers the network's performance and lifespan. Due to the requirement that this network implement appropriate security measures to guarantee secure communication. This paper provides a novel cluster head selection technique that addresses issues of networks’ lives and energy usages using Spider Monkey Optimised Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm (SMOFCM). The CH is chosen using the Spider Monkey Optimisation method in the proposed SMOFCM approach, which builds on the Fuzzy C-means clustering framework. The hybrid cryptographic technique is appropriate for WSN for safe data transmission because it can address sensor challenges such processing power, storage capability, and energy. The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), advanced encryption standards (AES), and the suggested algorithm are all used at various stages. Because asymmetric key cryptography makes key management simpler but symmetric key cryptography offers a high level of security. The AES algorithm has been created for phase 1. Phase 2 employed RSA, and all phases were carried out concurrently. According to the simulation results, it reduces energy use, lengthens the network's lifespan, and offers faster encryption, decryption, and execution times for secure data transmission

End-to-end security enabled intelligent remote IoT monitoring system

Introduction: Internet of things (IoT) compose of million of devices connected together over the internet. IoT plays a vital role now a days and especially in future, the most of the monitoring and data collection. The data should be secure while collection and as well in the process of transferring till the destination whether Service Organization Control (SOC) or to cloud for storage. In this paper, a secure IoT based intelligent monitoring system is proposed.Methods: An intelligent IoT station that interacts via cellular connection to relay data to the cloud is constructed using the Waspmote platform. The algorithm is injected to automatically filter and only keep the new data for transfer to avoid redundancy. The advanced encryption standard (AES) 256-bit method is enabled for onboard data encryption and then the generated cipher text is transmitted. The encrypted data is then stored over the cloud to ensure privacy. Moreover, the mobile application (mApp) is developed to be installed on handheld devices for calling the secure data from the cloud, decrypting it, and displaying it as per user input, whether real-time or historical.Results and Discussion: The encryption algortihm helps in securing the proposed monitoring system from brute force, man in the middle, phishing, spoofing, and denial of service (DoS) attacks. The results of the real testbed experimentation demonstrate the complexity evaluation and reliability of IoT monitoring systems with end-to-end data security in terms of encryption algorithm delay and data rate, respectively.

AES-128 reduced-round permutation by replacing the MixColumns function

Ensuring the protection of digital data is of utmost importance in our current reliance on network operations. However, security measures such as data encryption often result in decreased performance speed. This paper enhanced the 128-bit version of the advanced encryption standard (AES) by substituting the MixColumns function with a permutation-based approach and decreasing the overall number of rounds. The evaluation results indicate a substantial enhancement in the speed of encryption and decryption, with a 76.76% improvement in encryption time and a 55.46% improvement in decryption time. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the modifications implemented in the standard AES did not compromise its security in relation to the strict avalanche criterion. The avalanche effect of the modified AES is 52.92%, surpassing the minimum requirement of 50%. Finally, the modified AES demonstrated a 31.12% increase in throughput for encryption and a 25.50% increase for decryption when compared to the original AES, using the sample dataset.

PENGGABUNGAN KRIPTOGRAFI RIVEST SHAMIR ADLEMAN (RSA) DAN ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) PADA APLIKASI PENGIRIM E-MAIL

One of the most commonly used communication tools is e-mail. Messages sent via e-mail can contain confidential information, security measures are needed for confidential messages sent via e-mail. Cryptography is one of the security measures that can be taken. Based on the types of keys, there are two types of cryptography namely symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric cryptography uses the same key in the encryption and decryption process, while asymmetric cryptography uses different keys. Symmetric keys can be encrypted by asymmetric keys to make the transmission of secret keys more secure. The symmetric and asymmetric cryptography chosen are AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and enhanced RSA (Rivest Shamir Adleman). RSA cryptography is known for its strong security based on the difficulty of exponential and factorization operations, while AES cryptography is a secure cryptography standard that has a relatively fast computation time. An e-mail application to send secret messages using combined cryptography algorithm constructed using Python programming language.

