Adult Scapulae Research Articles

Osseous variations associated with physiological thinning of the glenoid articular cartilage: an osteological study with CT, MRI and arthroscopic correlations

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between osseous variations of the glenoid fossa and thinning of the overlaying articular cartilage.Materials and methodsIn total, 360 dry scapulae, comprising adult, children and fetal specimens, were observed for potential presence of osseous variants inside the glenoid fossa. Subsequently, the appearance of the observed variants was evaluated using CT and MRI (each 300 scans), and in-time arthroscopic findings (20 procedures). New terminology of the observed variants was proposed by an expert panel formed by orthopaedic surgeons, anatomists and radiologists.ResultsTubercle of Assaky was observed in 140 (46.7%) adult scapulae, and an innominate osseous depression was identified in 27 (9.0%) adult scapulae. Upon radiological imaging, the tubercle of Assaky was found in 128 (42.7%) CTs and 118 (39.3%) MRIs, while the depression was identified in 12 (4.0%) CTs and 14 (4.7%) MRIs. Articular cartilage above the osseous variations appeared relatively thinner and in several young individuals was found completely absent. Moreover, the tubercle of Assaky featured an increasing prevalence with aging, while the osseous depression develops in the second decade. Macroscopic articular cartilage thinning was identified in 11 (55.0%) arthroscopies. Consequently, four new terms were invented to describe the presented findings.ConclusionPhysiological articular cartilage thinning occurs due to the presence of the intraglenoid tubercle or the glenoid fovea. In teenagers, the cartilage above the glenoid fovea may be naturally absent. Screening for these variations increases the diagnostic accuracy of glenoid defects. In addition, implementing the proposed terminological updates would optimize communication accuracy.

Topographical Variations of Nutrient Foramina in the Dry Adult Scapula: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The scapula is the shoulder girdle bone. Vascularity of this bone may arise from the subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries (on the lateral border), supra-scapular artery (on the superior border), deep branch of the transverse cervical artery (on the medial border), or a branch from the axillary artery (on the costal surface). Nutrient arteries associated with flat bones like the scapula have not received significant research in the past. Aim: To determine the number and location of nutrient foramina on the human dry scapula. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of RG KAR Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.. The sample was gathered from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 122 dry adult scapulae were studied (69 right and 53 left), irrespective of age and sex. The data obtained after thorough inspection was tabulated to obtain the results. The International Business Management(IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) software tool was used for statistical analysis, and inferences were drawn from the results. Results: The average number of nutrient foramina per scapula was five (ranging from 2 to 10). The most common location of the supraspinous fossa was 30.97%. On the costal surface, most of the nutrient foramina were found directly inferior to the suprascapular notch (30%), and on the dorsal surface, nutrient foramina were identified under the spine of the scapula (23.75%). Nutrient foramina were least present in the peri- glenoid area (15.28%). The Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) test showed homologous subsets between and within the different types of fossae. Conclusion: To maintain the health of the scapula, the nutrient artery must be preserved. Most scapulae had more than one nutrient foramina, located in specific areas on both the dorsal and costal surfaces of the shoulder blade. As a result, orthopaedic surgeons performing scapular surgery place great significance on their topographic understanding of the nutrient foramina. A knowledge of these variations aids surgeons in minimising blood loss during surgical implications around the pectoral girdle or scapular area in living patients.

DETERMINATION OF SCAPULAR INDEX IN HUMAN SCAPULA

Background: Scapula is the important flat bone which plays important role in movement of shoulder girdle. Scapular index can be used in comparative anatomy and manufacturing prosthetic products. Present study was carried out with objective to determine the scapular index. Methods: Fifty adult scapula were collected from Department of Anatomy, Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined. Bony landmarks are well located. Scapular breadths and lengths were measured using digital vernier caliper. Scapular index was calculated. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 16 software. Results: Among the fifty scapulae, 52% contributes right sided scapula and 48% left sided scapula. Mean and standard deviation for scapular breadth were 95.84 mm and 3.843 mm respectively. Maximum number (48%) of scapula was found in the range of 90-< 95 mm breadth followed by 95-<100 mm (19%) and 100-<105 mm (14%). Mean and standard deviation for scapular length was 129.28 mm and 11.83 mm respectively. Maximum (22%) of scapula was found in range of 120-<125 mm followed by 125-<135 mm (18%) and 135-150mm (5%). Mean and standard deviation for scapular index were 75.32 mm and& 7.32 mm respectively. Maximum value (46%) of scapular index was found in the range of 70-<75% followed by 65-<70% (16%); 80-85% (14%); 90-<95% (10%); 60-65% (4%) and 85-90% (2%). Conclusions: Scapular breadth, length and indices like scapular index can be used in comparative anatomy and manufacturing prosthetic products and procedure like prosthesis positioning.

