Adulthood Age Research Articles

Age at diagnosis and social risks among Black cancer survivors: Results from the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors cohort.

Social risks are common among cancer survivors who have the fewest financial resources; however, little is known about how prevalence differs by age at diagnosis, despite younger survivors' relatively low incomes and wealth. The authors used data from 3703 participants in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort of Black cancer survivors. Participants self-reported several forms of social risks, including food insecurity, housing instability, utility shut-offs, not getting care because of cost or lack of transportation, and feeling unsafe in their home neighborhood. Modified Poisson models were used to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of social risks by age at diagnosis, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and cancer-related factors. Overall, 35% of participants reported at least one social risk, and 17% reported two or more risks. Social risk prevalence was highest among young adults aged 20-39 years (47%) followed by those aged 40-54 years (43%), 55-64 years (38%), and 65 years and older (24%; p for trend<.001). Compared with survivors who were aged 65 years and older at diagnosis, adjusted prevalence ratios for any social risk were 1.75 (95% CI, 1.42-2.16) for survivors aged 20-39 years, 1.76 (95% CI, 1.52-2.03) for survivors aged 40-54 years, and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.23-1.60) for survivors aged 55-64 years at diagnosis. Similar associations were observed for individual social risks and experiencing two or more risks. In this population of Black cancer survivors, social risks were inversely associated with age at diagnosis. Diagnosis in young adulthood and middle age should be considered a risk factor for social risks and should be prioritized in work to reduce the financial effects of cancer on financially vulnerable cancer survivors.

GH136-encoding gene (perB) is involved in gut colonization and persistence by Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010.

Bifidobacteria are commensal microorganisms that typically inhabit the mammalian gut, including that of humans. As they may be vertically transmitted, they commonly colonize the human intestine from the very first day following birth and may persist until adulthood and old age, although generally at a reduced relative abundance and prevalence compared to infancy. The ability of bifidobacteria to persist in the human intestinal environment has been attributed to genes involved in adhesion to epithelial cells and the encoding of complex carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Recently, a putative mucin-degrading glycosyl hydrolase belonging to the GH136 family and encoded by the perB gene has been implicated in gut persistence of certain bifidobacterial strains. In the current study, to better characterize the function of this gene, a comparative genomic analysis was performed, revealing the presence of perB homologues in just eight bifidobacterial species known to colonize the human gut, including Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strains, or in non-human primates. Mucin-mediated growth and adhesion to human intestinal cells, in addition to a rodent model colonization assay, were performed using B. bifidum PRL2010 as a perB prototype and its isogenic perB-insertion mutant. These results demonstrate that perB inactivation reduces the ability of B. bifidum PRL2010 to grow on and adhere to mucin, as well as to persist in the rodent gut niche. These results corroborate the notion that the perB gene is one of the genetic determinants involved in the persistence of B. bifidum PRL2010 in the human gut.

Rintisan Alat Bantu Opent Shoulder Trainer Aparatus Lantai Untuk Melatih Gerakan Handstand Pada Cabang Olahraga Senam Artisitik

Every sports organization will be sustainable with aspects of the main achievement supporting components one of which is performance effectiveness with this pilot research on open shoulder trainer tools by developing existing products, validating and testing the effectiveness of the product resulting from this development is expected to be able to support the implementation of activity facilities and infrastructure coaches in performance activities teaching handstand movements to children under the age of adulthood in artistic gymnastics. The purpose of this research is to develop an existing product, validated by experts, and tested to find out how effective the product is to support the achievement of the trainer's activities for gymnasts in learning that initially did not use assistive devices, namely the old method is called the control group while the method group with the latest teaching is called the experimental group. then the two groups were given a pre-test or observation to find out their abilities were the same or not significantly different. The results of this study indicate that the average data obtained shows that the performance of the new system is much higher than the old system. The average performance of the old system = 48%, and the new system is 78%. Working speed of the old system = 57% and 75% of the new system. The comfort of the old system = 50% and the new system is 85%. Based on these data it can be seen that the new work system can increase the average system performance by 30%, work speed by 18%, work comfort by 35%, and work productivity by 25%.

