Adult Indian Population Research Articles

Complete morphometric analysis of jugular foramen and its clinical implications.

Introduction:Tumors affecting structures in the vicinity of jugular foramen such as glomus jugulare require microsurgical approach to access this region. These tumors tend to alter the normal architecture of the jugular foramen by invading it. Therefore, it is not feasible to have correct anatomic visualization of the foramen in the presence of such pathologies. Hence, a comprehensive knowledge of the jugular foramen is needed by all the neurosurgeons while doing surgery in this region.Aim:Due to the inadequate knowledge of the accurate morphology of the jugular foramen in different sexes, the aim of this osteological study was to provide a complete morphometry including gender differences and describe some morphological characteristics of the jugular foramen in an adult Indian population.Materials and Methods:The study was done on 114 adult human dry skulls (63 males and 51 females) collected from the osteology museum in the department. Various dimensions of both endo- and exocranial aspect of jugular foramen were measured. Presence and absence of domed bony roof of jugular fossa and compartmentalization of jugular foramen were also noticed. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test and Student's t-test in SPSS version 23.Results:All the parameters of right jugular foramen were greater than the left side, except the distance of stylomastoid foramen from lateral margin of jugular foramen (SMJF) which was greater on the left side. Gender differences between various measurements of jugular foramen, presence of dome of jugular fossa, and compartmentalization patterns were reported.Conclusion:This study gives knowledge about the various parameters, anatomical variations of jugular foramen in both sexes of an adult Indian population, and its clinical impact on the surgeries of this region.

Morphometric and radiological assessments of dimensions of Axis in dry vertebrae: A study in Indian population.

Background:The technique of intralaminar screw placement for achieving axis (C2) fixation has been recently described. The purpose of the study was to provide the morphometric and radiological measurements in Indian population and to determine the feasibility of safe translaminar screw placement in this population. To the best of our knowledge there is no study (cadaveric or radiological) done in Indian population to detect suitability of axis bone for laminar screw fixation.Material and Methods:38 dry axis vertebrae from adult South Indian population were subjected to morphometric measurement and CT scan analysis. Height of posterior arch, midlaminar width(bilateral) in upper 1/3rd, middle 1/3rd and lower 1/3rd were measured using high precision Vernier Calipers. Each vertebra was subjected to a spiral CT scan (Philips brilliance 16 slice) thin 0.5 mm slices were taken and reconstruction was done in coronal and sagittal plane. Analysis was done on a CT work station. Using axial slices, sagittal cuts were reconstructed in plane perpendicular to the lamina at the mid laminar point and upper-middle and lower 1/3rd width of the lamina measured. Height of the posterior arch was measured in the sagittal plane. Intralaminar angle was measured bilaterally.Results:Middle 1/3rd lamina was the thickest portion (mean 5.17 mm +/- 1.42 mm). A total of 32 (84.2%) specimen were having midlaminar width in both lamina greater than 4 mm, however only 27 (71%) out of them had spinous process more than 9 mm. CT scan measurement in middle and lower 1/3rd lamina was found to be strongly correlated with the direct measurement.Conclusion:There is high variability in the thickness of the C2 lamina. As compared to western population, the axis bones used in the present study had smaller profiles. Hence the safety margin for translaminar screw insertion is low.

Association between tooth loss and hypertension among a primarily rural middle aged and older Indian adult population.

Studies in high-income countries have reported associations between tooth loss and hypertension. There is however a lack of evidence on this association from South Asian countries especially India. The current study aimed to assess the association between self-reported tooth loss and hypertension in a primarily rural middle-aged and older Indian population. A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India - pilot survey was conducted on 1,486 adults aged 45 years and above from four states of India. The primary outcome was self-reported hypertension and the main explanatory variable was self-reported tooth loss. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the association between hypertension and tooth loss after controlling for confounders including age, sex, marital status, area of residence, educational attainment, tobacco use, alcohol use, physical activity, and self-reported diabetes. Compared to those without any tooth loss, individuals with partial tooth loss had 1.62 times (95% CI: 1.12-2.35) higher odds of being hypertensive after adjustment of confounders including age, sex, marital status, area of residence, educational attainment, tobacco use, alcohol use, physical activity, and self-reported diabetes. The crude significant association (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.50-4.29) between edentulousness and hypertension became nonsignificant and attenuated after adjustment of potential confounders (fully adjusted model OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.72-2.44). Partial tooth loss was associated with a higher probability of hypertension among dentate middle-aged and older adults in four states of India.