Circumflex arterial sulcus of the scapula (sulcus arteriae circumflexae scapulae): its anatomy and clinical relevance.

The circumflex scapular artery (CSA) has been described in detail in the literature, but the groove, i.e., the circumflex sulcus (CFS), formed by the artery on the lateral pillar of the scapula has been completely neglected. The aim of the present study was to describe the variability and anatomy of the CFS. The study was based on the examination of 103 pairs of dry bone specimens of adult scapulae, i.e., 206 specimens, including 92 (46 pairs) male and 114 (57 pairs) female specimens. In the first step, quantitative criteria were defined for assessment of the CFS presence and type. Subsequently, statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. The study revealed considerable variability of the arterial groove, which was well developed in 33% (type A), shallow in 40% (type B), and absent in 27% (type C) of cases. The mean distance between CFS and the infraglenoid tubercle was 3.3cm CI0.95 (3.1-3.3), which corresponds to the proximal third of the lateral border of the scapula. The study has confirmed variability of the arterial groove (CFS) and its localization in relation to the inferior glenoid rim. The findings are clinically important, particularly in relation to the Judet approach to scapular fractures (localization of the CSA course).

Study of suprascapular notch converted into a foramen in adult human scapulae in Karnataka region

Scapula is a triangular bone present in the back, which articulates with the humerus and clavicle forming the shoulder girdle. In the superior border of the scapula there is a notch called the suprascapular notch, through which the suprascapular nerve pass. The suprascapular nerve can be compressed by the ossified part of the transverse scapular ligament a cause for neuropathies.The present study was done on adult scapulae in department of Anatomy SUIMS & R.C. Shimoga, where the transverse scapular ligament [TSL] was ossified in 10 scapulae out of 127 adult dry scapulae [7.87%] studied of unknown sex. It was also noted that 6 out of 10 scapulae belonged to the right side & 4 to left side showing a slight preponderance to the right side. Incidence of the complete suprascapular foramen varies from one geographical region to other region, work nature of indivisuals and is variable with the samples collected by different workers for the study.The compresssion of the suprascapular nerve is an acquired neuropathy leading to neuromuscular deficits and decrease in the range of motion of the shoulder. Suprascapular nerve blocks are given in this region. The knowledge of this type of nerve compression is helpful for evaluation of patients with neurovascular deficits to orthopedicians, radiologists, anaesthetists and surgeons in their clinical practice.

Determination of dimensions of Glenoid cavity from other scapular parameters in North Indian Population

Background: The Glenoid cavity dimensions can help to predict the incidence of glenohumeral dislocations in a population. Purpose of study: The present study involved the measurements of the body of the scapula and the glenoid cavity and to draw the relationship of them to predict the chances of glenohumeral dislocations in North Indian Population. Methods: A total number of 130 adult scapulae of unknown sex showing complete ossification and without any damage were included in the study. The various shapes of glenoid cavities both on right and left sides were noted and analysed. A digital Vernier calliper was used to measure all the dimensions of scapula as well as glenoid cavity. The data was analysed and regression formulae to estimate the glenoid cavity dimensions were drawn. Results: Most common shape of the glenoid cavity in the present study was pear shaped (52.30%) followed by inverted comma shaped (33.07%) and least common was oval shaped (14.63%). Mean maximum height of scapula (MSH) was 142.45± 2.32 mm, mean maximum width of scapula (MSW) was 102.65± 0.21mm. Mean maximum glenoid height (MGH) was 38.77± 3.15mm, mean maximum glenoid width I (MGW I) was 23.82± 2.11 mm, mean maximum glenoid width II ( MGW II) was 14.78± 9.11mm. Mean scapular index (SI) was 71.32± 0.61(60-<73) % and mean glenoid index (GI) was 60.43± 5.43%( 60-69%). Bilateral differences in these parameters were statistically insignificant. Mean maximum scapular height was significantly correlated with both mean maximum glenoid height and mean maximum glenoid width. There was also found highly significant interglenoid dimension correlation. Conclusion: Glenohumeral dislocations are expected if indices are <50% or > 89%. A deviation from the normal relation between maximum glenoid width and maximum glenoid length also indicates glenohumeral instability. KEY WORDS: Glenoid cavity, Gleno humeral, Scapula.

