Adult Population Of Russia Research Articles

THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF RUSSIA AND IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF PREPARED CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS)

The paper presents data on the role of vitamin D and calcium in the function of many human organs and tissues. Lifestyle, dietary preferences, and insufficient physical activity contribute to the high prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies in the adult population of Russia, causing different diseases and abnormalities. The authors have worked out recommendations for the preventive use of vitamin D and calcium in healthy population, give consumption rates for these substances, and describe the clinical and laboratory signs of vitamin D deficiency and indications for screening. They also propose treatment regimens for vitamin D deficiency and depict the signs of intoxication in overdose. Particular emphasis is laid on the place of vitamin D and calcium in the therapy of osteoporosis.

TREND AND VALIDITY OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS PREVALENCE AND PATIENT MORTALITY RATES IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF THE TULA REGION VERSUS THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic disease of the axial skeleton. Recently, there has been increased interest among practitioners and researchers in AS. Because of difficulties in conducting epidemiological surveys studying statistical data on its prevalence and patient mortality is of great importance. It permit introduction of necessary corrections into organization of medical care to patients on the basis of analysis of the situation in the region. Objective: to study the trend and validity of data on AS prevalence and patient mortality in the adult population of the Tula Region versus the Russian Federation. Subjects and methods. The investigators used the 2002–2010 statistical guidelines “Prevalence of diseases in adult population of Russia” by the Ministry of Health of Russia; the 2006–2010 federal statistical inquiry forms No. 14 in the Tula Region and the Russian Federation; the European hospital database; the 2000–2011 mortality databases in the Tula Region, which had been obtained by the automated mortality registration systems, which contained 373,997 records and included all margins of “Medical Death Certificates”. Results and discussion. In the Russian Federation, overall prevalence of AS per 100,000 adult population increased from 27.6 in 2002 to 34.4 in 2010 (the increment was 24.6%) while in the Tula Region its trend was unstable in this period. Incidence of AS here decreased by 31.8% from 2002 to 2010; in Russia its increment was 51.6%. From 2000 to 2011 in the Tula Region AS was registered as one of the causes of death in 29 cases. Conclusion. To plan measures aimed at improving the quality of medical care to AS patients, it is necessary to expand a comprehensive study of AS prevalence as well as outpatient and inpatient mortality from AS

THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES IN RUSSIA IN 2012–2013

The incidence of major rheumatic diseases was analyzed inRussia's adult population in 2012–2013 on the basis of the statistical reports of the Ministry of Health ofRussia(Form No. 12). Among the adult population ofRussia, the overall incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) decreased by 11.6% (from 1666 to 1474 cases). No case of ARF was registered in 11 of the 83 subjects of the Federation in 2013. The inci- dence rates per 100,000 adult population compared toRussia's ones were higher in theRepublicofIngushetia(21.0%), theChechen Republic(13.2%), and the Chukotka Autonomous District (26.2%). All cases of ARF were first notified. The overall incidence rates of chronic rheumatic heart diseases amongRussia's adult population tend to reduce slightly [by 5.3% (from 182,286 to 172,687 cases)]. In the period in question, the total number of patients with musculoskeletal diseases (MSD) slightly rose. The bulk of rheumatic patients from the MSD group are more than 4 million patients with osteoarthritis (OA), half of them (2,454,563) being those who are older than able-bodied age. The incidence of OA tends to increase in all Federal Districts (FD). The most common joint inflammatory diseases are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (286,000 cases), spondylopathies (90,000 cases), and osteoporosis (152,000 cases). The incidence rates of MSD per 100,000 adult population are higher in the North-Western (19,397.7), Volga (16,552.6), and Siberian (16,133.4) FD thanRussia's mean rate (14,205.5). There were somewhat higher incidence rates of RA per 100,000 population in 2013 than in 2012 (241.4 and 245.6, respectively). The rates in the North-Western, Ural, Far Eastern, and Volga FDs are higher than the mean Russian ones. In 2011, the rubric of «Ankylosing spondylitis» (AS) was replaced by that of «Spondylopathies» that, besides AS (ICD-10 M45), encompasses other inflammatory spondylopathies (M46), including infectious one, which does not allow single out the spinal inflammatory diseases under a rheumatologist's competence. InRussia, there were 39,800 patients with AS in 2010 and as many as 89,000 patients with spondylopathies in 2013. The incidence of systemic connective tissue diseases (SCTD) remains rather stable. Unfortunately, SCTDs include different nosological entities (sys- temic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, systemic vasculitides, etc.), which cannot refine trends in the incidence of specific diseases. In a number of the Federation's subjects, the incidence rate of reactive arthritis (ReA) is higher thanRussia's mean one. It is not inconceivable that not only arthropathies caused by prior enteric and urogenital infection are taken as ReA, leading to the hyperdiagnosis of ReA. The incidence of osteoporosis varies in FDs: from 226.5 per 100,000 adult population in the Siberian FD to52.0 inthe Southern FD, which is most likely to be associated with the fact that an instrumental examination cannot be made in patients to detect this pathology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2015-120-124