Smart plant disease net: Adaptive Dense Hybrid Convolution network with attention mechanism for IoT-based plant disease detection by improved optimization approach

ABSTRACT Plant diseases are rising nowadays. Plant diseases lead to high economic losses. Internet of Things (IoT) technology has found its application in various sectors. This led to the introduction of smart farming, in which IoT has been utilized to help identify the exact spot of the diseased affected region on the leaf from the vast farmland in a well-organized and automated manner. Thus, the main focus of this task is the introduction of a novel plant disease detection model that relies on IoT technology. The collected images are given to the Image Transmission phase. Here, the encryption task is performed by employing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and also the decrypted plant images are fed to the pre-processing stage. The Mask Regions with Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) are used to segment the pre-processed images. Then, the segmented images are given to the detection phase in which the Adaptive Dense Hybrid Convolution Network with Attention Mechanism (ADHCN-AM) approach is utilized to perform the detection of plant disease. From the ADHCN-AM, the final detected plant disease outcomes are obtained. Throughout the entire validation, the offered model shows 95% enhancement in terms of MCC showcasing its effectiveness over the existing approaches.

Perancangan Integrasi Sistem Enkripsi dan Steganografi untuk Pengamanan Data Suara Manusia Berbasis Web

Audio steganography on images is a method used to secretly hide audio messages in images. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) method is also combined with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to increase the security of confidential messages. Audio messages that you want to keep secret can be encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) before being inserted into the image. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) can be combined with the use of Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) keys. Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) is used to increase the security of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) keys. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) key can be encrypted using Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) before being inserted into the image using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) Method, so that only recipients who have the Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) key are suitable for accessing the audio message. kept secret. The results of this processing can be measured from the PSNR (Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio) figure.

A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF DATA ENCRYPTION METHODS IN THE USA AND EUROPE

Data encryption is a critical aspect of modern information security, and understanding the approaches taken by different regions is vital for a comprehensive analysis. In the United States and Europe, data encryption methods vary in implementation, legal frameworks, and overall priorities. In the United States, encryption methods are primarily governed by a combination of federal laws and industry standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plays a central role in recommending cryptographic standards, while the Department of Commerce oversees export controls on encryption technology. The focus in the U.S. is on balancing national security needs with individual privacy rights. The tension between law enforcement's desire for access to encrypted data for criminal investigations and the right to privacy has sparked debates and legal battles. On the other hand, Europe has taken a more privacy-centric approach to data protection. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a cornerstone in the European Union's efforts to safeguard individual privacy rights. GDPR mandates the use of encryption to protect personal data, and failure to implement adequate measures can result in hefty fines. European countries also emphasize the importance of end-to-end encryption in communication services to ensure confidentiality. Both regions prioritize encryption, but their approaches reflect different values and legal philosophies. The U.S. tends to navigate a delicate balance between national security and individual rights, while Europe places a stronger emphasis on the protection of personal data as a fundamental right. In terms of technological implementation, the encryption algorithms adopted in both regions are often aligned with global standards. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is widely accepted and implemented in various sectors. However, the choice of key management and the level of regulatory oversight differ, contributing to the nuanced landscape of data protection. In conclusion, a comparative review of data encryption methods in the USA and Europe reveals the complex interplay between security, privacy, and legal frameworks. Understanding these differences is crucial for multinational organizations and individuals navigating the intricate landscape of global data protection.
 Keywords: Data, Encryption, USA, Europe, Review.

An In-Depth Analysis on Efficiency and Vulnerabilities on a Cloud-Based Searchable Symmetric Encryption Solution

Searchable Symmetric Encryption (SSE) has come to be as an integral cryptographic approach in a world where digital privacy is essential. The capacity to search through encrypted data whilst maintaining its integrity meets the most important demand for security and confidentiality in a society that is increasingly dependent on cloud-based services and data storage. SSE offers efficient processing of queries over encrypted datasets, allowing entities to comply with data privacy rules while preserving database usability. Our research goes into this need, concentrating on the development and thorough testing of an SSE system based on Curtmola’s architecture and employing Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Cypher Block Chaining (CBC) mode. A primary goal of the research is to conduct a thorough evaluation of the security and performance of the system. In order to assess search performance, a variety of database settings were extensively tested, and the system's security was tested by simulating intricate threat scenarios such as count attacks and leakage abuse. The efficiency of operation and cryptographic robustness of the SSE system are critically examined by these reviews.

Optimization of Security Identification in Power Grid Data through Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm

With the increasing reliance on digital technologies in power grid systems, ensuring the security and confidentiality of data has become paramount. This study focuses on optimizing security identification processes in power grid data using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The research explores the application of AES to enhance data protection and improve the accuracy and efficiency of security identification techniques. By implementing AES encryption, the study aims to fortify the security measures within the power grid infrastructure, safeguard sensitive information, and mitigate potential threats. The findings provide insights into the benefits of AES-based security optimization, contributing to the advancement of data security in power grid operations.

ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION PROTECTION AT THE «DRIVE PETROL» ENTERPRISE USING A CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM AES

In today's digital age, information protection is becoming a dominant task, as the number of threats in the field of cyber security is constantly increasing. In this context, the implementation of effective protection means, among which encryption takes a key place, becomes especially important. The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher appears to be an exceptionally powerful tool aimed at ensuring data privacy. Information security is an extremely important aspect in the digital age, where cyber security threats are constantly increasing. In this context, encryption becomes a necessity, and the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher appears to be an exceptionally effective tool for ensuring data privacy. AES is used to protect information by converting it into cryptographically unreadable form. Due to the high degree of complexity and the possibility of using keys of different lengths, from 128 to 256 bits, AES guarantees a high level of security. Its resistance to attacks provides reliable protection against unauthorized access. One of the key advantages of AES is its versatility – it is used in a variety of industries, including finance, medicine, telecommunications, and more. The cipher has high performance, which makes it the optimal solution for protecting confidential information in a world where security becomes a priority. The application of AES not only protects data from unauthorized access, but also contributes to the overall level of security in the digital environment, ensuring excellent compatibility with various industries and user needs.

Advancing Cloud Image Security via AES Algorithm Enhancement Techniques

Communication system and internet dominance in our society, has made image security a matter of paramount concern. Cryptography involves encrypting data to protect information exchange between senders and receivers, establishing a foundation for secure communication. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an exceptional algorithm that plays a pivotal role in this area because of its ability to consistently transform plain data into cipher data using the same encryption key. This algorithm engages intricate encryption techniques, harnessing a variety of algorithms and transformations to ensure robust data security. This study introduces an image encryption technique to comprehensively address security requirements. The proposed method uses the AES algorithm to provide high reliability and unparalleled safety, effectively protecting precious images against any form of malicious attack. The sender's image is intelligently fragmented into multiple pieces to maximize data confidentiality, employing a sophisticated algorithm. Upon decryption by the intended recipient, these fragments seamlessly merge to reconstruct the original image. The suggested technique allows users to securely store their data in the cloud, mitigating concerns related to potential data leakage, damage, or corruption. Thus, by integrating a cloud-based storage system, and utilizing digital signatures through OpenSSL, this method guarantees airtight security and reliability for sensitive data.

SPIMulator: A Spintronic Processing-In-Memory Simulator for Racetracks

In-memory processing is becoming a popular method to alleviate the memory bottleneck of the von Neumann computing model. With the goal of improving both latency and energy cost associated with such in-memory processing, emerging non-volatile memory technologies, such as Spintronic magnetic memory, are of particular interest as they can provide a near-SRAM read/write performance and eliminate nearly all static energy without experiencing any endurance limitations. Spintronic Racetrack Memory (RM) further addresses density concerns of spin-transfer torque memory (STT-MRAM). Moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that portions of RM nanowires can function as a polymorphic gate, which can be leveraged to implement multi-operand bulk bitwise operations. With more complex control, they can also be leveraged to build arithmetic integer and floating point processing in memory (PIM) primitives. This paper proposes SPIMulator, a Spintronic PIM sim ulator that can simulate the storage and PIM architecture of executing PIM commands in Racetrack memory. SPIMulator functionally models the polymorphic gate properties recently proposed for Racetrack memory, which allows transverse access that determines the number of ‘1’s in a segment of each Racetrack nanowire. From this simulation, SPIMulator can report real-time performance statistics such as cycle count and energy. Thus, SPIMulator simulates the multi-operand bit-wise logic operations recently proposed and can be easily extended to implement new PIM operations as they are developed. Due to the functional nature of SPIMulator, it can serve as a programming environment that allows development of PIM-based codes for verification of new acceleration algorithms. We demonstrate the value of SPIMulator through the modeling and estimations of performance and energy consumption of a variety of example applications, including the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for encryption primarily based on logical and look-up operations; multiplication of matrices, a frequent requirement in scientific, signal processing, and machine learning algorithms; and bitmap indices a common search table employed for database lookups.

