Adult Personality Research Articles

Comparative study on informed consent regulation in health care among Italy, France, United Kingdom, Nordic Countries, Germany, and Spain

The information and subsequent expression of will, so-called informed consent, have become the essential element of health right, understood as the right to autonomous choice in health, based on the fiduciary relationship between physician and patient. This gradually leads European Countries to adopt special legislations and to issue frequent judgments on the subject. However, new challenges in daily clinical practice call for further study of legal solutions. The authors analyse and compare the regulations on informed consent in health care of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, the Nordic Countries, Germany, and Spain. The health and legal contexts, existence of special regulations on informed consent and their characteristics are discussed. Informed consent resulted a mandatory requirement. Clear communication about treatment, therapeutic alternatives, and major risks, discussed in conversation, but preferably documented in writing, are agreed upon. The possibility of dissent and withdrawal of consent are also included. There is a growing interest in involving and regulating the entire health team in information and consent. Lowering the age of consent for minors or analysing the maturity of minors are attempts to increase their participation in health decisions. On another side, the protection of adult incapables persons requires greater involvement of family and fiduciaries to better adapt to changing health needs. Health policy must take responsibility for training health professionals and citizens about the value of health information and communication as a shared choice in care planning, to strengthen the bond of trust with the healthcare system and users.

Maternal genetic and non-genetic effects on the development of exploration and anxiety-like behaviours in a native Australian rodent, the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat Melomys cervinipes

Abstract Personality in non-human animals has been a popular area of research; however, it is still unknown how genetic and non-genetic factors influence the development of personality in many species. Therefore, we investigated how maternal genetic and non-genetic effects influenced adult offspring personality (exploration and anxiety) in the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat Melomys cervinipes. We first measured the amount of maternal care mothers provided to their offspring. Later, we assessed mothers and adult offspring over two testing sessions for exploratory behaviour using open field and novel object tests, and anxiety behaviour in a light/dark test. We calculated repeatability of behaviours and used parent–offspring regressions to assess heritability of behaviours. No measure of maternal care significantly influenced offspring personality. However, exploration of new spaces was constrained by maternal genetic effects. In contrast, anxiety and exploration of novel objects was more flexible, suggesting these behaviours may be more influenced by an individual’s experiences during development.

Deinstitutionalization as Reparative Justice: A Commentary on the Guidelines on Deinstitutionalization, including in Emergencies

In this paper, I argue that the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Guidelines on Deinstitutionalization, Including in Emergencies function as an instrument and template for reparative justice towards persons still in institutions and survivors of institutionalization. The Guidelines construct deinstitutionalization as a reparative process at both the systemic and individual levels, as well as calling for the creation of reparation and redress mechanisms. I examine the entire body of the Guidelines, highlight their reparative content, and point out where the text may fall short of this perspective and how the shortcomings might be remedied. This paper is grounded in the situation of psychiatric institutionalization and the concerns of people subjected to that system, emphasizing issues faced by this constituency and its human rights concerns for redress and legal and societal change. The issues addressed include the following: the strengthening of normative standards with regard to the abolition of psychiatric institutionalization and forced interventions and the obligation to immediately end these violations; a policy shift towards the de-medicalization of psychosocial disability; the implications of reparative justice in diminishing the role and authority of those that have operated institutions including the mental health system; the role of adult persons with disabilities as members of families and the role played by some family members in institutionalization; issues to be considered in designing reparations processes and mechanisms. Following some introductory remarks, this paper is structured to follow the outline of the Guidelines, quoting the text with interspersed comments and ending with a brief conclusion.

Impact of treatment with GLP-1RAs on suicide attempts in adults persons with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective comparative effectiveness study based on a global TriNetX health research database.