Identification of circulatory diseases and their risk during medical examination of an adult population: methodological aspects

To study the efficiency of a methodology for the active detection of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) during medical examination and to determine the need and possible ways of its improvement. The medical examinations of 19.4 million people (94.6% of all the citizens who had undergone medical examinations in all the regions of Russia in 2013) were analyzed and the methodological aspects of identification of the circulatory diseases (CDs) that were induced by coronary and cerebral vessel atherosclerosis and had common risk factors, primarily CHD and CVD, were assessed. The medical examinations revealed 2,915,445 cases of CDs and their suspicions, during which its clinical diagnosis was established in 57.2%. The suspected disease requiring that its diagnosis should be further specified; off-medical examinations revealed hypertension in more than 770,000 cases, CHD in 232,000, and CVD in 146,000. The proportion of stable angina pectoris of all angina cases was much higher at a young age (25.6%) than at middle (15.6%) and elderly (11.3%) ages. Brachiocephalic artery stenoses were detected in almost 13,000 cases. According to the official health statistics, within the years preceding the introduction of large-scale medical examinations, there was a slight rise in new CD cases among the adult population of Russia, which was more significant in 2013 (according to the preliminary data) than in 2012. The methodology for the active detection of CDs through a two-step medical examination, which is used during a follow-up, makes it possible to substantially increase detection rates for CDs. There has been shown to be a need for the better quality and completeness of diagnostic examination in real practice.

HYALURONIC ACID IN TREATMENT OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Osteoarthritis is an important medical and social problem. Оsteoarthritis affects 13% of the adult population in Russia. Knee and hip joints are affected most frequently. Оsteoarthritis therapy includes nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic methods. Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis in recent years. Intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid more effective than placebo, are not inferior to traditional treatments and can be used as a symptomatic treatment of OA. Local therapy with hyaluronic acid well tolerated, reduces pain and improves function. Intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid used in patients with knee OA stages I-III, less than 65 years of age, in patients who do not respond adequately to conventional therapy or with contraindications to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hyaluronic acid preparations of different molecular weight are of comparable effectiveness. Repeated courses do not increase the risk of side effects.

RHEUMATIC DISEASES IN THE ADULT POPULATION IN FEDERAL DISTRICTS OF RUSSIA

Система комплексной поддержки и сопровождения научного журнала Elpub позволяет запустить двуязычный сайт журнала со встроенной системой электронной редакции в соответствии с лучшими издательскими практиками, а так же предусматривает техническую и методическую поддержку со стороны специалистов НЭИКОН.