Bi-directional Block Encoding for Reversible Data Hiding over Encrypted Images

Reversible data hiding over encrypted images (RDH-EI) technology is a viable solution for privacy-preserving cloud storage, as it enables the reversible embedding of additional data into images while maintaining image confidentiality. Since the data hiders, e.g., cloud servers, are willing to embed as much data as possible for storage, management, or other processing purposes, a large embedding capacity is desirable in an RDH-EI scheme. In this article, we introduce a novel bi-directional block encoding (BDBE) method, which, for the first time, encodes the distances of values in a binary sequence from both ends. This approach allows for encoding images with smaller sizes compared to traditional and state-of-the-art encoding methods. Leveraging the BDBE technique, we propose a high-capacity RDH-EI scheme. In this scheme, the content owner initially predicts the image pixels and then employs BDBE to encode the prediction errors, creating space for data embedding. The resulting encoded data are subsequently encrypted using a secure stream cipher, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard, before being transmitted to a data hider. The data hider can embed confidential information within the encrypted image for the purposes of storage, management, or other processing. Upon receiving the data, an authorized receiver can accurately recover the original image and the embedded data without any loss. Experimental results demonstrate that our RDH-EI scheme achieves a significantly larger embedding capacity compared to several state-of-the-art schemes.

Implementing and developing multi-stage cryptography technique for low-cost long-range communication system

The requirement for a secure emergency communication system has become imperative in tandem with the industrial revolution. Additionally, the development of technology has led to increasingly robust penetration techniques that pose a threat to communication system security, leaving data vulnerable to unwanted third parties. This paper introduces a novel, powerful security approach that ensures a secure emergency communication system. Moreover, this research focuses on several cryptographic techniques among various symmetric and asymmetric ciphers, including advanced encryption standards, substitution, and transposition. The article presents an affordable and secure communication system that can transmit data over long distances with low power consumption using long-range technology. This system features a unique function that transmits updated locations, directing rescuers to the designated location.

Image Steganography:

Steganography is the practice of hiding secret information within other media, such as images, audio, video, and text. It has become increasingly important in today's society as a way to enable private and secure communication. This research project focuses on image steganography techniques that are used to evade detection of the secret message through statistical steganalysis techniques. The aim of this research is to compare and evaluate different image steganography methods, study their implementation complexity, and propose a framework to improve current approaches. The research will provide a comparison of the efficiency of different steganography techniques in avoiding detection by steganalysis and may lead to the development of better steganography techniques in the future. This paper focuses on the three steganography methods in the spatial domain: Least Significant Bit (LSB), Pixel-Value Difference (PVD) and Edge-based Data Embedding (EBE) methods. A simple experiment has been conducted to encrypt several images using these three methods, and the distortion measure for LSB using mean square error (MSE) and peak-to-noise ratio (PSNR) has been investigated. Although the distortion measure result is considered acceptable for LSB method in the experiment, all methods resulted in significant difference in the file capacity. This shows that further enhancement in the security of the encryption is necessary so that the secret message will not be easily discovered. Thus, in this paper, we propose a conceptualized enhancement in the security using Morse Code, Base 64, SHA-245, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) before encrypting using PVD.

An Advanced Encryption Algorithm for Enhancing Data Security in Cloud Computing

Aim: Cloud computing (CC) is a revolutionary new archetype in which users pool their computing resources to provide greater efficiency for everyone. Data become increasingly vulnerable to diverse security threats from attackers when millions of users circulate the same network for data transmission. Protecting these reports has shifted to the vanguard of priorities. The existing data security approach prioritizes protecting data at rest in cloud storage but gives less thought to protecting data in transit. During transmission, the data are vulnerable to intrusion attempts. Methodology: The third-party auditor is provided access to data during the transfer phase, which is also the current pattern. As the attacker can now pose as a trusted third party, it makes the data more susceptible to unauthorized access. However, growing concerns regarding data privacy and security have made outsourcing sensitive information to faraway data centers difficult. As a result, new security concerns in the cloud necessitate an improved version of the tried-and-true advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. Key aspects presented in this study include a secure and private framework for owner data. It improves upon the 128 AES technique by adding a second round of encryption using a different key, allowing for a throughput of 1000 blocks per second. However, the standard method uses a single round key and only 800 blocks per second. The suggested approach reduces energy consumption, improves load distribution, and optimizes network trust and resource management. objective: The third-party auditor is also provided access to data during the transfer phase, as is the current pattern. Because the attacker can now pose as a trusted third party, this also makes the data more susceptible to unauthorized access. However, growing concerns about data privacy and security make outsourcing sensitive information to faraway data centers difficult. Results: The proposed architecture allows for the use of AES with cipher lengths of 16, 32, 64, and 128 bytes. The effectiveness of the algorithm in terms of attaining target quality metrics is illustrated graphically via simulation results. This strategy reduces power consumption by 13.23%, network utilization by 12.43%, and delay by 16.53%, according to the outcomes. method: As a result, new security concerns in the cloud necessitate an improved version of the tried-and-true advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. Key aspects presented in this study include a secure and private framework for owner data. It improves upon the 128 AES technique by adding a second round of encryption using a different key, allowing for a throughput of 1000 blocks per second. However, the standard method uses a single round key and only 800 blocks per second. The suggested approach reduces energy consumption, improves load distribution, and optimizes network trust and resource management. Conclusion: As a result, the recommended architecture enhances safety, cuts down on wasted resources, and speeds up the rollout of computational cloud services.

