Tribolium Castaneum Adults Research Articles

Antimicrobial, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of Cotinus coggyria Scop. essential oil (Anacardiaceae)

The essential oil of Cotinus coggyria Scop.' leaves was found to be rich in α-pinene (43.1%), limonene (21.3%) and β-myrcene (8.5%). In the antimicrobial screening, essential oil was notably active on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC BAA-977, Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 using the disc diffusion and volatilisation assays. The fumigant assay of the essential oil caused 70% and 100% mortality on the two pest adults of Acanthoscelides obtectus and Tribolium castaneum at 80 μL L− 1 air concentration at 96 h, respectively. In the toxicity assay on weeds, a dose-dependent decrease was observed in the germination and seedling growth of Silybum marianum and Portulaca oleracea. The present results indicated that oil could be suggested as an effective biocontrol agent in various fields.

Repellent activity of Abroma augusta extracts against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults

Context: Repellency test can play an important role in special environmental conditions. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to make a standard protocol to control the pest by screening the test materials using adult beetles by repellency test to see whether or not the extracts contain any potential to repel the stored grain pest. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in choice chamber, which was divided by half filter paper discs (Whatman No. 40, diameter 9 cm). One half of the filter paper was loaded with untreated (control) and the other half was loaded with the extract of A. augusta. All the CHCl3 extracts were separately applied onto each of the half-discs and allowed to dry out in the air for 10 mins. Each treated half-disc was then attached lengthwise, edge-to-edge, to a control half-disc with adhesive tape and placed in petri dishes. The orientation of the same was changed in the replicates to avoid the effects of any external directional stimulus affecting the distribution of the test insects Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Ten adult insects were released in the middle of each of the filter-paper circles and each test was replicated five times. Results: All the test extracts of seed, leaves, root wood, stem bark and stem wood of A. augusta collected in chloroform showed repellent activity against adult beetles of T. castaneum at dose levels of 314.540, 157.270, 78.635, 39.318, 19.659 and, 9.831 ?g/cm2 on filter paper. According to the intensity of repellency the results could be arranged in the order: stem bark >seed> root wood > leaf > stem wood and in all the cases significant differences were obtained. Conclusion: The present results revealed that A. augusta extracts can be used as a reduced risk repellent compound in the grain and cereal stores to manage the population of T. castaneum. The results also seen to be encouraging when there is a greater need for environment-friendly pesticides then ever before. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17655 J. bio-sci. 20: 49-55, 2012

Chemical constituents and biological activities against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) of the essential oil from Citrus wilsonii leaves

The essential oil obtained from Citrus wilsonii Tanaka leaves with hydrodistillation was investigated by GC and GC-MS. The main components of the essential oil were identified to be citronellol (16.94%), nerol acetate (10.35%), ?-terpinen (9.85%), citronellal (9.36%) and ?-pinene (6.72%). Among them, the four active constituents, predicted with a bioactivity-test, were isolated and identified as citronellol, ?-terpinene, nerol (neryl) acetate and ?-pinene. It was found that the essential oil of C. wilsonii leaves and isolated compounds possessed fumigant and contact toxicity against Tribolium castaneum adults. The essential oil and ?-terpinen showed strong fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum (LC50 = 8.18 and 4.09 mg L-1). Repellency of the crude oil and active compounds was also determined. Citronellol, neryl acetate and ?-pinene were strongly repellent (100%, 86% and 92%, respectively, at 78.63 nL cm-2, after 2 h treatment) against T. castaneum. The essential oil and citronellol exhibited the same level of repellency compared with the positive control, DEET. The results indicate that the essential oil of C. wilsonii leaves and its active compounds had the potential to be developed as natural fumigants, insecticides and repellents for control of T. castaneum.

Insecticidal and Repellent Activities of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Extracts against Three Major Stored Product Pests

Fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae) leaf and fruit extracts were screened against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. All the three solvent extracts of leaf and fruits recorded mortality and repellency against the three tested insects in a concentration dependent manner. C. maculatus was the most susceptible pest to the treatments. Lethal concentrations for 50 percent mortality (LC50) of C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum were recorded as 39.19, 44.13 and 61.10 μL/L, respectively. Diethyl ether fruit extract exhibited 100% repellent activity against C. maculatus and S. oryzae and 92% against T. castaneum adults at 20 μL concentration. These results suggested that Diethyl ether fruit extract of T. asiatica can be used as an ecofriendly fumigant and repellent against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum.

