Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury Research Articles

Variability in Surgeon Approaches to Emotional Recovery and Expectation Setting After Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury

PurposeIncreasing emphasis has been placed on multidisciplinary care for patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury (BPI), and there has been a growing appreciation for the impact of psychological and emotional components of recovery. Because surgeons are typically charged with leading the recovery phase of BPI, our objective was to build a greater understanding of surgeons’ perspectives on the care of BPI patients and potential areas for improvement in care delivery.MethodsWe conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 14 surgeons with expertise in BPI reconstruction. The interview guide contained questions regarding the surgeons’ practice and care team structure, their attitudes and approaches to psychological and emotional aspects of recovery, and their preferences for setting patient expectations. We used inductive thematic analysis to identify themes.ResultsThere was a high degree of variability in how surgeons addressed emotional and psychological aspects of recovery. Whereas some surgeons embraced the practice of addressing these components of care, others felt strongly that BPI surgeons should remain focused on technical aspects of care. Several participants described the emotional toll that caring for BPI patients can have on surgeons and how this concern has affected their approach to care. Surgeons also recognized the importance of setting preoperative expectations. There was an emphasis on setting low expectations in an attempt to minimize the risk for dissatisfaction. Surgeons described the challenges in effectively counseling patients about a condition that is prone to substantial injury heterogeneity and variability in functional outcomes.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate wide variability in how surgeons address emotional, psychological, and social barriers to recovery for BPI patients.Clinical relevanceBest practices for BPI care are difficult to establish because of the relative heterogeneity of neurologic injury, the unpredictable impact and recovery of the patient, and the substantial variability in physician approach to the care of these patients.

Restoration of elbow flexion in adult traumatic brachial plexus injury – a quantitative analysis of results of single versus double nerve transfer

BackgroundRestoration of elbow flexion is one of the key components of adult brachial plexus surgery. Nerve transfers are routinely used to attain elbow flexion. PurposeThis study aims to quantify the recovery of elbow flexion power and to compare the outcome following single nerve transfer and double nerve transfer to branches of the musculocutaneous nerve in adult traumatic brachial plexus injury. MethodWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with traumatic upper brachial plexus injury who underwent nerve transfer of the musculocutaneous nerve with either Ulnar nerve fascicles (SN) or both Ulnar and Median nerve fascicles (DN) for restoring elbow flexion. Patients with a minimum follow up of 18 months after surgery were included in this study. Elbow flexion strength was quantified using a force transducer and software module and the results were compared between the two groups. ResultThe median strength of elbow flexion was 14.3 Newton meter. In the SN group, the mean strength of elbow flexion was 5.4 ± 5 Nm, and for DN group it was 20.4 ± 9.9 Nm. Elbow flexion strength following DN procedure was significantly better when compared with SN. ConclusionThe additional nerve transfer of median nerve fascicles with musculocutaneous nerve branch to the brachialis muscle does not add clinically obvious morbidity to the patient but has definite benefit as observed in this study. We advocate double fascicular nerve transfer for elbow flexion in upper brachial plexus injuries if the median and ulnar nerve functions are normal.

Role of MRI in the diagnosis of adult traumatic and obstetric brachial plexus injury compared to intraoperative findings

BackgroundBrachial plexus injury occurs following birth trauma or adult trauma as well, surgical repair is important to regain upper limb function, and preoperative evaluation with MRI is important and considered the accurate and safe imaging modality.Thirty-seven patients with clinically suspected obstetric (15 patients) or adult traumatic (22 patients) brachial plexus injury were included in our study; all of them underwent MRI examination including T1WI, T2WI, STIR, DWIBS, 3D STIR SPACE, and MR myelography sequences.ResultsIn obstetric cases, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for preganglionic injury were 63%, 89%, and 82%, respectively, while for postganglionic lesions, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60%, 99%, and 95%, respectively. In adult cases, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for preganglionic injury were 96%, 95%, and 95% respectively, while for postganglionic injury, MRI sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60%, 100%, and 99%, respectively.ConclusionMRI represents a safe, non-invasive, diagnostic modality having the multiplanar capability and better soft tissue characterization.

