Adult Humans Research Articles

Marriage According to Syaikhona Kholil Bangkalan in the Perspective of Islamic Educational Values

This study aims to describe and analyze the thoughts of Syaikhona Kholil Bangkalan in the chapter on marriage in the perspective of Islamic education and its implementation at the Syaikhona Kholil Islamic Boarding School, Nurul Cholil Islamic Boarding School, and the Kaukabudduri Islamic Boarding School, Bangkalan, Madura. This research also has specific objectives, namely (1) to analyze Syaikhona Bangkalan's marriage education which is important to study both in terms of literature review and in terms of implementation. (2) To assert marriage education according to Syaikhona Kholil Bangkalan from the perspective of Islamic educational values. (3) To analyze the implementation of marriage education according to Syaikhona Kholil in the Syaikhona Kholil Islamic boarding schools in Bangkalan.The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data is collected with a natural setting (natural setting) as a direct data source. Data collection in this study used documentation, interviews, inscriptions, observation, and triangulation techniques. The main data sources were the students, ustadz, kyai, and also caregivers at the three Syaikhona Kholil Islamic Boarding Schools, namely the Syaikhona Kholil Islamic Boarding School, Nur Cholil Islamic Boarding School and al-Kaukabuduri Islamic Boarding School, Bangkalan Madura. The analysis technique uses content analysis and qualitative data analysis using the Miles-Huberman model.Based on the results of observations and data analysis that has been done, this study produces conclusions based on the following problem formulation. (1) According to Syaikhona Kholil, marriage is a basic need for adult humans, to keep their eyes from seeing what is not lawful and to have offspring of pious children who pray for them. (2) Marriage contains educational values that link marriage theory with existing social reality. His education supports improving the character of Pancasila students in terms of religious values. (3) The implementation of marriage education in educational institutions 'ala Syaikhona Kholil is an ongoing process that aims to improve the skills and character of students in various fields, especially in the fiqh chapter on marriage.

PERSPEKTIF ANAK TERHADAP RUANG (RUANG BERMAIN DI DESA FAJAR BARU KECAMATAN JATI AGUNG)

Every human being has rights, including children. Children's rights are clearly regulated in Law no. 35 of 2014, and internationally it is also included in the internationally recognized Convention on the Rights of the Child. One form of children's rights is the right to have an opinion and the right to their space to be creative and express themselves freely. Children's rights to space tend to be considered to have been fulfilled from the perspective of adult humans without looking directly from the children's perspective. This tendency gives rise to problems where children do not have the space they want based on their rights. This research is aimed at getting children's perspectives directly on space, to be able to see whether children's rights to their space have been fulfilled from the children's perspective. This research was conducted using a qualitative research methodology and through a naturalistic approach. The analysis used in this research is empirical induction and intentional induction analysis. From this research, the concept of the formation of children's perspectives on space was obtained, namely: Children's perspective on space is influenced by the availability of space for children, children's social interactions and games that children like which determine their space.

Supraclavicular brown adipocytes originate from Tbx1+ myoprogenitors.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat, contributing to temperature control, energy expenditure, and systemic homeostasis. In adult humans, BAT mainly exists in supraclavicular areas and its prevalence is associated with cardiometabolic health. However, the developmental origin of supraclavicular BAT remains unknown. Here, using genetic cell marking in mice, we demonstrate that supraclavicular brown adipocytes do not develop from the Pax3+/Myf5+ epaxial dermomyotome that gives rises to interscapular BAT (iBAT). Instead, the Tbx1+ lineage that specifies the pharyngeal mesoderm marks the majority of supraclavicular brown adipocytes. Tbx1Cre-mediated ablation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) or PR/SET Domain 16 (PRDM16), components of the transcriptional complex for brown fat determination, leads to supraclavicular BAT paucity or dysfunction, thus rendering mice more sensitive to cold exposure. Moreover, human deep neck BAT expresses higher levels of the TBX1 gene than subcutaneous neck white adipocytes. Taken together, our observations reveal location-specific developmental origins of BAT depots and call attention to Tbx1+ lineage cells when investigating human relevant supraclavicular BAT.

Association Between Apolipoprotein B and Coronary Artery Disease Among Hypertensive Patients: A Systematic Review of the Prospective and Retrospective Studies.