To assess the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) treatment and the risk of suicide attempts in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with a focus on subgroups with and without a history of depression or suicide attempts. This retrospective cohort study utilized TriNetX, a federated network of real-world data. Using the Global Collaborative Network data, we collected electronic medical records from 113 health care organizations with 135 million patient records with 8 million with T2D, 83% from the United States. The four cohorts were identified based on age, medication, diagnosis, and presence of depression or suicide attempts. Analytic methods included measures of association and number of Instances, with propensity score matching employed to mitigate potential confounders. The primary outcome was the incidence of suicide attempts among people with T2D with GLP-1RA treatment in comparison with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) treatment. People with T2D treated with GLP-1RA consistently exhibited a lower risk of suicide attempts compared to those treated with DPP-4i. This was particularly significant in people with a history of depression or suicide attempts. The risk and odds ratios were significantly lower in the GLP-1RA-treated cohorts than in DPP-4i across all analyses. As compared with DPP-4i, our analysis shows a protective effect associated with GLP-1RA treatment on the risk of suicide attempts among people with T2D. However, further research, particularly prospective and randomized studies, is necessary to confirm these observations and understand the underlying mechanisms.

Neuroticism trait personality and social media fatigue in early adults

Social media is a means of digital-based self-exploration, and the formation of personality traits such as neuroticism. Excessive use of social media, based on a strong neuroticism trait, can cause individuals to experience social media fatigue. This study aims to determine the relationship between neuroticism trait personality and social media fatigue in early adulthood. The method used is a quantitative correlational design. The number of participants involved was 136 early adults using social media, obtained using an accidental sampling technique. The scale used in this research is big five inventory (α=.890) to measure neuroticism trait personality and the social media fatigue scale (α=.934) to measure social media fatigue. The data analysis method uses the product moment correlation test from Karl Pearson. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between neuroticism trait personality and social media fatigue in early adulthood (r=.361 and sig.=.000). This indicates that the neuroticism personality trait is a factor that can cause social media fatigue in early adulthood. Training and forming a healthy personality by maintaining emotional stability can help the process of self-exploration in social media so that they can complete developmental tasks properly as early adults.

Personality Traits, Preoperational Thinking, and Mental Health

It has been suggested by various cognitive behaviour theorists that the perceptual and cognitive characteristics of the preoperational cognitive stage, defined by Piaget as the second stage of cognitive development, manifest themselves in chronic depression and various personality disorders. Although individuals have a formal level of functioning in their work life, they may experience regression to the preoperational domain due to an event in the interpersonal domain. In this study, the relationships between preoperational thinking and psychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety) and personality traits were analysed. The sample consisted of 61 patients and 102 healthy individuals (104 women, 55 men). Sociodemographic form, Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF), The Luebeck Preoperational Thinking Recording Scale (LQPT) and Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) were applied to the participants. The study results revealed a diverse predictive role of LQPT scores across different personality traits. LQPT is highly predictive for traits like Histrionic and Dependent, moderately predictive for Borderline, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Antisocial, less predictive for Paranoid, Passive-Aggressive, and Narcissistic, and not predictive for schizoid personality traits. The results of this study also showed a significant relationship between an increase in general psychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety) and an increase in preoperational thinking levels. It was also found that preoperational thinking was significantly higher in patients with psychiatric disorders (GAD, OCD, depression, panic disorder). These findings support the results of previous research that provide a new interpretation of Piaget's work on the preoperational stage in the context of personality and psychiatric symptoms in adults.

Feminism and Women’s Bonding in Shashi Deshpande’s the Binding Vine

Society and literature have always had a deep and enduring link. It has seen how women’s roles have evolved throughout time, and that development additionally influenced how women are portrayed in literature. Writings from the present day depict not just the oppressed and disenfranchised women but additionally the ‘new women’, who are always attempting to become independent, self-aware individuals. The privileged middle-class environment is portrayed by the author in this book. She still finds the sense of injustice and brutality she encounters in the world upsetting. Her natural incapacity to adjust to her social environment is a handicap. The following feminism-related themes are examined by the researcher in this novel-the necessity of hindrance in life, the impact of childhood trauma on adult personality traits, parental division, and alienation, the impact of childhood being homeless and the ensuing anxiety, distraction, regression to childhood, a state of isolation, and frustration of city life, lack of communication between partners, unpredictable contradictions, as well as brutality in life. Deshpande’s novel The Binding Vine, middle-class Indian women of today, both professional and illiterate, grapple with the challenge of realizing their own identities and reestablishing their familial bonds. The author portrays women’s lives in this book as they are much like in her previous works.