Direct Cost of Surgically Treated Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries

PurposeThe economic implications of brachial plexus injuries (BPI) in the United States are not well understood. The purpose of our study was to quantify the direct costs associated with surgical treatment of BPI after traumatic injury in adults, which would enable future study of the societal value of surgical reconstruction.MethodsUsing an administrative database of patients with commercial insurance, a cohort of patients aged 18 to 64 years with BPI treated surgically from 2007 to 2015 was assembled and assessed for index admission associated with BPI surgery and all payments toward claims (including medical, surgical, therapy, and pharmacy claims) for 1 year after surgery.ResultsAmong 189 patients undergoing surgery for BPI, median direct payments were $38,816 (interquartile range: $18,209 to $72,411; minimum: $3,512; maximum: $732,641).ConclusionsRelative to recently published data for the indirect cost of traumatic BPI (median: $801,723), direct payments for 1 year after surgical treatment represent 4.6% of the total long-term cost of BPI. In the context of existing literature demonstrating cost-effectiveness in models of BPI surgical care, our data suggest that surgery and other interventions to maximize return to work after traumatic BPI in adults may be beneficial to society.Type of study/level of evidenceEconomic and Decision Analyses IV.

Evaluation of Triple Neurotization Technique as a Single Procedure in Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury.

Introduction: Brachial plexus injuries are common and result in significant disabilities. This study evaluated the outcome of triple neurotization as a single procedure for upper trunk brachial plexus injury.Patients and Methods: Some 25 adult consecutive patients with injured upper trunk brachial plexus who underwent microscopic reconstructive surgery using triple neurotization technique in the authors’ institute were recruited in this study. Data on operative and functional outcomes were captured. Modified Narkas scale was used to evaluate the shoulder function in addition to Waikakul scale which was used to evaluate the elbow function. Data were analyzed with respect to short and long term with a median follow-up duration of two years.Results: Assessment of the recovered shoulder abduction was excellent in 48% (n=12), good in 24% (n=6), fair in 16% (n=4), and poor in 12% of cases (n=3). Shoulder external rotation recovery was excellent in 48% (n=12), good in 12% (n=3), fair in 12% (n=3), and poor in 28% of cases (n=7). Recovery of elbow flexion was excellent in 60% (n=15), good in 12% (n=3), fair in 12% (n=3), and poor in 16% of cases (n=4). The mean value of recovered shoulder abduction was 111.26 degrees (range: 70-150). The mean value of restored shoulder external rotation was 57.5 degrees (range: 45-70). The mean value of restored elbow flexion was 75 degrees (range: 55-120).Conclusion: Triple neurotization technique can be effective to restore elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, and external rotation in adult patients with upper trunk brachial plexus injury.

Three cases of adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries treated by Oberlin procedure to restore elbow flexion

Three cases of adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries treated by Oberlin procedure to restore elbow flexion

Outcomes of Reconstructive Surgery in Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury with Concomitant Vascular Injury

To investigate functional outcome from reconstructive surgery in adult traumatic brachial plexus injury (AT-BPI) with associated vascular lesions. A retrospective review was performed of 325 patients with AT-BPI who underwent reconstructive surgery between 2001 and 2012. Patients with (vascular group) and without (control group) vascular injuries were identified by review of medical documentation. Patient presentation, characteristics of nerve and associated lesions, and surgical management were evaluated to identify prognostic variables. Postoperative muscle strength, range of motion, and patient-reported disability scores were analyzed to determine long-term outcome. Sixty-eight patients had a concomitant vascular injury. There were no significant differences in age or sex between the control and vascular groups. The vascular group was more likely to have pan-plexus lesions (P < 0.0001), with significantly more associated upper extremity injuries (P < 0.0001). The control group underwent more nerve transfers, whereas the vascular group underwent more nerve grafting (P= 0.003). Complete outcome data were obtained in 139 patients, which included 111 control (43% of all control subjects) and 28 vascular patients (41%). There was no significant difference in patient-reported disability scores between the 2 groups. However, 73% of control subjects had grade 3 or greater postoperative elbow flexion, whereas only 43% of vascular patients achieved this strength (P= 0.003). Control patients demonstrated a greater increase in strength of shoulder abduction as well (P= 0.004). Shoulder external rotation strength was grade 0 in most patients, with no difference between the 2 groups. Concomitant vascular injury leads to worse functional outcome after reconstructive surgery of traumatic brachial plexus injury.

Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries.

Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries are devastating life-altering injuries occurring with increasing frequency. Evaluation includes a detailed physical examination and radiologic and electrodiagnostic studies. Critical concepts in surgical management include knowledge of injury patterns, timing of surgery, prioritization in restoration of function, and management of patient expectations. Options for treatment include neurolysis, nerve grafting, or nerve transfers and should be generally performed within 6 months of injury. The use of free functioning muscle transfers can improve function both in the acute and late setting. Modern patient-specific management can often permit consistent restoration of elbow flexion and shoulder stability with the potential of prehension of the hand. Understanding the basic concepts of management of this injury is essential for all orthopaedic surgeons who treat trauma patients.