The predictive value of apolipoprotein B (apo B) has been proven in the development of coronary artery disease(CAD) among normotensives only, but it has not been directly studied in hypertensive patients. The objective of this study is to explore the association between apo B and CAD among patients with hypertension. Search strategies were conducted on September 24, 2022, and involved the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The current systematic review included observational case-control and cohort study design involving adult humans, both hypertensives and normotensives. The selected studies were restricted to those written in the English language and published after 2000. Reviews, interventional, animal, and overlapping studies, grey literature, and articles without full text were excluded from the current study. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias for the screened studies after data extraction.Out of 3644 publications, only five studies were included in the review, including 5222 participants. Of those, 2335 were hypertensive, 733 of them developed CAD, and 296 normotensive subjects developed CAD. The average apo B was 1.09 g/l and 1.07 g/l for hypertensives and normotensives, respectively. The risk of developing CAD is higher in patients with hypertension, or those with higher apo B. Moreover, the risk of CAD was exacerbated in hypertensive participants with elevated apo B.This systematic review highlights the independent power of apo B on the development of CAD among both hypertensive and normotensive subjects.

Contributed Session III: Active vision shapes ocular dominance.

Ocular dominance is a basic visual property that shows short-term plasticity in adult humans, where 2h of monocular deprivation leads to a homeostatic shift of ocular dominance in favour of the deprived eye. Using an altered reality setting, we found that this homeostatic plasticity can be triggered without depriving one eye of visual input, but merely perturbing the temporal correspondence between voluntary actions and vision in one eye. Participants wore a VR set; its monocular screens were connected with cameras monitoring the front space, which participants used to perform a complex visuomotor task. During a 60 minute period, the input to the dominant eye was delayed by 333 ms, making it useless for visuomotor coordination. Following this, ocular dominance (quantified by binocular rivalry) was systematically shifted in favour of the delayed eye, a similar effect as that produced by monocular contrast-deprivation. The shift was only observed when participants actively engaged in the visuomotor task, not when they passively watched a confederate perform the same task. We interpret these results in the light of parallel fMRI experiments where monocular deprivation is associated with a global system reconfiguration that pivots around a key area for sensorimotor integration, the Pulvinar. Based on our findings, we suggest that active vision is foundational to weighting sensory information, even at the level of simple visual processes as those setting ocular dominance.

Modifiers of Individual Differences and Within‐person Changes in the Aging White Matter

AbstractMy talk will focus on: 1) longitudinal changes and plasticity, and 2) lifestyle and health modifiers of white matter (WM) health in aging.First, individual differences in changes in WM microstructure may be key for identifying preclinical stages of dementia, opening new opportunities for early interventions. I will present the outcomes from a meta‐analysis and systematic review (Colmenares et al., in preparation) based on 28 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in healthy adults from the past 10 years, addressing the following questions: Over what time periods can decline in WM microstructure be detected using MRI? Do within‐person changes accelerate with age and vary by brain region? What are the modifiers of within‐person changes in WM? Also, for decades, adult WM has been perceived as a “passive” (i.e., only relaying electrical signals) and “static” (i.e., not capable of or involved in neuroplasticity). Despite emerging evidence in rodents on short‐term structural WM changes, evidence for such experience‐induced plasticity in adult humans remains inconclusive. Thus, I summarize evidence from clinical studies to discuss whether the adult WM microstructure is malleable with experience, and what interventions may be the most promising in inducing a change. I will also present our findings on exercise‐induced WM plasticity in older age, using DTI and T1/T2 ratio imaging (Colmenares et al., 2021, Burzynska et al., 2017).Second, lack of physical activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyles are independently associated with increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, mortality, and ADRD. Regular PA decreases inflammation and improves vascular function and perfusion. In contrast, insufficient PA and/or excessive sedentary behaviors is known to upregulate markers of metabolic stress and inflammation. I will briefly review our past work relating sensor‐measured PA with WM health, measured with DTI. Then, I will present our ongoing work using quantitative MRI, such as Myelin Water Imaging and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging. For example, I will present associations between systemic health (i.e., BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol), sensor‐measured physical activity (i.e., time spend sedentary and in light, moderate or vigorous physical activity), and myelin and axonal content in healthy adults.