The Continuity of Adversity: Negative Emotionality Links Early Life Adversity With Adult Stressful Life Events

Adversity that exhibits continuity across the life course has long-term detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Using 920 participants from the Dunedin Study, we tested the following hypotheses: (a) Children (ages 3–15) who experienced adversity would also tend to experience adversity in adulthood (ages 32–45), and (2) interim personality traits in young adulthood (ages 18–26) would help account for this longitudinal association. Children who experienced more adversity tended to also experience more stressful life events as adults, β = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.04, 0.18], p = .002. Negative emotionality—particularly its subfacet alienation, characterized by mistrust of others—helped explain this childhood-to-midlife association (indirect effect: β = 0.06, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.09], p &lt; .001). Results were robust to adjustment for sex, socioeconomic origins, childhood IQ, preschool temperament, and other young-adult personality traits. Prevention of early life adversity and treatment of young-adult negative emotionality may reduce vulnerability to later life stress and thereby promote the health of aging adults.

Cumulative Stress Across the Life Course and Biological Aging in Adulthood.

Psychosocial stressors have been linked with accelerated biological aging in adults; however, few studies have examined stressors across the life course in relation to biological aging. In 359 individuals (57% White, 34% Black) from the Child Health and Development Studies Disparities study, economic (income, education, financial strain), social (parent-child relations, caretaker responsibilities) and traumatic (death of a sibling or child, violence exposure) stressors were assessed at multiple time points (birth and ages 9, 15, and 50 years). Experiences of major discrimination were assessed at age 50. Life period stress scores were then assessed as childhood (birth-age 15 years) and adulthood (age 50 years). At age 50 years, participants provided blood samples, and DNA methylation was assessed with the EPIC BeadChip. Epigenetic age was estimated using six epigenetic clocks (Horvath, Hannum, Skin and Blood age, PhenoAge, GrimAge, Dunedin Pace of Aging). Age acceleration was determined using residuals from regressing chronologic age on each of the epigenetic age metrics. Telomere length was assessed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods. In linear regression models adjusted for race and gender, total life stress, and childhood and adult stress independently predicted accelerated aging based on GrimAge and faster pace of aging based on the DunedinPace. Associations were attenuated after adjusting for smoking status. In sex-stratified analyses, greater childhood stress was associated with accelerated epigenetic aging among women but not men. No associations were noted with telomere length. We found that cumulative stressors across the life course were associated with accelerated epigenetic age, with differences by sex (e.g., accelerated among women). Further research of this association in large and diverse samples is needed.

Relationship and Singlehood Trajectories During the Transition to Older Adulthood Over the Past 40 Years

ABSTRACT Using data from the Health and Retirement Study spanning four decades of historical time (i.e., birth cohorts ranging from 1921–1964), we documented heterogeneity in relationship and singlehood trajectories across the transition into older adulthood (ages 55–70) and its covariates (cohort, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment). Nine relationship trajectory classes were identified based on current marital/relationship status. Most classes entailed no transitions. Class membership varied across historical time, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. Recent cohorts were more likely to be spending their beginning golden years single, and this was especially pronounced for women, those racialized as Black, and those with less education.

The Correlation Between the Foramen Magnum Dimensions and the Main Craniometric Data of the Skull

The purpose of the study was to study the correlation between the length and width of the foramen magnum and the craniometric data of the skull. Methods. The research material consisted of 200 skulls. There were 20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls. Foramen magnum length is measured as the mid-sagittal distance from the most anterior point on the foramen magnum to opisthion. Foramen magnum breadth is gauged between the lateral margins of the foramen magnum at the point of greatest lateral curvature. A non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation was used in the study. Results. A correlation between the foramen magnum length and foramen magnum breadth is identified (r=0.479, P&lt;0.001).The foramen magnum length positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital height, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, frontal chord, biasterionic breadth, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. The foramen magnum breadth positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, maxilla-alveolar breadth, maxilla-alveolar length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, nasal height, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital heights, biorbital breadth, frontal chord, parietal chord, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. Conclusion. The fact that the length and breadth of the foramen magnum positively correlate with many basic craniometric indicators allows us to regard the foramen itself, or rather, the structures limiting it, as quite stable.