Prevalence of MRSA colonization in an adult urban Indian population undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Orthopaedic surgery is technically demanding, implant dependant and expensive. Infection translates into a prolonged morbidity and long-term use of antibiotics. The most common organism involved in osteo-articular infections is Staphylococcus aureus, and colonizes the anterior nares of 25-30% of the population. Carriers are at higher risk for staphylococcal infections after invasive medical or surgical procedures. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has not been assessed in patients admitted for orthopaedic surgery in the Indian setting. To assess the preoperative prevalence of MRSA colonization in adult patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery in urban India. This is a retrospective analysis of patients from 2009 to 2013. A total of 1550 patients admitted for orthopaedic surgery were preoperatively screened with nasal and axillary swabs for MRSA. Swab-positive patients were treated with intranasal mupirocin ointment for 3 days followed by a repeat swab. A record was made of hospitalization in the year prior to surgery and the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI). A total of 690 males and 860 females had been screened for MRSA using an inexpensive kit costing 500 Indian rupees. For MRSA, 7/1550 (0.45%) nasal swabs were positive. No patient since 2009 has had a SSI with MRSA. MRSA screening prior to orthopaedic surgery is a valuable and cost effective preoperative investigation even though the incidence is low. Mupirocin is effective in clearing MRSA from the nares and maybe used for 3 days to obtain elimination of the bacteria.

Evaluation of range of motions of temporomandibular joint in adult South Indian population

Evaluation of range of motions of temporomandibular joint in adult South Indian population

MAXIMAL RESPIRATORY PRESSURES AND THEIR CORRELATES IN NORMAL INDIAN ADULT POPULATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: The measurement of maximum static inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum static expiratory pressure (MEP) is important in the diagnosis of respiratory muscle dysfunction. There is a paucity of data done on MIP and MEP across the decades in Indian population to predict normal values for maximal respiratory pressures. Materials and Methods: Five hundred subjects were selected through purposive sampling. Each age group had 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females). Pulmonary function tests and baseline data of demographic and anthropometric data of the normal subjects like age, height, weight and body mass index was recorded. The maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) was measured with a portable respiratory pressure meter (Micro RPM) using a standard protocol. Results: MIP and MEP were studied across all decades and the mean values obtained were comparable with that of the Caucasian population in previous studies. Also MIP and MEP mean values were significantly higher in males as compared to females across the decades. Age showed a statistically significant negative correlation with both MIP and MEP with pearsons correlation coefficient. In males, MIP and MEP correlated negatively with height and weight. In females MIP correlated negatively with height and MEP correlated positively with height and weight. Conclusion: The decade wise mean values obtained for MIP and MEP can be used as a reference to determine respiratory muscle strength in normal Indian adult population.

Estimation of height from the length of the sternum in an adult Indian population.

Stature estimation is one of the essential early steps during forensic investigation of human skeletal remains. The aim of the present study was to obtain a linear regression formula for estimating stature from sternal length of a central Indian population. The study includes 92 male cadavers brought for medico-legal autopsies. The linear regression equations were derived from manubrium, mesosternum and the total sternal length. The regression model provided a 95% confidence interval of ±14.8 cm and a correlation coefficient of 0.55. Compared with other studies, regression formulae based on the length of the sternum provided considerably larger standard errors than that based on long bone lengths. The study indicates that sternal length in relation with body stature shows a moderate positive correlation and relatively low reliability in estimating stature, and has limited forensic value.

Normal spirometric standards in young adult Indian population.

The appropriateness of spirometric reference value depends on all its features matching those of the person being assessed, like ethnicity, environment, nutrition, absence of disease, measurement protocol, as well as equipment used. The present study determines the lung function parameters in normal young healthy Indians and derives reliable prediction formulae for Indian population. Computerized spirometry was done in 298 nonsmoking medical students of both genders studying in MKCG Medical College, Berhampur. All the data were statistically analyzed, and prediction equations for the young Indian population were derived. All the lung parameters showed significant gender difference. Height showed the greatest effect on the predicted value of FEV1 and FVC in males and females. Height has the greatest effect on the predicted value of FEV1% in females, whereas weight has the least effect. We formulated univariate and multivariate regression models for prediction of lung parameters in the young Indian adults. The predicted values of pulmonary function parameters for men were 4%-17% higher than most studies, except for Kashmiri population where it was 9% lower. For females, lung parameters were 1%-29% higher in comparison to study groups in other Indian studies. The lung parameters for males were found to be lower than Iranian and Caucasian population study, but higher than Pakistani population. For females, lung parameters were 3%-8% lower than Iranian and Caucasian population, but higher in comparison to Pakistani population. The computed regression norms may be used to predict the spirometric values in young Indian population of similar age group as the study population.