Morphology and morphometric study of dry scapula, with emphasis on the glenoid fossa and acromion process in Chennai city, South India

Background: The morphology and morphometry of the scapula and its glenoid fossa and acromion process play a significant role in the mechanics of shoulder joint. A variable morphology is found in glenoid fossa that has clinical implications. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of dry scapula with emphasis on glenoid fossa and acromion process. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of anatomy, for a period of 6 months from January 2021 to June 2021. A total of 100 unpaired dry scapula were included in the study. The morphology and dimensions were measured. The dimensions were summarized as mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done Chi-square test and student’s t-test based on the variable types. Results: Out of 100 scapulae studied, 48 were right sided and 52 were left sided. The mean of maximum length of the right scapula was 149.58±10.33 mm and the left side was 148.63±10.33 mm. Among the glenoid cavities, 54 were inverted comma shaped, 30 were pear shaped, and 16 were oval shaped. In one right-sided scapula Bony Spur Extends from Base of coracoid process to supra Scapular Notch. Conclusion: Size and shape of the glenoid cavity are directly related to the dislocation of shoulder joint and may affect the results of total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff surgeries. The present study analyzed the morphological types and diameters of the glenoid cavity in adult scapulae to improve the efficacy and minimize the failure rates in shoulder arthroplasty particularly those involving the glenoid component of the shoulder joint.

Sexual dimorphism of the scapula by morphometric analysis in south Indian population

Background: Forensic anthropology plays a key role in sexual dimorphism. It is possible to establish a profile and identification of the sex of an individual from the available parts of the skeleton. Several bones present dimorphism and have been studied to increase the approach for forensic identification. Objective: We morphometrically evaluated the human scapula and compared the measurements between scapula bone in cadavers of both sex to derive a logistical regression formula for sex determination of the south Indian population. Materials and Methods: Eighty adult scapulae were used in the study. Scapulae were measured in millimeters for 11 parameters with the help of the sliding caliper. Results: The most common shape of glenoid cavity recorded in this study in men and women was pear shape (54.92% and 51.02%) followed by inverted comma shape (31. 49% and 33.73%). The least common shape was oval (13.57% and 15.28). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of parameters studies in men vs. women: MSH––143.3 ± 10.23 vs. 138.2 ± 11.89 mm; the MSB––105.3 ± 12.45 vs. 93.5 ± 9.23 mm; SpW––120.0 ± 0.81 vs. 104.0 ± 0.95 mm; ACW––87.0 ± 0.58 vs. 80.0 ± 0.53 mm; L2––44.7 ± 0.46 vs. 35.3 ± 0.39 mm; L4–50.5 ± 8.6 vs. 45.3 ± 9.51; L6–60.1 ± 7.71 vs. 56.8 ± 8.55 mm; SI glenoid diameter––37.63 ± 7.58 vs. 35.5 ± 4.75 mm; the anteroposterior glenoid diameter 1––24.50 ± 5.86 vs. 22.5 ± 6.93 mm and the anteroposterior glenoid diameter 2––16.30 ± 2.16 vs. 13.57 ± 5.58 mm; and mean glenoid cavity index was 65.10 ± 8.67% vs. 63.4 ± 9.23%. All parameters measured showed statistically significant values (P < 0.05) for the male scapula. Conclusion: The scapula can potentially be used in medicolegal investigations in terms of sexual dimorphism. Thus, the results of these studies can provide the baseline values increasing the range of options in the forensic investigation in sex determination.

The coracoglenoid notch: anatomy and clinical significance.