Proximate analysis, levels of trace heavy metals and associated human health risk assessments of Ethiopian white sugars

In this study, white sugar samples collected from five Ethiopian sugar manufacturing plants were analyzed for their proximate composition, and trace heavy metals level (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb). Human health risk assessments associated with heavy metals exposure from white sugar ingestion were also assessed. Proximate analysis was conducted according to AOAC methods. For heavy metals determination, the sugar samples were digested using a mixture of HNO3, HClO4 and H2O2 (4:3:1) at 250 °C for 3 h prior to FAAS analysis. The measured mean values (%) of proximate parameters including moisture, ash, fiber, protein, fat and carbohydrate were found in the range of 0.07–0.61, 2.56–4.33, 0.06–0.24, 0.78–1.49, 1.16–1.89 and 92.13–95.03, respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals found in the sugar samples were ranged as 1.366–12.502, 0.107–0.268, 0.099–0.842, 0.458–1.000, 10.140–25.480, 0.053–0.322, 0.427–0.827 and 0.074–0.528 in mg/kg for Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb, respectively. All the studied metals are below FAO/WHO permissible limit except Cd and Pb in Kessem, Fincha'a and Metahara samples. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values are <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risks of the heavy metals to an adult population via consumption of white sugar. However, the single element incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) occurrence is probable from Ni for samples obtained from Kessem sugar factory (ILCR>1.0 × 10−4). The cumulative ILCR of heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) resulting from consumption of white sugar by an adult person reveal a potential adverse cancer risk (ILCR>1.0 × 10−4) for all the studied samples except for sugar samples obtained from Wonji sugar factory. Therefore, continuous monitoring of these toxic metals should be made mainly by sugar industries and responsible government regulatory bodies to avert heavy metal toxicity associated with white sugar consumption in Ethiopia.

Awareness and Knowledge about Monkeypox Disease among General Adult Population in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.

Assessment of awareness and knowledge of the general population regarding Monkeypox is rarely investigated on a global level. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a lack of knowledge about monkeypox as one of the main challenges facing authorities in implementing effective preventive strategies. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of the general adult population about Monkeypox disease. An online population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among a snowball sample of adult persons (>18 years old). A self-administered online Arabic and English questionnaires was utilized in this study. It consists of three main parts: sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, perception towards Monkeypox disease and assessment of the knowledge about Monkeypox disease through 23 multiple-choice questions with "Yes", "No" and "don't know" responses. A total of 387 adults were included in the study. Females represented 72.6% of them. Almost two-thirds (63.8%) aged between 26 and 45 years. More than half (55.6%) of the participants believed that monkeypox will affect social and economic life like the COVID-19 pandemic while 30.7% considered Monkeypox as a conspiracy or bioterrorism. Overall, almost half (50.4%) of the participants expressed excellent level of knowledge, whereas only 4.4% had poor level of knowledge. The highest level of excellent knowledge about Monkeypox disease was observed among participants in the age group 26-45 years (55.1%), whereas the lowest was observed among those in the age group 46-60 years (39.7%), P = 0.001. More educated participants (university/postgraduates) were more knowledgeable about Monkeypox disease as 53.5% of them had excellent level of knowledge compared to 33.3% of those below secondary school educational level, P = 0.047. The knowledge of the general population about Monkeypox is acceptable. However, defective knowledge was observed regarding the fact that Monkeypox is not a new infection that appeared in the year 2022 as well as about the availability of a monkeypox vaccine in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is recommended to organize educational activities about the disease for general population targeted mainly lower educated and elderly subjects.

The role of implicit theories of intelligence and personality in older adults’ resilience: cognitive functioning and social participation as two mediators

Objectives Resilience during old age reflects the capacity to adapt to changes and challenges associated with normative aging and is an important component of successful aging. Belief in the incremental theory of intelligence and personality could help older adults maintain cognitive functioning and social engagement, which may further contribute to their resilience. The current study investigated how implicit theories of intelligence and personality affected older adults’ resilience and examined cognitive functioning and social participation as two mediators. Method A total of 108 older adults aged 60–92 were recruited and completed relevant scales and cognitive tasks. Path analyses were conducted to estimate the expected mediation model. Results The incremental theory of intelligence, but not personality, was positively related to older adults’ resilience. Both cognitive functioning and social participation mediated the effect of the implicit theory of intelligence in the model without covariates. When background variables were controlled, the mediation effect of cognitive functioning remained significant, while the link between the implicit theory of intelligence and social participation was weakened. Conclusion Older adults’ implicit theory of intelligence plays a significant role in fostering resilience in late adulthood, especially through maintaining older adults’ cognitive functioning.