The Divided Hypoglossal Canal of Males and Females at Different Age Periods

Aim. The purpose of the study was to study the division of the hypoglossal canal in terms of age and gender. Material and research methods. The research material was 200 skulls (20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls). For analyzing the obtained arithmetic data, the Pearson Chi-Square Test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used. Statistical analysis was carried out using the program "IBM Statistics SPSS-26". Research results. The difference in the division of the left and right hypoglossal canals between the male and female skulls in the gender aspect was not statistically significant (for the left divided hypoglossal canal PU = 0.668; for the right divided hypoglossal canal PU = 0.284). The hypoglossal canal and its division in the gender aspect also showed statistical insignificance with the use of the Pearson Chi-Square Test (for the left divided hypoglossal canal Pχ2 = 0.888 and for the right divided hypoglossal canal Pχ2 = 0.506). The division of the hypoglossal canals in age aspect also showed that the difference is statistically insignificant (for the left divided hypoglossal canal Pχ2 = 0.538 and for the right divided hypoglossal canal Pχ2 = 0.355). In female skulls, the difference between age periods was statistically significant for the left hypoglossal canal (PH = 0.047). The difference between male and female skulls in terms of age does not appear to be statistically significant. Only in the elderly age period is the difference for the left divided hypoglossal canal weakly significant (PU = 0.051). Conclusion. The data obtained on the age and gender characteristics of the divided hypoglossal canal are of interest when planning surgical interventions in the posterior cranial fossa.

Exploring the Impacts of Age at Menarche on Cognitive Aging in Late Adulthood: Evidence from a Mendelian Randomization Study on the Taiwanese Population

Introduction: The potential influence of age at menarche (AM) on cognitive aging remains inadequate, partly because of the difficulties presented by multiple confounders. To address this issue, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to explore the causal impacts of AM on cognitive aging. Methods: Using the publicly accessible Taiwan Biobank, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with AM as instrumental variables to estimate the effects of instruments on cognitive function assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We employed several MR methods, including two-stage least squares, inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and constrained maximum likelihood (cML) MR methods, to ensure the stability and reliability of the results. Results: MR analyses indicated no significant causal relationship between genetically determined AMs and total and subdomain MMSE scores, except the G5 subdomain (βIVW = 0.156, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.005, 0.307; βcML = 0.161, 95% CI: 0.014, 0.309). However, in a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, we found a significant relationship between AM and cognitive aging after eliminating rs157863 and rs6758290, thus demonstrating the potential pleiotropic effects of these two SNPs. After these two SNPs were eliminated, we found a significant causal relationship between AM and overall MMSE scores (βIVW = 0.425, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.839), though. Conclusion: Evidence from the present MR study did not fully support a causal relationship between AM and cognitive function decline in later life. Potential pleiotropic effects of the genes underlying these two traits are worthy of further investigation.

Correlation of Menstrual Irregularities with Thyroid Disorders in Infertile Women

Background: In current era menstrual irregularities are very common problem mainly in adulthood age. It creates a lot of stress not only on the social behavior of females but can also leads to infertility especially if it is related to hormonal imbalance. Among them, thyroid dysfunction can result in reproductive cycle problems like menorrhagia which is commonly seen in hypothyroid females. Objective: The aim of this study was to highlight menstrual disorders &amp; investigate thyroid hormone levels in both fertile &amp; infertile women. As it will help us to evaluate the correlation between menstrual irregularities &amp; hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Study Design: A case control study, patients were analyzed by the help of questionnaire which include history, clinical examination &amp; laboratory investigations. Settings: This clinical study was done in Gynecology Department of Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: 6 months from February 2018 to July 2018. Methods: Almost 132 females belonging to 20-35 years of age were selected, among them 86 females were infertile &amp; 46 were fertile. Results: Results were evaluated by SPSS version 20. Most of the infertile women were euthyroid and hyperthyroidism was more common among them. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism was about 26.7% and 9.3% respectively. Almost all infertile females with thyroid disorders showed menstrual irregularities. Thyroid hormonal status was also assessed with different types of menstrual disarrays and it was non-significant. Conclusion: Thyroid profile should be recommended to those infertile women who are having menstrual irregularities so that other needless investigations can be avoided. Evaluation of thyroid status in an infertile couple is important and easy. Its treatment is simple and has reversible or preventable effects on subfertility.

