Adults Of Different Ages Research Articles

“If I Can Offer You Some Advice”: Rapport and Data Collection in Interviews Between Adults of Different Ages

Reflexively analyzing interactions between myself (young adult woman) and 150 adult research participants, I explore how interviewees responded to the interviewer's perceived age in combination with other social identity categories. Addressing a gap in scholarship on adult‐adult interview interactions, this article examines how age gradations, in combination with other axes of similarity or difference, affect researcher‐interviewee rapport and data acquisition. Racial similarity, regardless of age, unlocked access to the topic of race/ethnicity. Age intersected with gender such that women within a decade of the woman interviewer's age assumed similarity and were communicative. In interviews with similarly‐aged heterosexual men, awareness of sexuality inhibited answers around intimacy. With older interviewees, gender similarity bridged the age chasm with women. In contrast, age and gender difference inspired older men to act paternalistically and give unsolicited advice. Even among adults, interviewees' classification of the interviewer's age contours the interactional dynamic, impacts data acquisition, and reproduces social distinctions.

Frequency of Use of Dental Floss and Interdental Brushes among Japanese Adults of Different Ages

Frequency of Use of Dental Floss and Interdental Brushes among Japanese Adults of Different Ages

Unique technique of finger millet production under SRI system for higher yield potential in eastern India

Finger millet is a staple food crop in dryland, tribal areas and Diayara areas. It is cultivated both for grains and ‘fodder. SRI principles have been creatively adopted to suit the cultivation practices for finger millet, making it possible to produce 3-4 times more crop yield than with farmers’ traditional practices, without depending on new varieties. It does use small amounts of purchased inputs along with mostly organic inputs. It is cultivated mainly in Asia and Africa. It is staple food crop in many hilly regions of the country and it is grown both for grain and forage. In Northern hills, grains are eaten in the form of chapaties and in South India, grain flour is used for preparing gruel, cakes or unleavened bread, puddings, porridges, sweets etc. Germinating grains are malted and fed to infants and good for pregnant woman. It is considered as nutritive food for adults of different ages. Grains contain 9.2 per cent protein, 1.29 per cent fat, 76.32 per cent carbohydrates, 2.24 per cent minerals 3 per cent ash and 0.33 per cent Ca. It also contains vitamins A and B with small amount of P. It is good for persons suffering from diabetes. Green straw is suitable for making silage.

Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oil from Lantana camara Against Almond Moth, Cadra cautella (Walker)

Lantana camara is a common weed species in tropics and sub tropics and coastal locations of Asia. The fumigant toxicity of essential oil extracted from leaves of plant was tested against almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae). Concentrations of essential oil relative to the wheat grains were 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μl/l used against early eggs (0–24 hrs.), late eggs (2–3 days), early larvae (5–7 days), mid larvae (10–12days), late larvae (18–20 days) and early adult (0–24 hrs.) and late adults (2–3 days) stage of C. cautella. The different concentrations of essential oil were applied to Whatman No. 1 with 2.5 cm in diameter filter paper and then pasted on the inner surface of the lid with adhesive tape in the bottom of fumigation flask ten eggs, larvae and adults of different ages with 20 wheat seeds were kept before keeping the treated filter paper, the lid was closed and sealed to create airtight condition in the chamber. The concentrations of essential oil were tested against different stages of test insect and one control with insect and wheat grain but without essential oil was maintained. The experiment was repeated thrice and observation was made at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs. of exposure period. Early eggs showed lower LC50 value of 48.56 μl/L compared to 77.75 μl/L with late eggs. The larval LC50 values ranged between 29–39 μl/L. Susceptibility of adult stage was also increased and the LC50 values being 15.23 and 11.21 μl/L for early and late adult stages, respectively.

Personalised Prescription of Scalable High Intensity Interval Training to Inactive Female Adults of Different Ages.