The superior surface of the anatomical neck is presented in the classification of scapular fractures as a 2-cm-long structure, which does not correspond to reality. This issue has not yet been adequately addressed in the literature. The aim of the study was to assess the variability of a notch between the upper rim of the glenoid and the coracoid base, the so-called coracoglenoid notch (CGN), and its clinical significance. The study was based on the examination of 204 dry bone specimens of adult scapulae (92 male and 112 female). We have determined quantitative criteria for the evaluation of the CGN type, measuring the offset of anatomical neck using a digital caliper. The findings were compared with 3D CT reconstructions of fractures of the scapular anatomical neck. Three basic types of CGN have been identified: type A-a well-developed notch in 31%, type B-a shallow notch in 53% and type C-an absent notch in 16%. No significant difference in CGN was found between the sexes, or between the right and left sides. When compared with our six cases of the anatomical neck fracture of the scapula, two patients displayed CGN type A and type B, respectively; but in four patients, it was impossible to distinguish between types A and B. The study has documented a high variability of CGN. Its presentation in the classification schemes does not correspond to anatomical reality. The presence of a deep, or shallow, notch may constitute an anatomical predisposition to a fracture of the anatomical neck.

Morphometry of Acromion Process of Scapula with Respect to Gender

Background: Of the wide spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the shoulder, subacromial impingement syndrome is considered to be quite common. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the morphometry of acromion and to measure other parameters like acromiocoracoid distance (ACD) and acromioglenoid distance (AGD). Materials And Method: Study was conducted on 100 male and 100 female adult scapulae. Length and breadth of the acromion, ACD, and AGD were measured using vernier callipers. Measured parameters were tabulated and analysed for statistical significance. Results: Acromial length, acromial breadth, ACD and AGD varied significantly with sex. Positive correlation was observed between above parameters in male scapulae, whereas positive correlation was seen only between ACD & AGD among female scapulae. Conclusion: The studied parameters could be help during diagnoses and treatment of shoulder pathologies. They can also be used for forensic and anthropological purposes for determining gender, ethnicity

The acromial morphology and its implication in impingement syndrome: An anatomical study

IntroductionResection of acromion in case of impingement syndrome is a controversial issue. It is associated with the risk of instability of humeral head. The aim of our study was to determine the morphometry of acromion so that the decision for arthroscopic resection becomes easier in these cases. The morphometry of acromion was also correlated with other parameters of scapula. Material and methodsThe study was conducted in sixty one intact dry adult scapulae of unknown sex. Various parametric and nonparametric data from scapulae were taken. ResultType I (flat), Type II (curved) and Type III (hooked) were found in 24.59%, 49.18% and 26.22% scapulae respectively. The average scapular length and breadth were 135.96±11.96mm and 98.8±7.56mm respectively. Mean value of length, breath, and thickness of acromian were 41.23mm, 22.12mm and 7.01mm respectively. The thickness of acromion was less than 8mm in 86.67% of scapulae. In 13.33% cases the thickness was >8mm. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the length of acromion and the length and breadth of scapula. DiscussionOur study may suggest that in Indian population, 13.33% population is at risk of impingement syndrome according to the thickness of acromion. In addition, angles of acromion tilt and acromion slope are larger in Indian scapulae as compare to that of other countries. This knowledge would be useful for orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists.

A fetal study of craniorachischisis, with emphasis on prenatal diagnosis and prevention

Resection of acromion in case of impingement syndrome is a controversial issue. It is associated with the risk of instability of humeral head. The aim of our study was to determine the morphometry of acromion so that the decision for arthroscopic resection becomes easier in these cases. The morphometry of acromion was also correlated with other parameters of scapula.The study was conducted in sixty one intact dry adult scapulae of unknown sex. Various parametric and nonparametric data from scapulae were taken.Type I (flat), Type II (curved) and Type III (hooked) were found in 24.59%, 49.18% and 26.22% scapulae respectively. The average scapular length and breadth were 135.96 ± 11.96 mm and 98.8 ± 7.56 mm respectively. Mean value of length, breath, and thickness of acromian were 41.23 mm, 22.12 mm and 7.01 mm respectively. The thickness of acromion was less than 8 mm in 86.67% of scapulae. In 13.33% cases the thickness was >8 mm. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the length of acromion and the length and breadth of scapula.Our study may suggest that in Indian population, 13.33% population is at risk of impingement syndrome according to the thickness of acromion. In addition, angles of acromion tilt and acromion slope are larger in Indian scapulae as compare to that of other countries. This knowledge would be useful for orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists.