Food for Life: Galen’s "On Health" ("De sanitate tuenda")

In Galen’s view, health was a natural state and disease unnatural. If a body became unwell, balance was best restored by adjustments to daily life, in particular to the environment, food and drink, exercise, sleep, physiological balance and mental health. If none of these worked, only then should drugs or more drastic treatments be considered. Galen sets out in On Health how the natural state is best preserved, starting from birth, through childhood, to adulthood and old age. There are several features to be noted, not least the relentlessly male focus (with childbirth the major area of consideration for women specifically) and the use of the idealised young man as the canon against which to measure all bodies. This latter feature has led commentators to suppose that Galen only has the leisured rich class in mind, wrongly I believe. Two recent translations in the Loeb series (Johnston) and in the CUP Galen series (Singer forthcoming) have made the text readily available to all, and further discussion is timely. In my paper I will focus on Galen’s use of diet and massage to keep the body healthy. I shall also consider the unhealthy body which takes up the last three of the six books, as the life span nears later age and greater fragility. Even here, Galen prefers food and gentle remedies to bloodletting and drugs (which are in effect often stronger versions of food plants). Galen claims that this regime has kept him healthy for 50 years, despite his less than perfect constitution and lifestyle. He is thus a doctor who experiments on himself to promote a lifestyle which, he claims, should, after an initial assessment, maintain the patient without need of a doctor for life.

Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Fructose, Sodium, and Potassium and Psychological Stress with Vascular Aging Index and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the CARDIA Cohort.

We explored how dietary behaviors (sucrose, fructose, sodium, and potassium consumption) and endured psychological stress in young adult males and females impact the vascular aging index (VAI) and CVD risk by mid-life. Data were obtained from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, an ongoing longitudinal study. The included participants (n = 2656) had undergone carotid artery ultrasound at year 20 allowing VAIs to be calculated. Demographics, dietary data, and depression scores were obtained at baseline and year 20 of follow-up. Regression analyses were used to assess the predictors of VAI. Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the risk of CVD, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Predictors of vascular aging were found to be sex-specific. In females, depression scores at baseline were positively associated with VAI (B-weight = 0.063, p = 0.015). In males, sodium intake at year 20 positively predicted VAI (B-weight = 0.145, p = 0.003) and potassium intake inversely predicted VAI (B-weight = -0.160, p < 0.001). BMI significantly predicted CVD, stroke, and death. Fructose consumption at year 20 was a significant predictor of CVD risk while having high blood pressure at baseline was significantly associated with stroke risk. Our findings support the promotion of nutrient-specific behavior changes to prevent vascular aging in early adulthood and CVD risk in mid-life.

Why does youth unemployment lead to scarring of depressive symptoms in adulthood? The importance of early adulthood drinking.

The aim of the paper is to analyse if alcohol consumption could explain the scarring effect of youth unemployment on later depressive symptoms. The analyses are based on the 24-year follow-up of school leavers in a municipality in Northern Sweden (the Northern Swedish Cohort). Four-way decomposition analyses were performed to analyse if alcohol use at age 30 years could mediate and/or moderate the effect of youth unemployment (ages 18/21 years) on depressive symptoms in later adulthood (age 43 years). Excessive alcohol use at early adulthood (age 30 years) mediates 18% of the scarring effect of youth unemployment on depressive symptoms in later adulthood. The scarring effect was seen among both those with and without excessive alcohol use. Youth unemployment leads to poor mental health later in life and part of these relations are explained by excessive alcohol consumption in early adulthood. Policy interventions should target the prevention of youth unemployment for reaching a lower alcohol consumption and better mental health.

Early Risk Factors for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours: A UK Population-Based Study of 219,581 People.

Mental disorders are a major problem among young people. To identify early risk factors of self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITB) among young adults with mental health problems, this case-control study drew data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a primary care database covering 8% of the UK population. We explored the role of early factors (presenting at 8-14 years old) for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in young adulthood (age 18-25 years) by performing logistic regressions. Our sample consisted of 219,581 participants, of which 6.51% had at least one SITB in young adulthood. Early risk factors for SITB included early NSSI, suicidal ideation, sexual abuse, behavioural problems, and mood and psychotic symptoms. Frequency of GP visits had a protective effect. Lack of access to mortality data, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status was a limitation of the current study. In conclusion, early symptoms in late childhood/early adolescence can be the start of long-standing problems going into adult life. The training of primary care providers in suicide risk assessment and proper co-ordination with child and adolescent mental health services are crucial for suicide prevention.