Stepping is a convenient form of scalable high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that may lead to health benefits. However, the accurate personalised prescription of stepping is hampered by a lack of evidence on optimal stepping cadences and step heights for various populations. This study examined the acute physiological responses to stepping exercise at various heights and cadences in young (n = 14) and middle-aged (n = 14) females in order to develop an equation that facilitates prescription of stepping at targeted intensities. Participants completed a step test protocol consisting of randomised three-minute bouts at different step cadences (80, 90, 100, 110 steps·min-1) and step heights (17, 25, 30, 34 cm). Aerobic demand and heart rate values were measured throughout. Resting metabolic rate was measured in order to develop female specific metabolic equivalents (METs) for stepping. Results revealed significant differences between age groups for METs and heart rate reserve, and within-group differences for METs, heart rate, and metabolic cost, at different step heights and cadences. At a given step height and cadence, middle-aged females were required to work at an intensity on average 1.9 ± 0.26 METs greater than the younger females. A prescriptive equation was developed to assess energy cost in METs using multilevel regression analysis with factors of step height, step cadence and age. Considering recent evidence supporting accumulated bouts of HIIT exercise for health benefits, this equation, which allows HIIT to be personally prescribed to inactive and sedentary women, has potential impact as a public health exercise prescription tool.

Serum Concentrations of Antibodies against Outer Membrane Protein P6, Protein D, and T- and B-Cell Combined Antigenic Epitopes of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in Children and Adults of Different Ages.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is one of the most common etiologies of acute otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and pneumonia. Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are the main focus in new vaccine development against NTHi, as the H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine does not cover noncapsulated NTHi. The OMPs P6 and protein D are the most promising candidate antigens for an NTHi vaccine, and low antibody levels against them in serum may be correlated with infection caused by NTHi. In the current study, we measured the antibody titers against P6, protein D, and their T- and B-cell combined peptide epitopes in healthy individuals of different ages. We found that children <1 month old had the lowest antibody levels against NTHi P6, protein D, and their T- and B-cell combined antigenic epitopes. Antibody titers increased at ages 1 to 6 months, peaked at 7 months to 3 years, and remained high at 4 to 6 years. The antibody titers started to decrease after 6 years and were the lowest in the 21- to 30-year group. The geometric mean titers (GMTs) of T- and B-cell combined antigenic epitopes in P6 and protein D were positively correlated with those of the protein antigens. Among 12 peptides tested, P6-61, P6-123, and protein D-167 epitopes were better recognized than others in human serum. These findings might contribute to the development of an effective serotype-independent vaccine for H. influenzae.

Prevalence of back pain, functional disability, and spinal postural changes

Abstract Objective : To evaluate the prevalence of back pain, disability, and postural changes in the spines of adults of different ages and with different levels of body mass index (BMI). Methodology : A total of 534 users of the Brazilian Public Health System in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were included in the study. An evaluation of the thoracic and lumbar spine was performed using the Flexicurve instrument. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the calculation of prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective confidence intervals of 95% (CI 95%). Three analyses were performed with the dependent variables pain, functional disability, and posture. Results : A significant association between pain and female gender (p = 0.000), and pain and change in the lumbar spine (p = 0.014) were found. The variable disability was associated with BMI (p = 0.004) and age (p = 0.001). When we analyzed postural change, an association was found only with age group (p = 0.032). Conclusion : These findings highlight the need for prevention and primary care educational programs aimed at reducing postural aberrations in the adult population.

Digital Dating: Online Profile Content of Older and Younger Adults.

Older adults are utilizing online dating websites in increasing numbers. Adults of different ages may share motivations for companionship and affection, but dating profiles may reveal differences in adults' goals. Theories addressing age-related changes in motivation suggest that younger adults are likely to emphasize themselves, achievements, attractiveness, and sexuality. Older adults are likely to present themselves positively and emphasize their existing relationships and health. We collected 4,000 dating profiles from two popular websites to examine age differences in self-presentations. We used stratified sampling to obtain a sample equally divided by gender, aged 18-95 years. We identified 12 themes in the profiles using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software (Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007). Regression analyses revealed that older adults were more likely to use first-person plural pronouns (e.g., we, our) and words associated with health and positive emotions. Younger adults were more likely to use first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I, my) and words associated with work and achievement. Findings suggest that younger adults enhance the "self" when seeking romantic partnership. In contrast, older adults are more positive in their profiles and focus more on connectedness and relationships to others.

Relative Abundance of Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) in Females and Males of Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae).

Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) is an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids that produces essential amino acids that are lacking in the insect’s diet. Accurate estimations of Carsonella populations are important to studies of Carsonella-psyllid interactions and to developing ways to target Carsonella for control of psyllid pests including pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). We used two methods, namely fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to estimate relative abundance of Carsonella in bacteriocytes and whole bodies of psyllids, respectively. Using these two methods, we compared Carsonella populations between female and male insects. Estimations using fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that Carsonella was more abundant in bacteriocytes of female C. pyricola than in those of males, but Carsonella abundance in bacteriocytes did not differ between sexes of B. cockerelli. Analyses by qPCR using whole-body specimens indicated Carsonella was more abundant in females than in males of both psyllids. Neither fluorescence in situ hybridization nor qPCR indicated that Carsonella populations differed in abundance among adults of different ages (0–3 wk after adult eclosion). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, Carsonella was observed in ovarioles of newly emerged females and formed an aggregation in the posterior end of mature oocytes. Results of our study indicate that female psyllids harbor greater populations of Carsonella than do males and that sex should be controlled for in studies which require estimations of Carsonella populations.

Commentary on Mata and von Helversen: Foraging Theory as a Paradigm Shift for Cognitive Aging.

Mata and von Helversen's integrative review of adult age differences in search performance makes a good case that cognitive control may impact certain aspects of self-regulation of search. However, information foraging as a framework also offers an avenue to consider how adults of different ages adapt to age-related changes in cognition, such as in cognitive control.

Evaluation of Potential Attractants for Six Species of Stored-Product Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae, Trogiidae).

Psocids have emerged as worldwide pests of stored commodities during the past two decades, and are difficult to control with conventional management tactics such as chemical insecticides. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative management strategies, such as the use of attractants for monitoring and controlling psocids, which can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs for psocids. Using a two-choice pitfall test, we studied the response of adults of different ages and sexes of Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis brunnea Motschulsky, Liposcelis corrodens (Heymons), and Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein (Psocoptera: Trogiidae) to volatiles from different potential attractants including grains, grain-based oils, brewer's yeast, wheat germ, and commercially available kairomone lures. For all species tested, sex and age did not have a major influence on response to the different potential attractants. Brewer's yeast most consistently elicited the strongest response for psocids, but this response frequently was not different from that to wheat germ and wheat germ oil. The percentage response to brewer's yeast varied among the psocid species tested: L. decolor (73-78%), L. entomophila (62-73%), L. brunnea (64-68%), L. paeta (42-57%), Lep. reticulatus (40%), and L. corrodens (15-19%). Two psocids species (L. corrodens and Lep. reticulatus) had low responses to all the potential attractants evaluated compared with the other four species. These results show there is high potential for using these attractants in a psocid-monitoring program.

Adult age confounds estimates of static allometric slopes in a vertebrate

In many animal groups, the size of male genitalia scales shallowly with individual body size. This widespread pattern appears to admit some exceptions. For instance, steep allometries have been reported for vertebrate genitalia. This exception, however, may be due to a confounding effect arising from the continued growth of some structures during adulthood in vertebrates. Consider the possibility that genitalia continue to grow in adults while body size does not. If so, taking measurements from adults of different ages could yield steeper allometries than would be obtained from measurements of adults of the same age. We used vervet monkeys to test this hypothesis. We found that all body parts continued to grow in adult vervet monkeys, with sexual traits (including genitalia) showing faster growth rates. Traits with faster growth rates over adult ages had steeper allometries. And accounting for variation in adult age yielded shallower allometries, bringing vervet monkey genitalia in line with the predominant pattern observed in other animal groups. These results suggest that steep allometric slope estimates reported for other vertebrates may be due in part to mixing of adult ages, and reinforces one of the most consistent patterns yet detected in the study of static allometry.

Implications of the Flynn effect for age–cognition relations

Many studies have documented that cognitive performance is often higher among people of the same age who are tested in more recent years, and it is sometimes suggested that this phenomenon will distort the relations between age and cognition in cross-sectional studies. This possibility was examined with data from two large projects involving adults across a wide age range. The results indicated that there were similar time-of-measurement increases in cognitive scores at different ages, which were accompanied by nearly constant cross-sectional age differences, but positively inflated estimates of longitudinal age differences. It is proposed that when the Flynn effect is of comparable magnitude in adults of different ages, longitudinal comparisons of age–cognition relations are more subject to distortion than cross-sectional comparisons.