An international survey of the current use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries

Purpose: Traditionally the Electrical Stimulation (ES) of muscles was a frequently used adjunct for rehabilitation following nerve injury . More recently its use has been in decline. An international collaborative group of therapists with a special interest in Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries (TBPI) was formed in 2017. One of the objectives of the group is to assess and improve the evidence base surrounding the rehabilitation of TBPI. Disparity within the group with regards to the use of ES highlighted the need to explore current practice and the reasons for variability in use.

The Psychological Impact of Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury.

There is a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicide risk, and psychological distress after orthopedic trauma and hand and upper-extremity injury. Although patients with traumatic adult brachial plexus injury are particularly vulnerable to psychologic distress, minimal clinical data exist about this cohort of patients. In this study,wesought to discover the prevalence of depression, PTSD, suicidal ideation, and substanceabuse. Between February, 2013 and July, 2014, during scheduled preoperative and/or postoperative appointments, the social worker at a metropolitan brachial plexus center conducted psychosocial assessments and questionnaire assessments of 21 patients evaluating for PTSD, depression, and substance use using 3 validated scales: PTSD Checklist-Specific, Patient Health Questionnaire-8, and National Institute on Drug Abuse Quick Screen. Brachial plexus injury strongly affected self-reported psychological well-being; 7 of 21 (33.3%) divulged suicidal ideation. Diagnosticand Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) diagnosis was supported by PTSD Checklist-Specific and PatientHealth Questionnaire-8 results: 4 of 21 (19.0%) met criteria for PTSD and 4 of 21 (19.0%) exhibited clinical depression. Patients reported no changes in social alcohol and tobacco use or substance abuse. Brachial plexus injury significantly influences psychological well-being and daily functioning. As a result, patients experience a high prevalence of PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation. Patients with brachial plexus injury have a high prevalence of psychological concerns and challenges that require continued attention throughout treatment. Prognostic IV.

Early nerve repair in traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults: treatment algorithm and first experiences.

The object of this study was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of early nerve repair within 2 weeks following adult traumatic brachial plexus injury (ATBPI). From 2009 onwards, the authors have strived to repair as early as possible extended C-5 to C-8 or T-1 lesions or complete loss of C-5 to C-6 or C-7 function in patients in whom there was clinical and radiological suspicion of root avulsion. Among a group of 36 patients surgically treated in the period between 2009 and 2011, surgical findings in those who had undergone treatment within 2 weeks after trauma were retrospectively compared with results in those who had undergone delayed treatment. The result of biceps muscle reanimation was the primary outcome measure. Five of the 36 patients were referred within 2 weeks after trauma and were eligible for early surgery. Nerve ruptures and/or avulsions were found in all early cases of surgery. The advantages of early surgery are as follows: no scar formation, easy anatomical identification, and gap length reduction. Disadvantages include less-clear demarcation of vital nerve tissue and unfamiliarity with the interpretation of frozen-section examination findings. All 5 early-treatment patients recovered a biceps force rated Medical Research Council grade 4. Preliminary results of nerve repair within 2 weeks of ATBPI are encouraging, and the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. The authors propose a decision algorithm to select patients eligible for early surgery. Referral standards for patients with ATBPI must be adapted to enable early surgery.

Role of Trapezius Transfer for Shoulder Reconstruction in Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Literature Review

Shoulder instability and lack of shoulder mobility are common and exhausting problems in adult patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. Although primary nerve reconstruction remains the “gold standard” for brachial plexus management, secondary shoulder reconstruction by trapezius transfer is needed in neglected cases.

The diagnostic accuracy of 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging for detecting root avulsions in traumatic adult brachial plexus injuries.

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Validation of the Comprehensive Core Set for Hand Conditions following adult traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury

Validation of the Comprehensive Core Set for Hand Conditions following adult traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury

Do existing patient-report activity outcome measures accurately reflect day-to-day arm use following adult traumatic brachial plexus injury?