The First Assessment of Adult Competencies in Russia

This paper opens a series of publications based on the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) data. Among the many tasks PIAAC is aimed on the identification and measurement of differences between citizens and countries in the area of key competencies, evaluation of the impact of skills on individual economic and social achievement, the effectiveness of various national educational and training systems in providing necessary skills as well as the creation of the conditions for lifelong learning. PIAAC draws the first “profile” and pathbreaking results of Russian adults’ key competencies on literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environment. The central part of the paper is dedicated to a general analysis of the role of competencies and competence-based approach, a description of the research method, sampling and tools used (including test samples) in the PIAAC, and particularly in Russian Federation. Finally, the paper deals with the first results of the adult competencies research in Russian Federation. The results on identified key competencies are presented in accordance with various age groups, and include gender and qualification level differences. IAAC is a long-term research project. Russia participated in the programme in 2009–2013. Over 5000 adults aged between 16 and 25 from 25 regions and 94 localities participated in the programme in Russia. The total sample included 3800 respondents; it is representative for the whole country except Moscow and Moscow Oblast. The average points Russia obtained in reading and mathematical literacy are comparable to those obtained in OECD countries. Nearly half of working-age adults in Russia either don’t have any computer experience or are incompetent users. As compared to OECD citizens, computer skills of Russian adults are more often restricted to doing only simple tasks (like logging in and out of their email boxes). As the level of education grows, so does the level of competencies of adult population in Russia. Similarly, competencies seem to accumulate with ageing, until the peak age of 45–49 years is reached. The discussion of the first PIAAC results and brief statement of research questions for future studies are presented.

P2-273 Trends in cardiovascular mortality among adult population in Russia

Changes in cardiovascular mortality (CVM) among adult population of Russia in 2005–2009 were analysed in order to evaluate the efficiency of government program to reduce CVM adopted in 2008. During...

Morbidnoe ozhirenie - vozmozhnostikonservativnoy terapii

Medico-social significance of morbid obesity, occurring in 2-4% of the adult population in Russia, results from the severity of obesity- associated diseases. Conservative therapy of morbid obesity is the first line treatment and is mostly a preparation for bariatric surgery, because the overall effectiveness of conservative measures for morbid obesity does not exceed 5-10%.

Морбидное ожирение - возможностиконсервативной терапии

Medico-social significance of morbid obesity, occurring in 2-4% of the adult population in Russia, results from the severity of obesity- associated diseases. Conservative therapy of morbid obesity is the first line treatment and is mostly a preparation for bariatric surgery, because the overall effectiveness of conservative measures for morbid obesity does not exceed 5-10%.

Structure of rheumatic diseases among adult population of Russia according to data of an epidemiological study (preliminary results)

Preliminary results of interregional program “Social and economic consequences of rheumatic diseases” diagnostic stage are presented.Objective. Clinical examination of persons with joint pathology revealed during screening to determine the diagnosis.Material and methods. A group of persons, who had joint complaints at the examination or during the previous year, was randomly formed according to the results of screening. Thorough uniform clinical examination with participation of a qualified rheumatologist aimed to precise determination of rheumatic pathology character was performed in all cases. During screening 1755 from 2723 persons examined at diagnostic stage positively answered question about presence of joint swelling and 968 complained of pain in knee and hip joints.Results. In 1971 from 2723 persons (72,4%) different rheumatic diseases were diagnosed. Nonrheumatic pathology was revealed in 371 (13,6%), low back pain – in 218 (8%) persons. In 163 (6%) persons no disease was determined. Osteoarthritis (49%) and rheumatoid arthritis (3%) were the most frequent causes of joint complaints. Other RD were revealed in 20%.Conclusion. Preliminary results of program diagnostic stage demonstrated significance of joint pathology problem and allowed to get the first data about structure of RD among adult inhabitants of Russia.

Obesity, diet, and poverty: trends in the Russian transition to market economy.