Validation of Hindi version of oral health impact profile-14 for adults

Introduction: Oral health has an impact on overall general health. It is important to assess the influence of these oral disorders on quality of life. Aim: To validate a Hindi version of the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) and to assess the instrument's psychometric properties in the Indian population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Moradabad city with a sample of 186 participants. The same individuals underwent clinical examinations by a calibrated dentist for recording simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) index. The OHIP was initially translated and cross-culturally adapted to Hindi following guidelines; then, subsequently validated for the psychometric characteristics of reliability and validity. The reliability of the OHIP-14 was assessed by the use of Cronbach's coefficient. Reproducibility was evaluated by measuring test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient). Results: The overall value of Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient of the OHIP-14 was estimated to be 0.8. The corrected item-total correlation coefficients values were above 0.2 that has been recommended for including an item in a scale. All Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were statistically significant, whereas the highest association was detected within the physical disability subscale (rs = 0.37), and the lowest within the social disability (rs = 0.08). It was seen that the OHIP-14 scores were higher for those individuals who had higher OHI-S scores and vice-versa. Conclusion: The translated Hindi version of OHIP-14 questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the oral health-related quality of life in the Indian adult population.

A Study of Various Forms of Mandibular Coronoid Process in Determination of Sex

The coronoid process of the mandible is gaining vital importance as a graft material in reconstructive craniomaxillofacial surgeries and as a non metric skull variant in assessment of age, sex, race and species. Hence the present study was taken to assess the different forms of the coronoid process existing in Indian adult population on both sides and to assess the feasibility of using this knowledge in identification of sex. The study includes 50 male and 50 female mandibles which were collected from various medical colleges. The various presentations of coronoid process were observed and broadly classified, on both the sides. Statistical analysis was calculated using Chi-square test. Hook shaped coronoid process was the most predominant type (61.5%) followed by triangular (14%) and rounded (12.5%) types. About 12% belonged to the miscellaneous type. Hook shape coronoid process was significantly higher in the females. The other shapes did not show any significant gender variation. From the present study it was inferred that the structural changes at the coronoid process of mandible help oneself to distinguish the gender of the individual.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among North Indian adolescents using Adult Treatment Panel III and pediatric International Diabetic Federation definitions

Background and Objective: Childhood obesity is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescent. Because of high prevalence of insulin resistance and MS in Indian adult population, studies are needed to identify the prevalence of these metabolic abnormalities in the adolescent population. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MS using pediatric International Diabetic Federation (IDF) definition and compare it with estimates of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition among adolescents in Northern India. Materials and Methods: At a total of 899 adolescents attending school (aged 10-18 years) participated in this population-based prospective study. All the clinical and biochemical assessment were done after proper consent. The MS was determined by the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III definition modified for age and pediatric IDF definition. Results: The prevalence of MS was 3.5% according to ATP III criteria and 1.5% based on IDF criteria. No significant gender difference was observed in the distribution of MS. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common and abdominal obesity the least common constituent of MS. Conclusion: This study provides the first estimates of MS using pediatric IDF definition in the adolescent population from Northern India.

Prevalence of periradicular radiolucencies and its association with the quality of root canal procedures and coronal restorations in an adult urban Indian population.