Composition and repellency of the essential oils of Evodia calcicola Chun ex Huang and Evodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre against three stored product insects.

During our screening program for agrochemicals from Chinese medicinal herbs and wild plants, the essential oils of Evodia calcicola and Evodia trichotoma leaves were found to possess strong repellency against the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum adults, the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne adults and the booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila. The two essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were investigated by GC-MS. The main components of E. calcicola essential oil were identified to be (-)-β-pinene (44.02%), β-phellandrene (20.93%), ocimene (16.49%), and D-limonene (9.87%). While the main components of the essential oil of E. trichotoma were D-limonene (69.55%), 1R-a-pinene (11.48%), caryophyllene (2.80%) and spathulenol (2.24%). Data showed that T. castaneum was the most sensitive than other two stored product insects. Compared with the positive control, DEET (N, N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide), the two essential oils showed the same level repellency against the red flour beetle. However, the essential oil of E. trichotoma showed the same level repellency against the cigarette beetle, while E. calcicola essential oil possessed the less level repellency against L. serricorne, relative to the positive control, DEET. Moreover, the two crude oils also exhibited strong repellency against L. bostrychophila, but lesser level repellency than the positive control, DEET. Thus, the essential oils of E. calcicola and E. trichotoma may be potential to be developed as a new natural repellent in the control of stored product insects.

Toxicity and repellency of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract grown in Iran against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae and adults

Plant materials, such as essential oils and extracts, are useful tools for insect pest control. In this study, we report the repellent activity and fumigant toxicity of garlic extract Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) against larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Col., Tenebrionidae). Experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1 °C and 60 ± 5% RH in darkness. Results showed that mortality increases with increasing garlic extracts concentration and time. LC50 values for larvae at 24 and 48 h were 267.37 and 145.8 μl/l air, and for adults, they were 127.90 and 90.8 μl/l air, respectively. The concentration of 225.8 μl/l air of the garlic extract yielded was 83.3% mortality of larvae after 48 h. The garlic extract had a strong repellent activity towards T. castaneum when tested in a filter paper arena test. After 4 h exposure to a low concentration (2.13 μl/cm2) of garlic extracts, more than 95% repellence was achieved. Our results indicate lethal and repellent effects of garlic extracts on T. castaneum.

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oil Derived from Phlomis umbrosa Against Two Grain Storage Insects

Water-distilled essential oil from Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. (Lamiaceae) flowering aerial parts was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-one compounds, accounting for 97.0 % of the oil, were identified and the main components of the essential oil of P. umbrosa flowering aerial parts were geranial (16.5 %), linalool (13.3 %), cis-geraniol (7.4 %), β-caryophyllene (6.3 %), β-myrcene (6.2 %), 1,8-cineol (5.3 %), 4-terpineol (5.1 %) and myristicin (5.0 %). The essential oil of P. umbrosa possessed contact and fumigant toxicity against two grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults (for contact toxicity LD values were 23.76 µg/adult and 10.52 µg/adult; for fumigant toxicity LC50 values were 8.15 mg/L and 5.62 mg/L air against S. zeamais and T. castaneum, respectively).

Analysis of the Essential Oil of Dipsacus japonicus Flowering Aerial Parts and its Insecticidal Activity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Dipsacus japonicus Miq. (Dipsacaceae) at the flowering stage was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-six compounds, accounting for 96.76% of the total oil, were identified and the main compounds of the essential oil were linalool (11.78%), trans-geraniol (8.58%), 1,8-cineole (7.91%), beta-caryophyllene (5.58%), alpha-terpineol (5.32%), beta-selinene (5.15%), and spathulenol (5.04%). The essential oil of D. japonicus possessed contact toxicity against two grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults, with LD50 values of 18.32 microg/ adult and 13.45 microg/adult, respectively. The essential oil of D. japonicus also exhibited pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais (LC50 = 10.11 mg/l air) and T. castaneum adults (LC50 = 5.26 mg/l air). Of the three major compounds, 1,8-cineole exhibited stronger fumigant toxicity than the crude essential oil against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 2.96 mg/l air and 4.86 mg/l air, respectively.