Iron Deposition and Distribution Across the Hippocampus Is Associated with Pattern Separation and Pattern Completion in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease.

Elevated iron deposition in the brain has been observed in older adult humans and persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been associated with lower cognitive performance. We investigated the impact of iron deposition, and its topographical distribution across hippocampal subfields and segments (anterior, posterior) measured along its longitudinal axis, on episodic memory in a sample of cognitively unimpaired older adults at elevated familial risk for AD (N = 172, 120 females, 52 males; mean age = 68.8 ± 5.4 years). MRI-based quantitative susceptibility maps were acquired to derive estimates of hippocampal iron deposition. The Mnemonic Similarity Task was used to measure pattern separation and pattern completion, two hippocampally mediated episodic memory processes. Greater hippocampal iron load was associated with lower pattern separation and higher pattern completion scores, both indicators of poorer episodic memory. Examination of iron levels within hippocampal subfields across its long axis revealed topographic specificity. Among the subfields and segments investigated here, iron deposition in the posterior hippocampal CA1 was the most robustly and negatively associated with the fidelity memory representations. This association remained after controlling for hippocampal volume and was observed in the context of normal performance on standard neuropsychological memory measures. These findings reveal that the impact of iron load on episodic memory performance is not uniform across the hippocampus. Both iron deposition levels as well as its spatial distribution, must be taken into account when examining the relationship between hippocampal iron and episodic memory in older adults at elevated risk for AD.

Sex Differences in Psychopathology Following Potentially Traumatic Experiences

Various psychopathology may follow trauma; however, sex differences in these ranging manifestations of posttraumatic psychopathology remain understudied. To investigate sex-specific incidence of posttraumatic psychopathology. This population-based cohort study of Danish national health registries included a cohort of individuals who experienced a potentially traumatic event (PTE) from 1994 to 2016. Individuals were further categorized by presence of any pretrauma psychopathology. A comparison group of individuals who experienced a nontraumatic stressor (nonsuicide death of a first-degree relative) was examined as a reference cohort. At least 1 of 8 PTEs (eg, physical assault, transportation accident) derived through health registry International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, with additional qualifiers to improve classification accuracy. Incidence of 9 categories of ICD-10 psychiatric disorders recorded in registries within 5 years of PTEs. The standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) for psychopathology outcomes were also calculated to compare individuals experiencing PTEs with those experiencing a nontraumatic stressor. This study included 1 398 026 individuals who had been exposed to trauma (475 280 males [34.0%]; 922 750 females [66.0%]). The group of males who had been exposed to trauma were evenly distributed across age, while most females in the trauma-exposed group were aged 16 to 39 years (592 385 [64.2%]). Males and females were equally distributed across income quartiles and predominantly single. Following PTEs, the most common diagnosis was substance use disorders for males (35 160 [7.4%]) and depressive disorders for females (29 255 [3.2%]); incidence proportions for these and other disorders were higher among males and females with any pretrauma psychopathology. Certain PTEs had elevated onset of various psychiatric disorders and some sex differences emerged. Following physical assault, associations were found with schizophrenia or psychotic disorders for males (SMR, 17.5; 95% CI, 15.9-19.3) and adult personality disorders for females (SMR, 16.3; 95% CI, 14.6-18.3). For noninterpersonal PTEs, males had larger SMRs for substance use, schizophrenia or psychotic disorders, and adult personality disorders (SMR, 43.4; 95% CI, 41.9-45.0), and females had larger SMRs for depressive disorders (SMR, 19.0; 95% CI, 18.6-19.4). Sex differences were also observed, particularly when considering pretrauma psychopathology. For example, among interpersonal PTEs, males were most likely to develop substance use disorders after physical assault, whereas females were more likely to develop various disorders, with stronger associations seen for females without pretrauma psychiatric diagnoses. Among noninterpersonal PTEs, exposure to toxic substance showed robust associations with psychopathology, particularly in those without pretrauma psychopathology, with sex-specific differences across psychiatric categories. Mental disorders after trauma were wide-ranging for males and females, and sex differences in patterns of posttraumatic psychopathology were more pronounced when accounting for pretrauma psychopathology. Findings provide new insights for sex-relevant PTEs and their mental health consequences. It also outlines future directions for advancing understanding of a constellation of posttraumatic psychopathology in males and females.