HEALTHY AGING AND OLDER ADULTS WITH AUTISM: A SCOPING REVIEW

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong diagnosis. While several studies have examined the effects of this disorder throughout childhood, few have considered older adulthood and the differences between allistic (i.e., persons who are not affected by autism) and autistic older adults. Moreover, an examination of the intersections of healthy aging in older adulthood and autism are largely absent from extant research. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the state of literature regarding autistic older adults and the domains of healthy aging, utilizing the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). After developing the research question, the researchers followed following the PRISM-ScR guidelines. The specific domains of healthy aging considered included physical health, mobility, mental health, cognition and memory, and social connectedness. A total of 35 articles were selected for final review. There was no definitive age group for autistic older adulthood, therefore the studies’ selection of ages for the older adult population were not homogenous. Fifty-seven percent of these studies considered only one domain of healthy aging, 23% studied two domains, while 14% measured three domains and 6% assessed four domains. No study considered all five domains. Of the five domains considered for this scoping review, mental health and cognition and memory were the most represented domains in the studies. Overall, healthy aging among autistic older adults is largely understudied. More research is needed to better identify and tailor interventions and services for autistic older adults and their families to support healthy aging.

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN COGNITIVE RESOURCES AND EMOTION REGULATION TACTICS IN AN ADULT LIFESPAN SAMPLE

Abstract The current study investigated how trait-level cognitive capacity relates to emotion regulation tactic preferences in everyday life in adulthood and old age. 51 younger adults (ages 18-39), 53 middle-aged adults (ages 40-59), and 55 older adults (ages 60+) completed measures of working memory and verbal fluency, as well as 21 days of experience sampling. On each survey, participants indicated if they had regulated since the last survey and if so, what emotion regulation strategies they used and how they implemented that strategy through specific emotion regulation tactics. Each strategy laid out by the process model (situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, reappraisal, response modulation) could be implemented in three specific ways (called “tactics”): positivity-upregulating, negativity-downregulating, or negativity-upregulating. For example, a person may indicate they used situation selection and then would be asked whether they chose to (a) seek out a positive situation, (b) leave a negative situation, and/or (c) enter a negative situation. Acceptance was also included as a fourth tactic type but was not categorized under any strategy. Proportions of tactics used in each instance was calculated. Acceptance use was significantly negatively correlated with working memory performance; however, this association appeared to be driven primarily by middle-aged adults. Negativity-downregulation was positively correlated with numerous cognitive capacity measures in middle-aged adults. In sum, individual differences in cognitive resources appear to play the strongest role in tactic preferences in midlife rather than old age.

USING NETWORK ANALYSIS TO EXPLORE DIFFERENCES IN DIETARY INTAKES ACROSS OLDER ADULTHOOD

Abstract Federal nutrition guidance in the Unites States (US) is based on the premise that healthy diets can help delay the onset or progression of age-related disease and disability. Yet, little is known about if or how dietary intakes differ across the older adulthood age span. We used NHANES 2015-2016 and 2017-March 2020 data to examine the dietary intakes of 60-69 year old (n=2079), 70-79 year old (n=1181) and 80+ year old (n=644) adults in the US. Mutual information was used to infer network relationships among all possible pairs of fourteen What We Eat in America food group categories. Based on edge weights, we observed some similarities and some differences in the manner in which food groups were co-consumed across older adulthood. For example, fruit and dairy were co-consumed similarly in the three age groups. Among the 60-69 and 70-79 year olds, protein and vegetables were co-consumed, while fruits were consumed with grains and mixed dishes. However, in the 80+ year olds, vegetables were mostly consumed with fats and oils, but less so with protein, and grains were consumed with dairy, but less so with fruit. Based on a network science approach, the manner in which food groups are consumed appears to change throughout older adulthood. Future studies are needed to evaluate consumption patterns of specific foods among age-defined and other subgroups of older adults and explore potential associations with age-related health outcomes.

Predictors of Subsequent Celiac Disease Seropositivity in Patients Diagnosed with Duodenal Villus Atrophy on Upper Endoscopy.

The diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) is based on positive IgA autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TTG IgA) and confirmatory histopathology demonstrating duodenal villus atrophy (VA). Diagnostic challenges can occur when VA is found on duodenal biopsies in patients without prior CD serologies. To characterize the predictors of CD seropositivity in patients with VA on biopsy without prior CD serologies. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients found to have duodenal VA on histopathology from 2010 to 2020 who did not have prior CD serologies measured and who had them checked after their biopsy. Patients with known or suspected CD prior to their duodenal biopsy were excluded. Of 162 patients with VA and no prior CD serologies, 50 (31%) subsequently had an elevated TTG IgA consistent with CD. Patients with an elevated TTG IgA were more likely to be non-Hispanic (76% vs. 42%; p < 0.001), white (74% vs. 62%; p=0.025), and younger (ages 18-39, 26% vs. 12%; p=0.002) compared to those with a negative TTG IgA. By contrast, these patients were less likely to present in middle adulthood (ages 40-59, 6% vs. 29%; p= 0.002). The most common identified etiologies of seronegative VA were Crohn's disease (13%), seronegative CD (8.9%), H. pylori infection (6.3%), tropical sprue (5.4%), and olmesartan-related enteropathy (3.6%). Age and ethnicity may be helpful when stratifying the likelihood of CD in the absence of supporting serologies. A majority of patients (69%) diagnosed with VA without prior CD serologies have negative serologies, consistent with seronegative CD or the spectrum of non-celiac enteropathies for which further evaluation is needed.

Effects of age on the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance: Findings from the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort.

The association between sleep quality and cognition is widely established, but the role of aging in this relationship is largely unknown. To examine how age impacts the sleep-cognition relationship and determine whether there are sensitive ranges when the relationship between sleep and cognition is modified. This investigation could help identify individuals at risk for sleep-related cognitive impairment. Sample included 711 individuals (ages 36.00-89.8359.66 ± 14.9155.7 % female) from the Human Connectome Project-Aging (HCP-A). The association between sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) and cognition (Crystallized Cognition Composite and Fluid Cognition Composite from the NIH Toolbox, the Trail Making Test, TMT, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT) was measured using linear regression models, with sex, race, use of sleep medication, hypertension, and years of education as covariates. The interaction between sleep and age on cognition was tested using the moderation analysis, with age as both continuous linear and nonlinear (quadratic) terms. There was a significant interaction term between the PSQI and nonlinear age term (age2) on TMT-B (p = 0.02) and NIH Toolbox crystallized cognition (p = 0.02), indicating that poor sleep quality was associated with worse performance on these measures (sensitive age ranges 50-75 years for TMT-B and 66-70 years for crystallized cognition). The sleep-cognition relationship may be modified by age. Individuals in the middle age to early older adulthood age band may be most vulnerable to sleep-related cognitive impairment.

Perception of Heart Attack Risk Factors and Their Complications Among the Adult Population in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.

Background Among the young population, many have risk factors that are nonmodifiable, modifiable, or both, increasing their chances of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and/or experiencing a heart attack later in life. Knowledge of both risk factors has a major role in preventing CVD by encouraging screening and applying the necessary lifestyle modifications. This study aims to assess the knowledge of risk factors and complications associated with heart attacks among individuals in the early adulthood age group. Methodology This descriptive cross-sectional study encompassed residents of the Eastern Region who met the specified inclusion criteria. Data were collected and recorded on a structured questionnaire regarding their demographic information, current risk factors, and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and complications. The questionnaire was distributed in hard copy among schools, colleges, and primary healthcare centers. The statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The results were presented in tables aspercentages and frequencies for all variables, and the scores were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results Among the 334 participants, the average overall score was 15.47 out of 28. The participants exhibited varying levels of knowledge across different aspects of the risk factors. The correct response rate ranged from as high as 84.4% (282) to as low as 41.6% (139) in the assessment of risk factors items. The majority of the participants showed a good understanding of the preventive measures, such as exercise and weight reduction. However, 43.4% (145) of participants reported not participating in physical activity and 29.1% (97) had a body mass index of 25 and above. Conclusions The outcome of this study suggests that there's a need for structured educational programs in schools and public health campaigns. The general public must have a reliable source of information rather than the mass media and false information read from social media.