Morphometric analysis of glenoid cavity in dry adult scapulae and its surgical implications

Morphometric analysis of glenoid cavity in dry adult scapulae and its surgical implications

Glomerular developmental chronology in human fetuses kidney

Resection of acromion in case of impingement syndrome is a controversial issue. It is associated with the risk of instability of humeral head. The aim of our study was to determine the morphometry of acromion so that the decision for arthroscopic resection becomes easier in these cases. The morphometry of acromion was also correlated with other parameters of scapula.The study was conducted in sixty one intact dry adult scapulae of unknown sex. Various parametric and nonparametric data from scapulae were taken.Type I (flat), Type II (curved) and Type III (hooked) were found in 24.59%, 49.18% and 26.22% scapulae respectively. The average scapular length and breadth were 135.96 ± 11.96 mm and 98.8 ± 7.56 mm respectively. Mean value of length, breath, and thickness of acromian were 41.23 mm, 22.12 mm and 7.01 mm respectively. The thickness of acromion was less than 8 mm in 86.67% of scapulae. In 13.33% cases the thickness was >8 mm. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the length of acromion and the length and breadth of scapula.Our study may suggest that in Indian population, 13.33% population is at risk of impingement syndrome according to the thickness of acromion. In addition, angles of acromion tilt and acromion slope are larger in Indian scapulae as compare to that of other countries. This knowledge would be useful for orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists.

Chromosomal aberrations in mental retardation: A preliminary study

Resection of acromion in case of impingement syndrome is a controversial issue. It is associated with the risk of instability of humeral head. The aim of our study was to determine the morphometry of acromion so that the decision for arthroscopic resection becomes easier in these cases. The morphometry of acromion was also correlated with other parameters of scapula.The study was conducted in sixty one intact dry adult scapulae of unknown sex. Various parametric and nonparametric data from scapulae were taken.Type I (flat), Type II (curved) and Type III (hooked) were found in 24.59%, 49.18% and 26.22% scapulae respectively. The average scapular length and breadth were 135.96 ± 11.96 mm and 98.8 ± 7.56 mm respectively. Mean value of length, breath, and thickness of acromian were 41.23 mm, 22.12 mm and 7.01 mm respectively. The thickness of acromion was less than 8 mm in 86.67% of scapulae. In 13.33% cases the thickness was >8 mm. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the length of acromion and the length and breadth of scapula.Our study may suggest that in Indian population, 13.33% population is at risk of impingement syndrome according to the thickness of acromion. In addition, angles of acromion tilt and acromion slope are larger in Indian scapulae as compare to that of other countries. This knowledge would be useful for orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists.

Morphometric analysis and surgical anatomy of coracoid process and glenoid cavity

IntroductionThis study was designed to study the morphometric dimensions of coracoid process and glenoid cavity of scapula and to ascertain any correlation involving them. The comprehension of standard morphometric measurements of coracoid process and glenoid cavity is missing in the academic literature. Its awareness is imperative in trauma cases, surgical interventions and replacement surgeries in the shoulder region. MethodsFor this investigation 69 dry adult scapulae (45 of right side and 24 of left side) of Asian origin without any apparent damage to their osseous structure were studied. The present study demonstrates the analysis of various dimensions of coracoid process and glenoid cavity. ResultsPearson correlation (r-coefficient) was positive for glenoid cavity vertical and horizontal dimensions. The interrelation between all the parameters was highly significant; sig (2-tailed) test was 0 and p value as 0.1, an interesting trend. DiscussionVariation of dimensions of coracoid process and glenoid cavity are important for radiologist and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosing various pathologies and plan for repair. The data base provided in the present study is not only helpful in the present day scenario, but with advancement of techniques and advent of various replacement procedures, these dimensions can serve as a baseline and potential prospect for coracoid process replacement surgeries in future.