Age-Specific Induction of Mutant p53 Drives Clonal Hematopoiesis in Adult Mice Leading to Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a devastating hematological malignancy commonly observed in the elderly population. Mutations in TP53 can give rise to clonal hematopoiesis (CH), a condition preceding leukemia, where mutated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) proliferate without developing overt malignancy. The mechanisms underlying progression of TP53 mutant CH to AML and lymphoma remain incompletely understood. Through the creation of a traceable conditional Trp53-mutant CH model and complementary genetic models, we demonstrate that the age of HSCs is critical in determining whether the transformation leads to myeloid or lymphoid malignancy. Methods: To induce p53 mutation in early hematopoietic stem cells, we generated two cohorts of mice, one with Vav-Cre-mediated recombination of a conditional Trp53 allele ( Vav-Cre; Trp53 fl/wmR172H) and another with recombination of homozygous conditional floxed alleles ( Vav-Cre; Trp53 fl/fl), allowing us to compare the effects of p53 mutation versus complete loss of p53 in hematopoietic stem cells. To investigate the impact of Trp53 mutation on adult HSCs and their clonal evolution into myeloid malignancies, we developed an inducible mouse model driven by Mx1-cre. The inducible conditional mouse model allowed us to induce a somatic Trp53 mutation in HSCs of mice at 4 months of age, which is equivalent to young adult humans, and track the recombined cells using the mTmG allele ( Fig. 1A). Results: Mice with Trp53 mutations and Trp53 deletion introduced early in life developed lymphoma with complete penetrance, indicating that early-age mutation or deletion of Trp53 is more likely to lead to lymphoma development. However, when a somatic Trp53 mutation was induced in adult HSCs ( Mx1-Cre;Trp53 wmR172H/fl;mTmG mice), it resulted in myeloid-biased hematopoiesis leading to AML. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the bone marrow (BM) clearly showed the presence of clonal clusters of GFP+ cells ( Fig. 1B). These GFP+ cells formed distinct colonies ( Fig. 1C) and were detectable in the peripheral blood ( Fig. 1D). The population of Trp53 mutant (GFP+) cells increased over time ( Fig. 1E). Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood after three months revealed an increased myeloid population defined as CD11b+ ( Fig. 1F). While the p53 wild-type group showed relatively stable population levels over time, the p53 mutant population displayed a significant expansion with increasing duration following pIpC injection. CyTOF analysis using a panel of 31 antibodies showed a slight increase in the myeloid lineage in p53 mutant and null mice compared to p53 wild-type, but no significant expansion of a specific stem/progenitor cell population in p53 mutant GFP+ cells was observed. After a one-year follow-up period, the Mx1-Cre;Trp53 wmR172H/fl;mTmG mice developed various myeloid malignancies (11 out of 25 mice), including AML, acute erythroid leukemia (AEL), and myeloid sarcoma ( Fig 1G). Peripheral blood smears analysis revealed the presence of large blast cells expressing GFP ( Fig. 1H). Characterizing the AML revealed a significant expansion of myeloid cells not only in the BM but also in the liver and spleen, indicating widespread dissemination of the disease ( Fig. 1I). Immunofluorescence analysis of the BM confirmed the accumulation of the mutant p53 in GFP+ cells ( Fig. 1J). Among the mice, 8 exhibited AML, 2 had AEL, and 2 presented a mixed disease phenotype consisting of both AML and AEL in the Mx1-Cre;Trp53 wmR172H/fl;mTmG cohort. The AML cells were identified as CD11b+Ly6G+CD3- ( Fig. 1K), while the AEL cells were characterized as CD34+CD71+ ( Fig. 1L). Conclusion: This data demonstrates the importance of age in the development of p53 mutant myeloid malignancies, and that p53 mutations in adult HSCs lead to the development of myeloid, but not lymphoid malignancies, highlighting the different mechanisms underlying the development of these types of malignancies, and suggest potential preventative or therapeutic strategies for TP53-mutant AML.