Relevancia del estatus menopáusico en las diferencias en salud mental entre mujeres y hombres

The objective of this study is to examine differences between men and women in self-esteem and depressive, somatic and anxiety symptoms when studying the relevance of menopausal status and age in such differences. Research design was a cross-sectional survey of a general population sample of 1341 (n = 726 women and n = 615 men) adults of different ages and, in the case of women, with different menopausal status. Participants responded to Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and Rector and Roger Self-esteem questionnaire. Results showed that women had more anxiety and somatic symptoms than men. Gender differences in depressive symptoms and self-esteem were not found in younger participants, although women over 40 showed more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem than men of similar ages. Intra-gender analysis indicated that younger men had more depressive symptoms and less self-esteem than those over 40, whereas these differences were not observed in the women sample. Differences among women were only observed in relation with their diverse menopausal status in somatic symptoms, these latter being greater in perimenopausal than in premenopausal women. These results make clear that menopause has little relevance in gender differences in mental health.

Serum concentrations of antibodies against outer membrane protein P6 and its T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in children and adults of different ages

Objective To measure the concentrations of antibodies against outer membrane protein P6 and its T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae （ NTHi） in children and adults of different ages and to evaluate the differences among different subjects for further investigation on NTHi multiple antigenic peptide vaccine .Methods A prokaryotic expression system was established to ex-press the recombinant outer membrane protein P 6 of NTHi.The expressed protein was purified by using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography .T-and B-cell epitopes in protein P6 were predicted with Epitope prediction software 1.0 and ANTIGENIC program and were used to synthesize T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes .A total of 605 subjects aged from 1 day to 103 years old were recruited from October 2013 to March 2014 .Ser-um concentrations of antibodies against protein P 6 and its T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes were meas-ured by using ELISA .Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences between groups .Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis .Results Four T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes including P 6-2, P6-61, P6-95 and P6-122 were predicted and synthesized .The levels of antibodies against NTHi P6 and P6-2, P6-61, P6-95 and P6-122 were significant lower in the <1 months group than those in the 1-6 months group （all P〈0.001） and 7 months-3 years group （all P〈0.001）.Three groups including 7 months-3 years group , 4-6 years group and 7-14 years group showed significant differ-ences regarding to the antibodies levels , among the 7 months-3 years group showed the highest levels , fol-lowed by the 4-6 years group and the 7-14 years group.However, no significant difference was found be-tween other adjacent groups .Concentrations of antibodies against P 6-2, P6-61, P6-95 and P6-122 were pos-itively correlated with the level of antibody against P 6 （P〈0.0001）.Conclusion The distribution of anti-bodies against T-and B-combined antigenic epitopes in P6 was highly in accord with those against P6, which indicated good immunogenicity of those epitopes .The highest antibodies levels were found in subjects aged 7 months to 3 years old , which might correlate with the high risk of NTHi infection at that stage . Key words: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenza; Epitope; Antibody

Role of sleep duration as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes among adults of different ages in Japan: the Niigata Wellness Study.

To compare the role of short sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes among adults of different ages. The study enrolled 38987 Japanese individuals without diabetes, and the 8-year risk of developing diabetes attributable to different sleep durations (<5.5h, 5.5 to <6.5h, 6.5 to <7.0h, 7.0-7.5h, >7.5-8.0h, or >8.0h) was assessed among individuals aged ≤45, 46-59 or ≥60years. During the 8-year follow-up period, 2085 individuals developed diabetes. Overall, individuals with a short sleep duration of <5.5h or 5.5 to <6.5h had, respectively, a 1.53-fold (95% CI 1.19, 1.97) or 1.25-fold (95% CI 1.10, 1.42) increased risk of diabetes as compared with those who had 7.0-7.5h of sleep. A sleep duration of <5.5h or 5.5 to <6.5h was predictive of the development of diabetes among individuals aged ≤45years, but not among those aged ≥60years. With increasing age, the effect of short sleep duration on the risk of diabetes was attenuated. Short sleep duration was predictive of diabetes among young or middle-aged Japanese adults but not among elderly individuals after age was considered. Managing habitual short sleep and the possible reasons for having such short sleep duration could be particularly important for young or middle-aged adults in the development of future diabetes.