Aims:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of periradicular radiolucencies (PR) from an urban adult Indian population and to investigate the quality of root canal procedures and coronal restorations and their association with prevalence of PR in root-filled teeth.Settings and Design:Cross-sectional study.Material and Methods:A total of 1,340 subjects (18+ years of age) who reported for non-emergency dental care to 5 different dental care centers had their panoramic radiographs taken during the period from January to December 2013. The periradicular status of 30,098 teeth in these radiographs was evaluated using the Periapical Index Score (PAI). The assessment of the technical quality of the procedure was evaluated based on the criteria of root canal filling length and quality of coronal restoration.Statistical Analysis Used:The data was analyzed statistically by chi-squared test and odds ratio.Results:PR was found in 65% of subjects (n = 865) and 5.8% (n = 1,759) of the 30,098 teeth evaluated (4.30% untreated teeth and 1.53% were root-filled teeth). In all, 4.1% of the teeth (n = 1,234) had some filling material in the root canal(s) and the prevalence of PR in these root-filled teeth was 37.4%, while the remaining 62.6% of root canal-filled teeth showed no evidence of PR. PR occurred significantly more often in teeth where root canal filling was filled more than 2 mm short of radiographic apex or when root filling extruded through the apex.Conclusions:The prevalence of PR in teeth with untreated root canals in India is 4.30%, which is more than twice the weighted world average, while the prevalence of root-filled teeth (4.1%) is lower than the world average (9.6%). The prevalence of PR in root-filled teeth in India is comparable to that in other populations. Inadequate root canal treatment and poor quality of coronal restoration were associated with increased prevalence of PR.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Kannada Version of Modified Dental Anxiety Scale Among an Adult Indian Population.

Dental anxiety is one of the most common barriers in seeking dental care. In order to overcome this barrier dentist need to screen patients to successfully help in treatment. A scale is thus needed to measure dental anxiety which is socially & culturally acceptable. This study aimed to assess the Cross cultural adaptation and validity of the Kannada translation of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS-K). A test-retest was conducted on 30 patients visiting a dental institution to assess the reliability of MDAS- K. A cross-sectional survey of 301 patients was conducted in different departments at a dental institution to test the psychometric properties of MDAS-K. The assessment tool consisted of a proforma containing socio-demographic, non socio- demographic variables, MDAS-K and Visual analogue scale (VAS). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, inter-item Spearman's correlation. Independent t-test, ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni were used to analyse dental anxiety in the psychometric constructs. The internal consistency of MDAS-K was good with Cronbach's alpha of 0.83. The test-retest reliability for MDAS K had a good correlation of 0.901. The psychometric variables established the construct validity of MDAS-K.MDAS-K also showed good convergent validity with VAS score. The anxiety levels differed in patients visiting different dental departments. The high reliability and validity of the MDAS-K supports its cross cultural adaptation and indicates that it can be a valuable tool for dental practioners in quantifying anxiety among patients and provide quality dental care.

Morphology and topography of the parietal emissary foramina in South Indians: an anatomical study.

The objectives of the present study were to study the prevalence of the parietal emissary vein in adult South Indian population and to study the distance of foramen from the sagittal suture. There were 58 adult human skulls in the present study which were available at the anatomy department of our institution. The study included 116 parietal bones which have been observed macroscopically for the number, prevalence and topography of the emissary foramen. The emissary foramen was present in 83 parietal bones (71.5%) of the present study. It was present at the junction between the middle 1/3 and posterior 1/3 region of the parietal bone. The foramen was observed solitary in 73 parietal bones (62.9%), double in 8 bones (6.9%), and triple in 2 parietal bones (1.7%). The foramen was not observed in 33 parietal bones (28.4%). The bilateral absence of parietal emissary foramen was seen in 7 skulls (12.1%). It was absent unilaterally in 19 skulls (32.7%). The accessory foramina were seen in only 8 skulls (13.8%). The mean distance of the foramen from the sagittal suture was 6.7±2.9 mm and 6.8±2.8 mm on the right and left sides respectively. The prevalence of parietal emissary vein in the present study was 71.5%. The present study has observed important data about the morphology and morphometry of the parietal emissary vein in South Indian population. The identification of parietal emissary veins and accessory veins is important in the operation room to prevent the blood loss.

Adolescent sex education in India: Current perspectives.