Educational interventions and identification of risk factors to prevent and reduce peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: A scoping review.

Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis and is one of the main causes of peritoneal dialysis technique failure and long-term hemodialysis conversion. The aim of the review was to identify and clarify peritonitis risk factors and learn about strategies employed at international level to prevent and reduce the occurrence of peritoneal dialysis associated infections and their complications. A scoping review. Adults in pertitoneal dialysis. The methodology framework of Arksey and O'Malley and PRISMA for Scoping Reviews guidelines were applied. A search was conducted of PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL using terms to identify peritoneal dialysis -associated risk factors and interventions carried out for the prevention and reduction of peritonitis in adult persons living at home. The 17 studies selected were based on work carried out in nine different countries. Eleven articles analysed modifiable risk factors (low educational level, being a foreigner and low adherence to aseptic technique) and non-modifiable risk factors (age and comorbidities) that predispose to peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. The other six studies applied an intervention to improve the prevalence of peritonitis considering educational practices adapted to patient characteristics and the application of retraining. Personalised patient training and the identification of risk factors for peritonitis are key to reducing complications and enhancing the survival of peritoneal dialysis patients and the effectiveness of the technique.

Effects of parenting styles on adult personality traits, depressive trait, and brain structure

This study explored the complex triangular relationships between parenting styles, personality traits, and depressive trait in Chinese Han adults (N = 490; Mean age=24.25; 51.0% women), and examined the relationship between parenting styles and brain structure. The data indicated that depressive trait in adulthood were negatively correlated with a favorable parenting style (emotional warmth) and positively correlated with undesirable parenting styles (punishment, rejection, and overprotection/over-intervention). Additionally, depressive trait in adulthood were positively related to neuroticism and psychoticism, and negatively related to extraversion. Using a multiple parallel mediation analysis, we found that neuroticism could be worsened by undesirable parenting styles and ameliorated by favorable parenting styles, and it further mediated the relationship between parenting styles and depressive trait across all models. Psychoticism played a similar role in two models: 1) parental punishment and depressive trait and 2) parental rejection and depressive trait. Extraversion played a mediating role between the father’s overprotection and depressive trait. Subgroup analysis showed that different mediating pathways existed between different sexes. In terms of brain structure, we found that gray matter volume of the right inferior frontal gyrus was negatively related to overprotection by the father and positively related to psychoticism. Our findings highlight the importance of parenting style on personality traits, depressive trait, and brain structure over the long term.

Study of some cytokines in patients with brucellosis in Najaf province

Background: To evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines for ‘Th1/Th2 brucellosis’ patients serum to determine ‘antimicrobial susceptibilities’ of Brucella strains. Methodology: The study comprised 35 individuals with acute brucellosis, and 21 patients with chronic brucellosis, identified clinically. A group of 20 healthy adult persons was also enrolled in the study. For all of the participants, blood cultures and standard tube agglutination tests for Brucella were performed. ELISA was used to detect cytokine levels in serum samples collected following the treatment period and detect Brucella strains celebrated from different sites of infection, and in order to find-out the susceptibilities against antibiotics including rifampicin (RIF), streptomycin (STR), doxycycline (DOX), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) via the gradient strip (E test). Results: The patients included 22 (39.29 percent) males and 34 (60.71 percent) females based on their gender and age. Fever was the most common clinical feature (92%), sweating came in second place (75%), followed by back pain with 18%. Patients with brucellosis had substantially higher blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon (IFN), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) analogous to the control group (P = 0.05). IL-4 and IL-2 levels between the sick and control groups did not vary significantly. The amounts of these cytokines were found to be identical in acute and chronic individuals. Rendering to "minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 90 levels," CIP was determined to be the most effective antibiotic. Then followed DOX and then STR, correspondingly. All of the samples were CIP and DOX susceptible; 18 (23.2%) strains were discovered to be only mildly sensitive to RIF, with MIC50 and MIC90 maximal values. Conclusions: Our findings point to an important role for IFN and proinflammatory cytokines in brucellosis pathogenesis. However, these changes were shown to be unrelated to the severity or activity of the illness. Furthermore, all strains were identified as Brucella strains. ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, rifampicin and streptomycin were found to be effective for the treatment of brucellosis. Key words: Antimicrobial Susceptibilities; Brucellosis; Cytokines; Interferon; Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Citation: Abbas KF, Abdul-Hassan LS, Hadi OM, Almulla AF, Kathair ZY. Study of some cytokines in patients with brucellosis in Najaf province. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(1):39-43; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i1.2379 Received: September 15, 2023; Reviewed: November 03, 2023; Accepted: December 23, 2023