Accessory Gland as a Site for Prothoracicotropic Hormone Controlled Ecdysone Synthesis in Adult Male Insects

Insect steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) are important for female reproduction in many insect species and are required for the initiation and coordination of vital developmental processes. Ecdysteroids are also important for adult male physiology and behavior, but their exact function and site of synthesis remains unclear, although previous studies suggest that the reproductive system may be their source. We have examined expression profiles of the ecdysteroidogenic Halloween genes, during development and in adults of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Genes required for the biosynthesis of ecdysone (E), the precursor of the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), are expressed in the tubular accessory glands (TAGs) of adult males. In contrast, expression of the gene encoding the enzyme mediating 20E synthesis was detected in the ovaries of females. Further, Spookiest (Spot), an enzyme presumably required for endowing tissues with competence to produce ecdysteroids, is male specific and predominantly expressed in the TAGs. We also show that prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), a regulator of E synthesis during larval development, regulates ecdysteroid levels in the adult stage in Drosophila melanogaster and the gene for its receptor Torso seems to be expressed specifically in the accessory glands of males. The composite results suggest strongly that the accessory glands of adult male insects are the main source of E, but not 20E. The finding of a possible male-specific source of E raises the possibility that E and 20E have sex-specific roles analogous to the vertebrate sex steroids, where males produce primarily testosterone, the precursor of estradiol. Furthermore this study provides the first evidence that PTTH regulates ecdysteroid synthesis in the adult stage and could explain the original finding that some adult insects are a rich source of PTTH.

Analysis of the Essential Oil of Dipsacus japonicus Flowering Aerial Parts and its Insecticidal Activity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Dipsacus japonicus Miq. (Dipsacaceae) at the flowering stage was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-six compounds, accounting for 96.76% of the total oil, were identified and the main compounds of the essential oil were linalool (11.78%), trans-geraniol (8.58%), 1,8-cineole (7.91%), beta-caryophyllene (5.58%), alpha-terpineol (5.32%), beta-selinene (5.15%), and spathulenol (5.04%). The essential oil of D. japonicus possessed contact toxicity against two grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults, with LD50 values of 18.32 microg/ adult and 13.45 microg/adult, respectively. The essential oil of D. japonicus also exhibited pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais (LC50 = 10.11 mg/l air) and T. castaneum adults (LC50 = 5.26 mg/l air). Of the three major compounds, 1,8-cineole exhibited stronger fumigant toxicity than the crude essential oil against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 2.96 mg/l air and 4.86 mg/l air, respectively.

Evaluation of insecticidal activity of three plant extracts against adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Screening of plant extracts from wild species of plants for insecticidal properties could lead to the discovery of new agents for pest control. Keeping this in view, the insecticidal activity of three plant extracts Helencha (Enhydra fluctuans Lour), Ghetu (Clerodendrum viscosum Vent) and Kalomegh (Andrographis peniculata Wall) were tested against stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). In residual film bioassay, five doses, i. e. 0.629, 0.472, 0.315, 0.157 and 0.078 mg/cm2 of methanol extract of leaves of each plant species were applied on adult Tribolium castaneum. After 36 hours, the lowest LD50 for the methanol extract of leaves of Enhydra fluctuans, Clerodendrum viscosum and Andrographis peniculata were found to be 0.351, 0.622 and 0.977 mg/cm2, respectively. According to the intensity of activity, the toxicity was found in the order of Enhydra fluctuans > Clerodendrum viscosum > Andrographis peniculata. The overall results suggest that these three plants have potential insecticidal effect which might be used in pest control.

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ROCKET SEEDS EURCA SATIVA EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME STORED GRAIN INSECTS AND ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT DURING STORAGE

The present work concerned the effect of plant extracts, seeds of Rocket Eurca sativa in three solvents, hexane, acetone and methanol on three imported stored grain insects, adults of Rhizopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium. All experiments carried out under laboratory conditions of 30±2 and 65±5 R.H. to calculate the percentage of mortality and reduction of F-1progeny for the three insects. Data was calculated after 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 days from treatment, hexane extract has the most mortality effect on the three insects, the mortality percentage ranged 30-100% with 0.25%-2% concentrations on R. dominica with reduction in F-1progney ranged 77.78-100%. For T.castanium mortality values were in range 10.43±2 -77.9±9.29% and the reduction in F1-progeny ranged 64-100%. Mortality percentage ranged 10.22±1.52-100% for T. grnarium with 100% reduction in F1-progeny at 2% conc. While the other concentrations merely proved changes in the sex ratio. The residual effects of the tested planet hexane extracts was experimented to evaluate their efficiency during storage. Throughout six months, the toxic of the Eruca sativa hexane extract was tested every two weeks.