Byline: Shajahan. Ismail, Ashika. Shajahan, T. Sathyanarayana Rao, Kevan. Wylie Sex education is defined as a broad program that aims to build a strong foundation for lifelong sexual health by acquiring information and attitudes, beliefs and values about one's identity, relationships, and intimacy. Sexual health is considered to be a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity as defined by the WHO.[sup][1] Psychological and sociocultural influences in the delivery of this education can increase the likelihood of effectiveness. Primarily, during adolescence (10–19 years) its provision is a crucial preventative tool, as it is the opportune time when young people experience developmental changes in their physiology and behavior as they enter adulthood.[sup][2] The complex emotional state in which youth find themselves in, stigma surrounding matters of a sexual nature in the Indian society and widespread gender inequality faced makes it increasingly challenging for adolescents to attain the knowledge they need. Through what is termed “family life education” (FLE), we can hope to teach the roles and responsibilities of males and females toward each other in all relationships in familial and social contexts, thus endowing the knowledge necessary to maintain sexual health as they navigate through the vulnerabilities of life.[sup][2] However, the existence of strong stigma and controversy handicaps any existing adolescent health programs, with them being incomprehensive and failing to fully address the main health issues adolescents are vulnerable to. These include several negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes,[sup][3] such as early and closely spaced pregnancy, unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted infection (STI), HIV/AIDS, and sexual violence, the rates of which are already increasing at a disturbing rate. Need for Sexual Education for Indian Adolescents The importance of delivery of sex education in a timely fashion to this significant demographic is emphasized by current statistics that show that almost one in every fifth person on the globe is an adolescent.[sup][4] They comprise 18% (1.2 billion) of world's population in 2009, with 88% living in developing countries. India has the largest adolescent population (243 million with more than 50% of the adolescent population living in urban areas). These figures indicate the importance of specifically addressing the healthcare needs of this considerable demographic, particularly for the developing countries such as India.[sup][5] Recent literature suggests that at this time they are highly likely to experiment and engage in the types of risky behaviors that have the potential to influence the quality of health and probability of survival in both short- and long-term over their lifetime. Therefore, meeting the needs of such a vulnerable group and overcoming existing shortcomings in the delivery of tailored primary preventative measures would significantly improve the survival and general health conditions, nutritional status, and sexual and reproductive health of the future Indian adult population.[sup][6] This encompasses issues such as early pregnancy, unsafe abortions, STIs including HIV, and sexual abuse and violence. The Current Scenario in Clinical Settings The sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents [sup][7],[8],[9],[10] in India are currently overlooked or are not understood by the Indian healthcare system. This could be owing to the lack of knowledge of scientific evidence along with the gross unpreparedness of the public health system. Healthcare professionals often lack the knowledge themselves that impacts upon imparting information to the adolescent population who seek it. Often comprehensive sexual histories are not taken, and sexual health is not openly discussed due to cultural and traditional norms in society. …

Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components in North Indian adult population of Kashmir

Aim: The Kashmiri population is ethnically distinct, culturally unique, and has distinct lifestyle and dietary habits. There is high prevalence of obesity in the Kashmiri population. With this background, we designed this study to evaluate important metabolic parameters contributing to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 500 subjects were recruited over a period of 1 year. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects before selection. Proper permission was sought from the hospital's Ethical Committee. The subjects were selected from among the attendants who accompanied patients at the inpatient and outpatient departments of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir. A stratified random sampling procedure was adopted for the study. All subjects underwent anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurements, and biochemical analysis. Subjects were screened for the components of MS according to criteria given by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III. Statistical Analysis: Analysis was made and inferences were drawn using the student's test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11.5. Results: The mean age of both the men and women was 37 years. The overall prevalence of MS was 8.6% (n = 43), with males constituting 7.4% and females constituting 9.9%. The prevalence of hypertension was 24.9% for males and 12.3% for females. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 9.3% for males and 7.8% for females; 9.7% males and 25.9% females had low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; and 17.1% males and 13.2% females had elevated triglyceride levels. The prevalence of obesity in males was 1.9% and in females it was 8.6%. Hypertension was the commonest factor affecting the estimates of MS in men, whereas central obesity and low HDL cholesterol were the common contributing factors in women. Conclusion: Prevalence of component factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is high, which needs attention.

Left main coronary artery dimensions in normal adult Indian population it’s implications in PCI

Left main coronary artery dimensions in normal adult Indian population it’s implications in PCI

Non communicable disease multimorbidity and associated health care utilization and expenditures in India: cross-sectional study.