Clinical characteristics of over-the-counter (OTC) drug abusers in psychiatric practice in Japan: Comparison of single and multiple OTC product abusers.

To examine the clinical characteristics of over-the-counter (OTC) drug abusers in psychiatric practice in Japan. We examined the attributes, ICD-10 subcategory, and comorbid mental disorders of patients who mainly abuse OTC products and compared the clinical characteristics of single product and multiple products abusers, using the database of the "2022 Nationwide Mental Hospital Survey of Drug-related Disorders." Among the 2468 subjects included in this survey, 273 (11.1%) used OTC products as main drugs. Of these, 209 (78.3%) and 58 (21.7%) were classified into the single product group and the multiple products group, respectively. Six were excluded for unknown ingredients. By comparing these groups, we found that many of the multiple products group consisted of young women who were recently treated for drug problems. Many subjects in the group also had a short treatment period. No differences were observed between the groups regarding the ICD-10 F1 subcategory, but many subjects in the multiple products group fulfilled the criteria of F6 "disorders of adult personality and behavior." OTC products are easily accessible drugs of abuse for young women in Japan. The results of this study indicate the necessity to reconsider the educational approach for preventing drug abuse, which has focused on illicit drugs. The study also indicates that some OTC products, which contain ingredients banned overseas due to their harmful effects, are still sold in Japan and that abusers for those products exist. Measures by the government are considered urgently needed.

Marital Discord Resolution in AbdulHamid AbuSulayman’s Viewpoint: A Maqāṣidic Analysis

The research aims to illustrate the viewpoints of AbdulHamid AbuSulayman on marital discord’s resolution, which he corresponded in one of his pivotal books entitled “Marital Discord: Recapturing Human Dignity through the Higher Objectives of Islamic Law”. He profoundly noticed a long lasting and historical debate among scholars of Islam regarding the chastisement of a wife and its intensity whether a mark of beating could be seen on her body, or a slight beating with a light stuff like a siwāk (toothbrush) could be enough to chastise. AbuSulayman entirely disagreed with such perception of beating and claimed that where the foundation of a family in Islam is based on affection, compassion, cooperation, and benevolence, how coercion, repression, or abuse should have the space there? He also argued that how an adult person can beat another adult while each spouse has the right to leave the family and terminate the marital bond when it becomes detrimental? Conversely, scholars like Ibn Abi Hatim, Ibn Jarir and other classical scholars of four madhāhib endorsed the husband’s role to discipline his wife by slight beating. Modern scholars like Muḥammad ʽAbduh, Rashīd Riḍā, Sayyid Quṭb and Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī also opined the same. To resolve disputes between spouses, AbuSulayman proposed some steps that could be taken by a husband to normalize the relationship avoiding any chastisement. The study followed a qualitative methodology, where the researchers extensively studied the aforementioned book and other related sources and analysed the author’s viewpoints and that of other scholars from Maqāṣid al-Sharīʽah perspective.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD FEARS IN THE FORMATION OF BEHAVIORAL STEREOTYPES IN ADULTS