Trend of Outcome Metrics in Recent Out-of-Hospital-Cardiac-Arrest Research: A Narrative Review of Clinical Trials.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) research traditionally focuses on survival. In 2018, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) proposed more patient-centered outcomes. Our narrative review assessed clinical trials after 2018 to identify the trends of outcome metrics in the field OHCA research. We performed a search of the PubMed database from 1 January 2019 to 22 September 2023. Prospective clinical trials involving adult humans were eligible. Studies that did not report any patient-related outcomes or were not available in full-text or English language were excluded. The articles were assessed for demographic information and primary and secondary outcomes. We included 89 studies for analysis. For the primary outcome, 31 (35%) studies assessed neurocognitive functions, and 27 (30%) used survival. For secondary outcomes, neurocognitive function was present in 20 (22%) studies, and survival was present in 10 (11%) studies. Twenty-six (29%) studies used both survival and neurocognitive function. Since the publication of the COSCA guidelines in 2018, there has been an increased focus on neurologic outcomes. Although survival outcomes are used frequently, we observed a trend toward fewer studies with ROSC as a primary outcome. There were no quality-of-life assessments, suggesting a need for more studies with patient-centered outcomes that can inform the guidelines for cardiac-arrest management.

FGF18

FGF18 was discovered in 1998. It is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates major signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth, and is involved in the development and homeostasis of many tissues such as bone, lung, and central nervous system. The gene consists of five exons that code for a 207 amino acid glycosylated protein. FGF18 is widely expressed in developing and adult chickens, mice, and humans, being seen in the mesenchyme, brain, skeleton, heart, and lungs. Knockout studies of FGF18 in mice lead to perinatal death, characterised by distinct phenotypes such as cleft palate, smaller body size, curved long bones, deformed ribs, and reduced crania. As can be expected from a protein involved in so many functions FGF18 is associated with various diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and most notably various types of cancer such as breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.

Phenomena of Child Involvement in Literacy Practices in the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region: A Communication Study

Literacy hegemony is currently formed by the cultural practices of the dominant social group, in this case, adult humans. The whole practice is seen from the eyes of adults as a form of the legitimacy of power. Since 2017 the phenomenon of children's involvement in literacy practices has increased. Even though children work together with adults in their operations, they are able to accommodate their needs well. This article tries to look at communication activities that occur in the phenomenon of children's involvement in literacy practices in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The writing of this article is based on the theory of symbolic and sociocultural interaction with a constructivist approach. The research informants consisted of 5 elementary school children in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province who had a consistent and measurable literacy trajectory and were involved in various literacy practices from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that communication activities in children involved in literacy practices partially begin early, intensely, and in a conducive communication environment. The presence of parents or adults around the child is decisive. Creating space for discussion and children's participation through play activities and text media forms interactions that help children's cognitive and affective development, encouraging children's involvement in literacy practices

3 Associations Between Exercise Type, Fluid Intelligence, and Processing Speed in the Oldest-Old

Objective:Exercise elicits a variety of physiological responses in the body. In the brain, exercise can modulate levels of neurotransmitters and other neurochemicals as well as sparking neurogenesis and structural changes. Downstream psychological effects of exercise include changes in mood and cognition. These changes vary depending on the type of exercise conducted (e.g., running versus strength training). While much is known about the effects of exercise in animals and adult humans, literature on the oldest-old (>= 85 years old) is sparse. The present cross-sectional study explores the relationship between exercise and cognition in the oldest-old.Participants and Methods:The final sample includes 194 cognitively healthy participants (106 females, MoCA mean score = 24.75) aged 85 to 99 years old (mean = 88.48). Each participant completed the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire and a cognitive battery comprising of the NIH Toolbox, digit coding, symbol search, verbal fluency, and Stroop task. Three groups (sedentary, cardio, and cardio plus strength training) were derived from responses on CHAMPS.Results:The cardio plus strength training group performed significantly better on the cognitive measures compared to the sedentary group. For two measures, digit coding and symbol search, the cardio plus strength training group also performed significantly better than the cardio group. Cardio group did not significantly differ from the sedentary group on the cognitive measures. All at p < 0.05 and adjusted for multiple comparisons.Conclusions:Our findings suggest exercise in the oldest-old is linked with higher fluid intelligence and better performance on cognitive measures of processing speed and that there may be an additive effect of exercise types on cognition.

Neuroanatomical and Functional Dissociations between Variably Present Anterior Lateral Prefrontal Sulci.