Securing Medical Data: The Integration of Advanced Encryption Standard and Blockchain

Objective: The research is to ensure the security of medical data and prevent data breaches. To achieve this objective, An efficient solution was proposed - the integration of blockchain technology with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption techniques to provide medical data security. Methods: The cryptography which served as the cornerstone of information security provides robust encryption and decryption methods to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. At the same time, the attributes of tamper-proof and decentralization in blockchain ensure the true validity and security of data. We utilized the AES encryption algorithm to secure data and integrate the encrypted data into the blockchain technology, providing a solid and reliable guarantee for medical data privacy. Results: The AES encryption algorithm was apply to blockchain technology. With this integrated solution, the security of medical data and effectively prevent data leakage was ensured. Conclusion: This solution not only addressed the issue of medical data leakage, but also provided a solid foundation for the future development of information security. Integrating blockchain technology with AES encryption provided a reliable solution for medical data security, giving both patients and medical professionals greater confidence in data security. At the same time, the combination of the AES encryption algorithm and blockchain technology is being widely applied in various other fields.

Enhancing security in IIoT applications through efficient quantum key exchange and advanced encryption standard

Enhancing security in IIoT applications through efficient quantum key exchange and advanced encryption standard

FPGA-friendly compact and efficient AES-like 8 × 8 S-box

One of the main layers in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the substitution layer, where an 8 × 8 S-Box is used 16 times. The substitution layer provides confusion and makes the algorithm resistant to cryptanalysis techniques. Therefore, the security of the algorithm is also highly dependent on this layer. However, the cost of implementing 8 × 8 S-Box on FPGA platforms is considerably higher than other layers of the algorithm. Since S-Boxes are repeatedly used in the algorithm, the cost of the algorithm highly comes from the substitution layer. In 2005, Canright used different extension fields to represent AES S-Box to get FPGA-friendly compact designs. The best optimization proposed by Canright reduced the gate-area of the AES S-Box implementation by 20%.In this study, we use the same optimization methods that Canright used to optimize AES S-Box on hardware platforms. Our purpose is not to optimize AES S-Box; we aim to create another 8 × 8 S-Box which is strong and compact enough for FPGA platforms. We create an 8 × 8 S-Box using the inverse field operation as in the case of AES S-Box. We use another irreducible polynomial to represent the finite field and get an FPGA-friendly compact and efficient 8 × 8 S-Box. The finite field we propose provides the same level of security against cryptanalysis techniques with a 3.125% less gate-area on Virtex-7 and Artix-7 FPGAs compared to Canright’s results. Moreover, our proposed S-Box requires 11.76% less gate on Virtex-4 FPGAs. These gate-area improvements are beneficial for resource-constraint IoT devices and allow more copies of the S-Box for algorithm parallelism. Therefore, we claim that our proposed S-Box is more compact and efficient than AES S-Box. Cryptographers who need an 8 × 8 S-Box can use our proposed S-Box in their designs instead of AES S-Box with the same level of security but better efficiency.

Multilanguage Software License Key Generator: Accented Characters Approach

License key generator is an ideal program use to protect proprietary application against unauthorized access. From findings, the existing license key generator only support English speaking countries, which limits the participation of other language character sets. These Nonlatin sets are called accented characters which are important elements in both written and spoken language while their use in English is greatly confined to proper words borrowed from certain countries. However; this research enhances the existing license key algorithm through the use of accented characters which support multiple languages. In other to enhance the key generator, the existing data set were updated with accented characters using C# language. Advance Encryption Standard (AES) symmetric was used to secure the generated key at the cache level while linear congruential generator algorithm was used to generate the characters in a random format. Eureqa, an automated machine learning model was used to generate an equation that checks for the vulnerability, accuracy of the key generator. Therefore, the developed license key is more secure compare to the existing algorithm. Also, it support Multilanguage software key which improves the performance and allows more participation in its use. Hence, this developed system is useful for Non-English speaking countries, which provides more security through the encryption method.