To identify the range of activities limited following adult traumatic brachial plexus injury and triangulate these with existing patient-reported outcome measures identified from the literature. A qualitative cross-sectional design. Adults with traumatic brachial plexus injury and expert clinicians. Using an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework, participants identified day-to-day activities that are limited following traumatic brachial plexus injury. Two independent reviewers classified all reported activities into the Comprehensive ICF Core Set of Hand Conditions (CCS-HC) activity domains. Reported activities were triangulated with patient-reported outcome measures identified from the brachial plexus injury literature. Fifty-one participants (21 adults with brachial plexus injury, 30 expert clinicians) generated a total of 522 items. The inter-rater reliability for classification to CCS-HC domains was excellent (k = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.92-0.96). Activities reported by patients and clinicians represented all 29 CCS-CH activity domains. Five activities (2%) could not be classified to any ICF domain. Fifteen CCS-HC activity domains were represented in the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and ABILHAND, 2 measures currently used in the brachial plexus injury literature. Adults with a brachial plexus injury report a range of activities that are limited following injury, and are under-represented in currently used patient-reported outcome measures. The activities reported in this study could be used to inform the development of a new brachial plexus injury targeted questionnaire.

Surgical treatment of adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries: an overview

Traumatic injuries to the brachial plexus in adults are severely debilitating. They generally affect young individuals. A thorough understanding of the anatomy, clinical evaluation, imaging and electrodiagnostic assessments, treatment options and proper timing of surgical interventions will enable nerve surgeons to offer optimal care to patients. Advances in microsurgical technique have improved the outcome for many of these patients. The treatment options offer patients with brachial plexus injuries the possibility of achieving elbow flexion, shoulder stability with limited abduction and the hope of limited but potentially useful hand function.

The influence of pre-surgical delay on functional outcome after reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries

It has been proposed that delayed surgery after traumatic brachial plexus injury may adversely affect functional outcome. In this study the influence of pre-surgical delay on the outcome of brachial plexus reconstruction was examined retrospectively. All patients who underwent surgery for traumatic brachial plexus injury in the Leeds Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery unit (UK), between 1987 and 2002, were identified. Of the 110 patients identified, 27 had nerve grafting to the upper trunk to restore shoulder and biceps muscle function. Postoperative functional outcome was evaluated in this subgroup of patients. The 27 patients were divided into three groups: surgery <2 weeks (n=10), 2 weeks to 2 months (n=10) and >2 months (n=7) following injury. The efficacy of nerve grafting was correlated to pre- and postoperative biceps strength, which was assessed using the British Medical Research Council (MRC) Motor Grading Scale. In all patients the preoperative elbow grade was M0. The results showed that in the <2 weeks, 2 weeks-2 months and >2 months delay groups, the mean postoperative elbow MRC grades were 4.2+/-SD 1.0, 3.8+/-SD 0.8 and 1.1+/-SD 1.7, respectively. Functionally better results were obtained with early surgery. When surgery was delayed beyond 2 months there was no significant difference between mean pre- and postoperative elbow grades. We therefore believe that early exploration and reconstruction of adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries minimises the pernicious adverse effects of delay attributable to recent findings of the neurobiological effects of axonal damage.

Nerve Transfers for Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Palsy (Brachial Plexus Nerve Transfer)

Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries can have devastating effects on upper extremity function. Although neurolysis, nerve repair, and nerve grafting have been used to treat injuries to the plexus, nerve transfer makes use of an undamaged nerve to supply motor input over a relatively short distance to reinnervate a denervated muscle. A review of several recent innovations in nerve transfer surgery for brachial plexus injuries is illustrated with surgical cases performed at this institution.

Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries

Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries are devastating, and they are occurring with increasing frequency. Patient evaluation consists of a focused assessment of upper extremity sensory and motor function, radiologic studies, and, most important, preoperative and intraoperative electrodiagnostic studies. The critical concepts in surgical treatment are patient selection as well as the timing and prioritizing of restoration of function. Surgical techniques include neurolysis, nerve grafting, neurotization, and free muscle transfer. Results are variable, but increased knowledge of nerve injury and repair, as well as advances in microsurgical techniques, allow not only restoration of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction but also of useful prehension of the hand in some patients.

TENDON TRANSFER TO RECONSTRUCT WRIST EXTENSION IN CHILDREN WITH OBSTETRIC BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY

This study reports on 20 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy who underwent a tendon transfer to reconstruct wrist extension. The mean age at the time of tendon transfer was 8 years. There were seven patients with Erb's palsy and the remaining 13 had total palsy. The flexor carpi ulnaris was utilized 15 times and the flexor carpi radialis five times. The transferred tendon was sutured to the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis. The result of the transfer was assessed according to a modified Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle grading system. A good result was obtained in 18 patients (modified MRC grade of 4) and a fair result (modified MRC grade of 3) in two. The choice of tendon transfer to reconstruct the wrist drop deformity in various conditions including adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries is discussed.