BackgroundNon communicable disease (NCD) multimorbidity is increasingly becoming common in high income settings but little is known about its epidemiology and associated impacts on citizens and health systems in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aim to examine the socio-demographic distribution of NCD multimorbidity (≥2 diseases) and its implications for health care utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) in India.MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional nationally representative data from the World Health Organisaion Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE), conducted in India during 2007. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine socio-demographic predictors of self-reported multimorbidity. A two part model was used to assess the relationship between number of NCDs and health care utilization including OOPE.Results28.5% of the sample population had at least one NCD and 8.9% had NCD multimorbidity. The prevalence of multimorbidity increased from 1.3% in 18–29 year olds to 30.6% in those aged 70 years and above. Mean outpatient visits in the preceding 12 months increased from 2.2 to 6.2 and the percentage reporting an overnight hospital stay in the past 3 years increased from 9% to 29% in those with no NCD and ≥2 NCDs respectively (p <0.001).OOPE incurred during the last outpatient visit increased from INR 272.1 (95% CI = 249.0-295.2) in respondents with no NCDs to INR 454.1 (95% CI = 407.8-500.4) in respondents with ≥2 NCDs. However, we did not find an increase in OOPE during the last inpatient visit with number of NCDs (7865.9 INR for those with zero NCDs compared with 7301.3 for those with ≥2 NCDs). For both outpatient and inpatient OOPE, medicine constitutes the largest proportion of spending (70.7% for outpatient, 53.6% for inpatient visit), followed by spending for health care provider (14.0% for outpatient, 12.2% for inpatient visit).ConclusionNCD multimorbidity is common in the Indian adult population and is associated with substantially higher healthcare utilization and OOPE. Strategies to address the growing burden of NCDs in LMICs should include efforts to improve the management of patients with multimorbidity and reduce associated financial burden to individuals and households.

Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population.

BackgroundTo investigate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among adult men and women in India consuming different types of vegetarian diets compared with those consuming non-vegetarian diets.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data of 156,317 adults aged 20–49 years who participated in India’s third National Family Health Survey (2005–06). Association between types of vegetarian diet (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian) and self-reported diabetes status and measured body mass index (BMI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, education, household wealth, rural/urban residence, religion, caste, smoking, alcohol use, and television watching.ResultsMean BMI was lowest in pesco-vegetarians (20.3 kg/m2) and vegans (20.5 kg/m2) and highest in lacto-ovo vegetarian (21.0 kg/m2) and lacto-vegetarian (21.2 kg/m2) diets. Prevalence of diabetes varied from 0.9% (95% CI: 0.8-1.1) in person consuming lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo vegetarian (95% CI:0.6-1.3) and semi-vegetarian (95% CI:0.7-1.1) diets and was highest in those persons consuming a pesco-vegetarian diet (1.4%; 95% CI:1.0-2.0). Consumption of a lacto- (OR:0.67;95% CI:0.58-0.76;p < 0.01), lacto-ovo (OR:0.70; 95% CI:0.51-0.96;p = 0.03) and semi-vegetarian (OR:0.77; 95% CI:0.60-0.98; p = 0.03) diet was associated with a lower likelihood of diabetes than a non-vegetarian diet in the adjusted analyses.ConclusionsIn this large, nationally representative sample of Indian adults, lacto-, lacto-ovo and semi-vegetarian diets were associated with a lower likelihood of diabetes. These findings may assist in the development of interventions to address the growing burden of overweight/obesity and diabetes in Indian population. However, prospective studies with better measures of dietary intake and clinical measures of diabetes are needed to clarify this relationship.

A Pilot Study on Vitamin-D Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Indian Population

Vitamin D status indicated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D, along with its classic role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, is thought to be inversely associated with adiposity, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Studies among the western population have also shown it to be inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, evidence from the Asian population is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) (&lt;20 ng/mL) and its association with metabolic risk factors among adults. About 129 adults in the age group 30-60 years, who gave consent for participation, were enrolled in the study through snowball effect. Anthropometric measurements were recorded using standard methods &amp; tools. Serum 25(OH)D was estimated by CLIA method, lipid profile and fasting-glucose using enzymatic kits. MS was defined using NCEP ATP-III, 2005 guidelines. The results revealed that, around 88% of the subjects had VDD, with the prevalence being significantly higher among females than males (95% vs 77%). 31% of the population had MS of which 87.5% were vitamin-D deficient. The vitamin-D status of the subjects was not significantly related with the risk of developing MS (OR=0.88, 95% CI= 0.28-2.78). None of the risk factors for MS correlated significantly with the vitamin-D levels of the subjects. Waist-circumference (Exp(B)= 0.281, 95% CI= 0.089-0.887) entered the model for logistic regression with vitamin-D status as the dependent variable. Thus the results highlighted the high prevalence of VDD among the population and it was independently associated with greater abdominal obesity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i2.10180Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(2): 126-131