Long sleep duration associated with a higher risk of increased arterial stiffness in males.

We aimed to examine the association between sleep duration and arterial stiffness among adults of different ages, because to date there has been only one study on this relationship, which was confined to middle-aged civil servants. Cross-sectional study. A health examination center in National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan. A total of 3,508 subjects, age 20-87 y, were enrolled after excluding those with a history of cerebrovascular events, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and taking lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensives, hypoglycemic agents, and anti-inflammatory drugs, from October 2006 to August 2009. N/A. SLEEP DURATION WAS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE GROUPS: short (< 6 h), normal (6-8 h) and long (> 8 h). Arterial stiffness was measured by brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity (baPWV), and increased arterial stiffness was defined as baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/sec. The sleep duration was different for subjects with and without increased arterial stiffness in males, but not in females. In the multivariate analysis for males, long sleepers (odds ratio [OR] 1.75, P = 0.034) but not short sleepers (OR 0.98, P = 0.92) had a higher risk of increased arterial stiffness. In addition, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, cigarette smoking, and exercise were also independently associated factors. However, in females, neither short nor long sleep duration was associated with increased arterial stiffness. Long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of increased arterial stiffness in males. Short sleepers did not exhibit a significant risk of increased arterial stiffness in either sex. Tsai TC, Wu JS, Yang YC, Huang YH, Lu FH, Chang CJ. Long sleep duration associated with a higher risk of increased arterial stiffness in males. SLEEP 2014;37(8):1315-1320.

Quantity and structure of word knowledge across adulthood

Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from moderately large samples of healthy adults confirmed prior findings of age-related declines in measures of the quantity of word knowledge beginning around age 65. Additional analyses were carried out to investigate the interrelations of different types of vocabulary knowledge at various periods in adulthood. Although the organizational structures were similar in adults of different ages, scores on tests with different formats had weaker relations to a higher-order vocabulary construct beginning when adults were in their 60s. The within-person dispersion among different vocabulary test scores was also greater after about 65years of age. The discovery of quantitative decreases in amount of knowledge occurring at about the same age as qualitative shifts in the structure of knowledge raises the possibility that the two types of changes may be causally linked.

Age-related mandible abrasion in the groundhopper Tetrix tenuicornis (Tetrigidae, Orthoptera)

A study was conducted to determine whether the mandibles of the detrito-/bryophagous groundhopper Tetrix tenuicornis are subject to mechanical wear as a result of feeding, as is the case for grasshoppers that feed on silica-rich grasses. Abrasion was evaluated by measuring the length and width of the 3rd incisor and length of the 4th incisor in adults of different ages collected under natural conditions during one season. Although T. tenuicornis and other groundhoppers avoid feeding on grasses, we found that mandible abrasion increased with T. tenuicornis age. Age-related abrasion of the incisors of left and right mandibles was statistically significant in both sexes but the degree of abrasion was greater for females than males, apparently reflecting differences in the frequency and magnitude of feeding. Degree of abrasion also differed between right and left mandibles, probably because of differences in how each mandible is used during food processing. Abrasion of cuticular mandible structures may reduce the effectiveness of food processing late in the season.

Out of sight, out of mind? Relations between visual acuity and cognition

Prior research has established significant relations between measures of sensory ability and cognitive function in adults of different ages, and several explanations for this relation have been proposed. One explanation is that sensory abilities restrict cognitive processing, a second is that cognitive abilities influence assessments of sensory ability, and a third is that both sensory function and cognition are affected by a common, potentially age-based, third factor. These explanations were investigated using mediation and moderation analyses, with near visual acuity as the sensory measure and scores on visual speed tests and auditory memory tests as the cognitive measures. Measures of visual acuity, speed, and memory were obtained from three moderately large samples, two cross-sectional (N = 380, N = 4,779) and one longitudinal (N = 2,258), with participants ranging from 18 to 90 years of age. The visual acuity and cognitive measures had different age trajectories, and the visual acuity-cognition relations were similar in each 5-year age band. The results suggest that the age-related differences and changes in near visual acuity are unlikely to contribute to the age-related differences and changes in speed and memory measures.