Repellent Action of Diatomaceous Earth against the Adult Red Flour Beetle <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst)

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were released to choice chambers containing untreated flour in one half and diatomaceous earth (DE)-treated flour in the other half. The doses of DE used were 2-32 mg/g. Females, males and unsexed adults were exposed separately to each dose for 24-, 48-, 72-, 96- and 120-h. DE at 32 mg/g strongly repelled (P<0.001) both sexes and unsexed beetles at all exposure periods. The males showed comparatively more avoidance to DE-treated flour at longer exposures.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.9637 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 783-788 (2012)

Attraction of walking Tribolium castaneum adults to traps

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is a major pest of food processing facilities and can be monitored using pitfall type traps. To determine how beetles interact with these traps under field situations, the behavior of individual beetles released in the vicinity of traps was observed in a large arena. Specifically, the response of adults to traps baited with combinations of commercially available pheromone and kairomone attractants was measured, as was the influence of beetle sex and strain, airflow presence or absence, and distance from trap. The beetle's response to traps was strongest (e.g., more encountered trap, more remained in observation zone, more time was spent on treatment side, and decreased speed and increased turn angle) to pheromone/kairomone or pheromone baited traps when there was air movement, while kairomone alone and all attractants under still air conditions generated no significant response by the beetles. Even with the best combination of attractants and with airflow, average number encountering trap was only 40%. With airflow, beetles were successful at locating a pheromone/kairomone baited trap out to 90 cm, the maximum distance tested, but under still air conditions even at 10 cm there was no difference between traps with and without attractants. Since airflow at trap locations within commercial food facilities can vary considerably, these patterns of response to traps could significantly impact insect detection.

Repellent and fumigant activity of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

The plant extract was prepared by Soxhlet method with anhydrous diethyl ether from Alpinia officinarum rhizome, a traditional Chinese herbal plant, and its repellent and fumigant activity was investigated against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. The A. officinarumrhizome extract had potent repellent activity against T. castaneum adults with over 80% repellency values at the tested concentration (A. officinarum extract: acetone = 1:10, v/v) during 48 h of exposure time. A. officinarum rhizome extract exhibited strong fumigant activity in a dosage-dependent manner against T. castaneum adults with 75% mortality at a dosage of 80 µl/l air after 48 h exposure. These naturally occurring plant extracts could be useful for managing populations of T. castaneum. Key words: Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), fumigant activity, repellent activity, plant extract.

Essential oil composition, insecticidal and antibacterial activities of Salvia tomentosa Miller

The effectiveness of the essential oil of Salvia tomentosa Miller was assessed on two important pest insects and seven pathogenic bacteria. The essential oil of aerial parts of this plant was hydro-distillated using a clevenger-type apparatus (yield 0.31 % v/w) and constituents were determined using GC–MS analysis. β-pinene (37.28 %) and α-pinene (5.73 %) were the predominant chemical constituents, followed by trans-pinocarveol (3.05 %), myrtenol (2.81 %), caryphyllene oxide (2.68 %), d-camphor (2.08 %). The complete mortality was determined at above doses of 50 μl L−1 air on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) adults. However, the essential oil in concern caused 83.34 and 100 % mortality at higher doses (150 and 200 μl L−1 air) against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. The essential oil also revealed significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The essential oil of S. tomentosa in concern can be used as a potential insecticide and bactericidal agents in food applications and agricultural commodities and/or other fields.

Coming apart at the seams: morphological evidence for pregnathal head capsule borders in adult Tribolium castaneum

Cephalization and seamless fusion of the anterior body segments during development obscure the segmental boundaries of the insect head. Most of the visible seams are thought to reflect cuticular infolding for structural reinforcement rather than a merger of cuticular plate borders. Incomplete fusions and other modifications of the adult head found in eight Tribolium mutations indicate that the frontal and gular sutures likely are true sutures that mark borders between adjacent cuticular plates, and suggest that the anterior facial shelf is a composite of three independent cuticular surfaces: ocular, antennal, and clypeo-labral. Additionally, midline splits of the clypeo-labrum and gula, and membranous lesions on the lateral head capsule reveal probable borders of adjacent cuticular plates where visible sutures are normally absent. The anterior lateral lesions seen in the Lucifer mutation mark a border between ocular and antennal plates and appear to identify part of the postfrontal sutures. While revealing or clarifying possible intersegmental borders between ocular, antennal, and clypeo-labral plates, the various modified or unfused surfaces of the head neither reveal an additional acronal plate nor support the view that the clypeo-labrum is segmentally associated with ocular cuticle.