The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is an evolutionarily expanded region in humans that is critical for numerous complex functions, many of which are largely hominoid specific. Although recent work shows that the presence or absence of specific sulci in anterior LPFC is associated with cognitive performance across age groups, it is unknown whether the presence of these structures relates to individual differences in the functional organization of LPFC. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged multimodal neuroimaging data from two samples encompassing 82 young adult humans (aged 22-36 years) and show that the dorsal and ventral components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus, or pimfs, present distinct morphological (surface area), architectural (thickness and myelination), and functional (resting-state connectivity networks) properties. We further contextualize the pimfs components within classic and modern cortical parcellations. Taken together, the dorsal and ventral pimfs components mark transitions in LPFC anatomy and function, across metrics and parcellations. These results emphasize that the pimfs is a critical structure to consider when examining individual differences in the anatomical and functional organization of LPFC and suggest that future individual-level parcellations could benefit from incorporating sulcal anatomy when delineating LPFC cortical regions.

Symposium 5

While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most established imaging modality to assess autoimmune myositis (AIM), there is a need for less expensive and more accessible tools. To analyze whether there is sufficient data from published literature to demonstrate that ultrasound presents good metric properties (truth, discrimination and feasibility) in AIM, the OMERACT ultrasound group for myositis performed a systematic literature review. The inclusion criteria required original research involving adult humans, reported in English, assessing ultrasound and elastography in patients with an AIM. Conference abstracts and computer-assisted diagnostics that focused on technique and not ultrasound domains were excluded. Approximately 2670 articles were identified. 41 full-text articles were included in the final analysis. There were 551 AIM patients studied. Eighteen studies (43.9%) had a control group, of which 15 (63.3%) were healthy controls. The age of participants (including controls) varied from 18 to 86 years, and most were females (59%). Diagnosis of AIM was largely biopsy-proven, although some were derived through clinical presentation, positive clinical imaging (ultrasound or otherwise) and/or electromyography and steroid responsiveness. The features examined with ultrasound in the 41 included articles consisted of: muscle echogenicity, bulk, atrophy, architecture, power Doppler, perfusion characteristics, shear wave modulus, shear wave velocity, elasticity index and fasciculations. 12 studies (29.2%) used quantitative methods to assess these characteristics, whilst others used semi-quantitative, dichotomous/binary and descriptive scoring systems. Criterion validity was met in 14 studies (12/14, 85.7%) and construct validity in 22 studies (22/25, 88.0%). Most published articles reported Level 3b to Level 5 evidence with varying degrees of bias. There was only one longitudinal study examining discrimination. Reliability and feasibility were under-reported. This was the first systematic review studying the utility of ultrasound in AIM, which suggested some evidence for criterion and construct validity. Further validation processes are underway.

The effects of e-cigarette use on the oral microbiome.

To investigate the effects of electronic cigarette (EC) use on the oral microbiome and gingival inflammation. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 150 adult humans between 18 and 34 years in age (50% EC users). Exclusion criteria included professional dental cleaning, antibiotic, or corticosteroid therapy in the last 3 months. Convenience sampling occurred between June 2017 and October 2018. Clinical gingival inflammation was recorded by a single operator using a novel 4-point scale. RNA sequencing was used to determine microbial composition of samples (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing). Statistical analysis included synthesizing alpha and beta diversity using various indices, taxonomic differential abundance analysis, functional differential abundance analysis and mediation analysis. Taxonomic annotation was performed using QIIME2 with functional annotations generated using PICRUSt2. Age, sex, and frequency of tooth brushed were adjusted for. EC users exhibited significantly greater alpha diversity in microbial species and greater differences between EC users and users in beta diversity. Saliva samples were typically more diverse than subgingival samples. EC users demonstrated greater gingival inflammation when adjusted for age, sex and toothbrushing frequency. EC use may increase oral dysbiosis. Further clinical studies on the effects of EC use on the oral microbiome and oral diseases are recommended.

Phenomenological Studies of Visual Mental Imagery: A Review and Synthesis of Historical Datasets.