The article is devoted to studying the important issue in psychology and psychiatry - the influence of childhood fears on adult life. It is examined from various perspectives and aspects. The research is conducted using various methods, including systemic analysis, comparative method, modeling, and classification, to gain a deeper understanding of this problem.The paper analyzes the contemporary scientific understanding of behavioral stereotypes from psychological and psychophysiological perspectives. Various determinants of the appearance of stereotypes in adult behavior and their interrelation are considered. It is crucial to identify and analyze the role of childhood fears in shaping stereotypes that determine adult behavior.After a thorough theoretical analysis and synthesis of information from professional sources, a conceptual model of the influence of childhood fears on adult behavior patterns is constructed in the paper. This model represents an important step towards further understanding and researching this complex issue.The application of the obtained results can have practical significance for psychologists, educators, teachers, and students in pedagogical, psychological, and social specialties. Understanding the influence of childhood fears on adult personality development is a key element in developing effective psychological support and intervention methods.Therefore, this article has both theoretical and practical significance and can serve as a stimulus for further research in this area.

Factors that affect powered wheelchair use for an adult population: a systematic review

Purpose The purpose of the review was to explore current factors affecting the use of a powered wheelchair for an adult person a with a disability. Materials and Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Information about the characteristics of the studies (type, setting) and perceived barriers and facilitators to powered wheelchair use were extracted using a data extraction sheet. Data synthesis was achieved using narrative synthesis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields (SQAC) and the CASP checklist (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme), Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network). Results Fifteen studies qualified for inclusion in the review. The narrative synthesis produced a conceptual map of reported factors affecting the usability of a powered wheelchair. Conclusions This review demonstrates that powered wheelchair use is a multifaceted and multidisciplinary phenomenon that is dependent on numerous interconnected factors including individual adjustment, stakeholder cooperation, societal attitudes, functional performance, and environmental features. Based on the review findings, there are several applied learning outcomes and practical applications to the powered wheelchair prescription and provision.

P1142 Antibiotic use in the twelve months prior to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis increases the risk for pouchitis: A population-based Danish cohort study

Abstract Background Pouchitis is the most common complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC), however clinical and environmental risk factors for pouchitis remain poorly understood. We explored the relationship between specific clinical factors and the incidence of pouchitis. Methods We established a population-based cohort of all adult persons in Denmark undergoing proctocolectomy with IPAA for UC between January 1, 1996 and May 31, 2020. We used Cox Proportional Hazard modeling and logistic regression to assess the impact of antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exposure and appendectomy on the primary outcome of diagnosis of acute pouchitis in the first 2 years after IPAA surgery. A 2-year time window was utilized given the clinical relevance of early pouchitis and to mirror prior studies in both administrative claims and the Danish health registers. Results Among 1,616 eligible patients, 738 (46%) developed pouchitis in the first 2 years after IPAA. Among all patients undergoing IPAA surgery for UC, 51% were prescribed antibiotics in the 12 months prior to the index date and 17% were prescribed NSAIDs in the 12 months prior to the index date. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, those persons who were prescribed antibiotics in the 12 months prior to the final stage of IPAA surgery were significantly more likely to develop pouchitis in the 2 years after the index date when compared to patients who were not prescribed antibiotics (p&amp;lt;0.001, Figure 1B). Additionally, male patients demonstrated a decreased risk for pouchitis in the first 2 years after the index date when compared to female patients (p=0.014, Figure 1A). Antibiotic exposure in the 12 months prior to IPAA was associated with an increased risk of pouchitis (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 1.40, 95% CI 1.21-1.62) after adjusting for year of surgery and sex (Table 1). In a secondary analysis, compared to persons without any antibiotic prescriptions in the 12 months prior to IPAA, the risk of pouchitis was increased in those with 1 or 2 courses of antibiotics in that period (aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51) and 3 or more courses (aHR 1.79, 95% CI 1.43-2.23, Figure 1C). NSAID exposure in the 12 months prior to IPAA and appendectomy were not associated with risk of acute pouchitis (p=0.201 and p=0.865 respectively). Conclusion In this population-based cohort study, we demonstrated that antibiotic exposure in the 12 months prior to IPAA is associated with an increased risk of acute pouchitis. Future prospective studies may isolate specific microbial changes in at-risk patients to drive earlier interventions.