Bioactivity of two extracts from Alpinia officinarum rhizome against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults

The bioactivities of two solvent plant extracts prepared from Alpinia officinarum Hance rhizome, a traditional Chinese herbal plant were investigated against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults in the laboratory. The rhizome extracts were prepared by n-hexane and methylene chloride extraction. Both extracts had significant repellent activity against T. castaneum adults with over 89% at class V at the dosage of 0.10 μl/cm,sup>2 and above after 24 h exposure. The repellent activity significantly increased with increased exposure dosage. Both extracts also had strong fumigant activity against T. castaneum adults with over 80.0% mortality at the highest dosage tested of 80 μl/l air after 48 h of exposure. Mortality was dose dependent for both extracts. Regardless of extraction method A. officinarum rhizome extracts were demonstrated to have bioactivity against T. castaneum adults. These results suggest that the A. officinarum rhizome extracts have potential for integrated pest management programs of T. castaneum population. Key words: Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), fumigant activity, repellent activity, plant extract.

PERSISTENCE OF SOME INSECTICIDES ON POLYETHELENE AND JUTE SACKS IN THE PROTECTION OF STORED WHEAT GRAIN AGAINST SOME STORED PRODUCT INSECTS

Dusting of polyethelen and jute sacks with Fenitrotion 1%, Deltamethrin 1% and Bendiocarb 0.1% at the rate of 500 and 1300 mg/m2 using Manual duster were carried out and stored in open shaunas up to 3 months in Ismailia and Gharbia governorates to evaluate the persistence against 4test insects (sitophilus oryzae(L.), Rhizopertha dominica(F.), Trogoderma granarium Everst and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. Considering pest mortality and germination. Results indicated that :- - Tested insecticides were more persistence on polyethelen sacks than on Jute fabrics. - Protection of stored wheat graing was more succeesful in Ismailia governorate than in Gharbia governorate at all storage periods and tested doses. - Fenitrothion insecticide was more effective in moiety in killing tested insects on the two doses and experimental sacks at the two governorates. It gave complete protection (100%mortality) With high dose (1300mg/m2) using polyethelen sacks for the three storage months, in Ismailia governorate However, gradual decrease in protection was occured when using Jute sacks (70/mortality) - Residual efficiency of bendiocarb at 1300 mg/m2 was the least, it gave a complete protection of grain (100% mortality) for one month only in the two governorate, and decreased after 2 and 3 on months in polyethelen sacks showing 81%, 70% and 79%, 74% in Ismailia and Gharbia governorates, respectively whereas, sharp decrease of efficiency was detected with Jute sacks, it gave 19% and12% mortality after 3 months in the tested governorate, respectively . - Deltamethrin insecticide gave intermediate in its efficiency on both tested sacks and doses in the two governorates . - The treatments did not impair the germination of seeds under various treatments at the two tested governorates.

PERSISTENCE AND TOXICITY OF TWO PLANT EXTRACTS TO SOME STORED PRODUCT INSECTS

This work aims at evaluation the efficiency of the acetone and petroleum ether extracts of Cubeb fruits Piper cubeba (L.) and Thyme flowering buds Thymus vulgaris (L.) against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhizopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Also, persistence of the two plant extracts compared to malathion and pirimiphos- methyl (actellic) using the most sensitive insect species (S. oryzae), was investigated .Results showed that , the efficiency of the two plant extracts was concentration and exposure period –dependent. At the highest tested concentrations (2&1%w/w), the acetone extract of P. cubeba and petroleum ether extract of T. vulgaris were highly effective against S. oryzae and R.dominica adults, while, T. castaneum adults were the least sensitive . On the other hand, the petroleum ether extract of P.cubeba and the acetone extract of T.vulgaris indicated lower effectiveness against the three tested insects even after two weeks from treatment. The results also showed that, malathion and pirimihos methyl indicated clearly longer residual toxicity than the two plant extracts.