This article reviews historically significant phenomenological studies of visual mental imagery (VMI), starting with Fechner in 1860 and continuing to the present. This synthesis of diverse VMI phenomenological studies in healthy adults serves as a unique resource for investigators of individual differences, cognitive development and clinical and neurological conditions. The review focuses on two kinds of VMI, "memory imagery" and "eidetic imagery". Ten primary studies are drawn from three periods of the scholarly literature: early (1860-1929), middle (1930-1999) and recent (2000-2023). It is concluded that memory and eidetic imagery are two forms of constructive imagery, varying along a continuum of intensity or vividness. Vividness is a combination of clarity, colourfulness and liveliness, where clarity is defined by brightness and sharpness, colourfulness by image saturation and liveliness by vivacity, animation, feeling, solidity, projection and metamorphosis. The findings are integrated in a template that specifies, as a tree-like structure, the 16 properties of VMI vividness in healthy adult humans. The template takes into account the weight of evidence drawn from the accounts and reveals an extraordinary degree of consistency in reported VMI characteristics, revealed by specialized studies of healthy adult humans across time, space and culture.

Impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota composition, function and gut-brain-modules in healthy adults – a systematic review protocol

Background: The gut microbiota has been extensively implicated in health and disease. The functional outputs of the gut microbiota, such as microbial metabolites, are considered particularly important in this regard. Significant associations exist between alterations in the relative abundance of specific microbial taxa and mental health disorders. Dietary fiber has the potential to alter gut microbiota composition and function, modifying bacterial enzymatic function and the production of metabolites. As many taxa of microorganisms have enzymes capable of producing or degrading neurochemicals i.e. neuroactive gut brain modules, new predictive tools can be applied to existing datasets such as those harvested from dietary fiber interventions. We endeavor to perform a systematic review in order to identify studies reporting compositional gut microbiota alterations after interventions with dietary fiber in healthy individuals. We aim to also extract from the selected studies publicly available microbial genomic sequence datasets for reanalysis with a consistent bioinformatics pipeline, with the ultimate intention of identifying altered gut brain modules following dietary fiber interventions. Methods: Interventional trials and randomized controlled studies that are originally published, including cross-over and non-crossover design and involving healthy adult humans will be included. A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE, two electronic databases, will be completed. Discussion: Various types of dietary fiber have an impact on the gut microbiota composition, with some promoting the growth of particular taxa while others are reduced in relative abundance. Our search focuses on the impact of this food component on the microbiota of healthy individuals. Compositional gut microbial changes have been reported and our review will compile and update these observations after reanalysis of their datasets with a consistent bioinformatic pipeline. From this it may be possible to predict more detailed functional consequences in terms of neuroactive gut brain modules, of the compositional alterations in gut microbial taxa.

Dynamics of temporal immune responses in nonhuman primates and humans immunized with COVID-19 vaccines.

We assessed the humoral immune responses to a COVID-19 vaccine in a well-controlled rhesus macaque model compared to humans immunized with two mRNA vaccines over several months post-second dose. The plasma IgG levels against seven coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) and antibody subtypes (IgG 1-4 and IgM) against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using multiplex assays. The neutralization capacity of plasma antibodies against the original SAR-CoV-2 isolate and nine variants was evaluated in vaccinated humans and non-human primates. Immunization of macaques and humans with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induced a robust neutralizing antibody response. In non-SIV-infected adult macaques immunized with an adenoviral vector expressing S-RBD (n = 7) or N protein (n = 3), elevated levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected 2 weeks post-second dose. Immune responses to the S-RBD vaccine in SIV-infected adult macaques (n = 2) were similar to the non-SIV-infected animals. Adult humans immunized with Pfizer (n = 35) or Moderna (n = 18) vaccines developed IgG and neutralizing antibodies at 4 weeks post-second dose. In both vaccine groups, IgG 1 was the predominant subtype, followed by IgG 3. The IgG levels, including total and IgG 1,2,3 elicited by the Moderna vaccine, were significantly higher than the corresponding levels elicited by the Pfizer vaccine at 4 weeks post-second dose. A significant correlation was observed between the plasma total IgG antibody levels and neutralization titers in both macaques and humans. Furthermore, broad-spectrum neutralization antibodies against several variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the plasma of both macaques and humans after two vaccinations.

The effect of glycine administration on the characteristics of physiological systems in human adults: A systematic review.