Variation of branching pattern of arch of aorta in North Maharashtrians

Resection of acromion in case of impingement syndrome is a controversial issue. It is associated with the risk of instability of humeral head. The aim of our study was to determine the morphometry of acromion so that the decision for arthroscopic resection becomes easier in these cases. The morphometry of acromion was also correlated with other parameters of scapula.The study was conducted in sixty one intact dry adult scapulae of unknown sex. Various parametric and nonparametric data from scapulae were taken.Type I (flat), Type II (curved) and Type III (hooked) were found in 24.59%, 49.18% and 26.22% scapulae respectively. The average scapular length and breadth were 135.96 ± 11.96 mm and 98.8 ± 7.56 mm respectively. Mean value of length, breath, and thickness of acromian were 41.23 mm, 22.12 mm and 7.01 mm respectively. The thickness of acromion was less than 8 mm in 86.67% of scapulae. In 13.33% cases the thickness was >8 mm. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the length of acromion and the length and breadth of scapula.Our study may suggest that in Indian population, 13.33% population is at risk of impingement syndrome according to the thickness of acromion. In addition, angles of acromion tilt and acromion slope are larger in Indian scapulae as compare to that of other countries. This knowledge would be useful for orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists.

Growth of the pectoral girdle in a sample of juveniles from the kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt.

This study investigates growth patterns in the scapula and clavicle in a cross-sectional juvenile skeletal sample ranging from 20 weeks gestation to 8.5 years of age from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. The primary goal is to quantify growth patterns and growth velocities in the scapula and clavicle to better understand the development of the pectoral girdle. A series of low-order polynomial regression models was used to examine growth curves in clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width. Incremental growth and relative percent increase were examined among successive age groups as a proxy measure of growth velocity. Scapular body proportions were assessed with the scapular index and compared across age groups using a Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc tests. A third-order polynomial best describes growth in clavicle diaphyseal length and scapular height, and a second-order polynomial best describes growth in scapular width. Growth velocity patterns are similar among clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width particularly from birth until the end of early childhood. Clavicle diaphyseal length decelerates during middle childhood while scapular height and width accelerate during this time. With increasing age, the scapular body proportionately increases more in height than in width. The relatively narrow scapular body characteristic of adult scapulae is first evident during early childhood. Changes in scapular body shape during ontogeny may be a reflection of the greater alterations taking place in the integrated morphology of the pectoral girdle during the biomechanical shift from crawling to bipedalism. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:636-645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Study on Anatomical Variations of Acromion Process in the Dry Adult Scapulae of South Indian Population

Introduction: Acromion process can be classified according to its morphology into flat (Type I), convex (Type II) and hooked (Type III) (Bigliani et al). The incidence of rotator cuff syndrome has been correlated according to the morphology of acromion process by various authors in different ethnic groups. In this study, we analysed the anatomical variations in the morphology of acromion process among the south Indian population and tried to correlate with the findings of other authors. Material andmethods: 100 dry adult scapulae were used for this study. All the scapulae were measured directly with the help of a vernier calliper and measuring scale. Apart from analysing the shapes of the processes, the following parameters were measured viz. (i) length of acromion (ii) width of acromion (iii) Thickness of acromion. Results: In the present study, it was observed that the shapes of 55% were convex (Type II), 30% were flat (Type I), 15% were hooked (Type III). The average length of the process was 41.63 mm, the average width was 23.11 mm and the average thickness was 9.11 mm. Conclusion: The knowledge of the anatomical variations in acromion process is not only imperative to orthopaedicians in the surgical repair of shoulder cuff pathologies, but also for anthropologists in the understanding of the evolution of bipedal gait and forensic anthropometry.

Morphometric analysis of scapula to determine sexual dimorphism

Background and Objectives: Identification of the sex of an individual is important in determining, the identity from the available parts of skeleton. Aims: To derive a logistical regression formula for sex determination of Indian population, using dimensions of scapula. Materials and Methods: Thirty one adult scapulae (20 males and 11 females) were used in the study. Scapulae were measured in millimetre for MSH, MSB, GCH and GCB with the help of the sliding calliper. The logistical regression equation was derived from these measurements. Results: Among all parameters, MSB found to be most significant ( P ≤ 0.001). For the regression equation incorporating all for Scapular dimensions, the logistic regression score (Y) is calculated as follow: Y = (-0.246*MSH) + (0.122*MSB) + (-0.486*GCH) + (-0.034*GCB) +35.356. Conclusion: The results of this study are very useful for sex determination in medicolegal cases where the skulls and pelvic bones are damaged or not available. In this study, population specific logistic regression formula is derived by combination of parameters, which can be helpful for sex determination in Indian populations.