To examine trends in macronutrient intake, overweight, and obesity. Cross-sectional samples-collected nine times between 1992 and 2000-from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey provide interviewer-administered 24-h diet recalls and measured height and weight, together with detailed information regarding income and expenditures. The Russian Federation. Women and men, aged 19-55 y. None. A nationally representative sample of working-age Russian adults was stratified by gender and income (per cent of regional poverty level). Secular trends in mean energy and macronutrient intake, as well as prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population are described over the first 8 y of the Russian Federation. Overall, energy intake increased slightly. Fat, as a percentage of energy (E%), decreased from 39.6 to 31.6% and protein, as a per cent of energy, decreased from 14.3 to 12.5%. Overweight (determined by body mass index (BMI) >/=25 kg/m(2)) prevalence remained relatively stable at about 50% and obesity (BMI >/=30 kg/m(2)) prevalence increased from 13.3 to 16.0% of the adult population. Women consumed less energy than men and displayed higher prevalences of overweight and obesity in all time periods. There was an income effect among men in all time periods, with higher-income men consuming more calories, fat, and protein than lower-income men; this effect was not apparent in women except in the proportion of fat and protein intake. The adult Russian population appears to have escaped macronutrient privation during economic reform and has experienced increasing rates of obesity.

How much does social capital add to individual health?

Some Russians are healthier than others. To what extent does their health vary with involvement or exclusion from social capital networks? The first section reviews alternative theories: human capital as the primary determinant; social capital, whether generic, situation-specific or simply a new label for old measures of social integration; or a composite theory — both human and social capital are major determinants of health. The evidence to test hypotheses consists of individual-level data about self-assessed physical and emotional health from the special-purpose social capital questionnaire used in the 1998 New Russia Barometer survey, a nationwide representative sample of the adult Russian population. Multiple regression analysis shows that on their own human capital and social capital each account for a notable amount of variance in health. When both forms of capital are combined in a composite model, each retains major influence, demonstrating that social capital does make an independent contribution to health. Significant social capital influences include involvement or exclusion from formal and informal networks; friends to rely on when ill; control over one’s own life; and trust. Significant human capital influences besides age include subjective social status, gender and income. Regression-based estimates of impact show that social capital increases physical and emotional health more than human capital; together they can easily raise an individual’s self-reported health from just below average on a five-point scale to approaching good health.

The Ethic of Self-Reliance and the Spirit of Capitalism in Russia

Oleg Kharkhordin (1994) argues that most Russian industrialists adhere to a corporate ethic of mutual aid that facilitates the creation of financial and industrial conglomerates united in a national market. He also emphasizes that sustained capitalist development requires the rise of a new individualistic ethic of samostoyatel'nost', or self-reliance, which he finds growing among Russian businesspeople. Contrary to Kharkhordin's assertions, I demonstrate the persistence of collectivist sentiment among state enterprise directors on the basis of a 1994 Moscow-region survey. I then use survey data to show that in the adult Russian population as a whole, self-reliance was a much less popular norm in 1995 than it was in 1989. Finally, I analyse a 1995 survey of Russian adults in order to demonstrate that entrepreneurial Russians are not especially inclined to espouse the samostoyatel'nost' ethic. I conclude that certain social-structural continuities between the Soviet and post-Soviet periods partly account for the persistent weakness of the samostoyatel'nost' ethic among most Russians, including entrepreneurs. An ethic of self-reliance may be necessary for sustained capitalist growth in Russia, as Kharkhordin suggests, but so is a transformation of power relations more massive than has taken place to date.

The Russian Election of 1993: Public Attitudes Toward Economic Reform and Democratization

A leading American specialist on the Soviet Union and Russia reports on results of a massive (N = 33,869) nationwide survey of a random sample of the adult Russian population in 69 provinces and republics of the Russian Federation. The survey was administered during the three-week period preceding the elections of December 12, 1993. This article focuses on mass attitudes toward economic, political, and ethnic-national issues, exploring as well the demographic correlates of attitudes. The author concludes that the Russian population is highly receptive to moderate reform, but not to shock therapy. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers H19, P29.

Anti-Semitism in Moscow: Results of an October 1992 Survey

Public opinion polls show that between 1988 and 1991 some three percent of adult Russians donated money to various political movements, four percent took part in strikes and just over six percent participated in mass rallies and demonstrations. Fewer than one percent of Russians j o i n ed new political parties, still nascent organizations that attract elites, not masses. At the same time, membership in the Communist Party dropped from ten percent to four percent of the adult population of Russia.