Functional decline of physiological systems during ageing leads to age-related diseases. Dietary glycine increases healthy lifespan in model organisms and might decrease inflammation in humans, suggesting its geroprotective potential. This review summarises the evidence of glycine administration on the characteristics of eleven physiological systems in adult humans. Databases were searched using key search terms: 'glycine', 'adult', 'supplementation'/ 'administration'/ 'ingestion'/ 'treatment'. Glycine was administered to healthy and diseased populations (18 and 34 studies) for up to 14days and 4months, respectively. The nervous system demonstrated the most positive effects, including improved psychiatric symptoms from longer-term glycine administration in psychiatric populations. While longer-term glycine administration improved sleep in healthy populations, these studies had small sample sizes with a high risk of bias. Larger and long-term studies with more robust study designs in healthy populations to examine the effects of glycine administration on preventing, delaying or reversing the ageing process are warranted.

Bioavailability and daily requirement of vitamin B12 in adult humans: an observational study of its colonic absorption and daily excretion as measured by [13C]-cyanocobalamin kinetics

BackgroundClinical and biochemical vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is lower than anticipated in vegetarians. Extraileal absorption, such as from the colon, as well as reduced daily excretion, may be adaptive mechanisms to maintain B12 homeostasis with marginal intakes. ObjectiveTo measure the absorption of B12 from the small and large intestine, and its daily rate of excretion from the body, using a [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer. MethodsOral B12 bioavailability was measured over 12 h after administration of [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer (2.5 μg) in normal participants. The colonic B12 bioavailability was evaluated by direct instillation of [13C]-cyanocobalamin (5 μg) into the ascending colon. Bioavailability was calculated from 2-compartmental modeling of the tracer appearance in plasma. The excretion rate of B12 was measured from [13C]-cyanocobalamin elimination from the body over 4 wk after oral dosing (5 μg). ResultsThe oral B12 bioavailability (n = 11) was 63% ± 10% measured over 12 h. A late absorption peak, accounting for 12% of the absorption, was observed after an average lag time of 8.7 h from dosing. The colonic B12 bioavailability (n = 10) was 7% ± 5% over 4 h. The daily B12 excretion rate (n = 4) was 0.7 ± 0.2 μg/d. The minimum daily requirement of B12 in these participants was derived at 1 μg /d. ConclusionsB12 is absorbed in the human colon. This observation confirms the potential contribution of the colon in daily B12 nutriture, and along with a possible lower requirement, could explain the absence of clinical deficiency in populations with marginal B12 intakes. Trial Registration NumberThis study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) with the registration number CTRI/2018/04/012957, available from https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=49319&EncHid=&userName=029108.

Antiobesity Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Fermented Barley Extracts via the Interactions with Gut Microbiota of the Obese Adult Humans

Extracts of fermented barley with Lactiplantibacillus plantarumdy-1 (LFBE) have been reported to exert antiobesity activity in vivo and in vitro. However, whether it worked in clinical trials remained uncovered. In the current study, we conducted a single-blind experiment by enrolling on some obese adult humans with hyperlipemia to test the effects of products containing LFBE (No. ChiCTR1800019614 by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry). Results indicated that LFBE intervention could ameliorate the symptoms of the obese, characterized by the decrease of body fat percentage, visceral fat area, and serum lipid levels. More interestingly, products containing the β-glucan ingredients had similar antiobesity effects. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that LFBE modulated the community structure of the gut microbiota of the obese adults as shown by the diversity analysis. For gut microbiota composition, LFBE significantly increased the Bacteroides genus while decreasing Streptococcus and Haemophilus genus. At the species level, beneficial microorganisms such as Bifidobacterium_longum_subsp_longum, Alistipes_sp_AL-1, Bacteroides_plebeius, and Bacteroides_vulgatus were enriched by LFBE, which was different from the effects of β-glucan. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that LFBE particularly regulated the steroid biosynthesis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathways. Furthermore, correlation analysis suggested that body fat percentage and visceral fat area were significantly positively correlated with Desulfovibrio and Sutterella, the basal metabolic rate was negatively correlated with Haemophilus, and fasting blood glucose was positively correlated with Dialister. In all, this clinical study demonstrated the antiobesity function of LFBE in humans, probably via its interactions with the gut microbiota, and LFBE could be developed as a prebiotic ingredient with antiobesity effects for a healthy diet. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800019614.